DARMSTADT
`UNIVERSITY OF
`TECHNOLOGY
`
`~PAL:
`
`PROGRESS IN AUTOMOBILE LIGHTING
`
`Laboratory of Lighting Technology
`September 25-26, 2001
`
`ANIMAL FOUNTAIN BY ANTON LUSSMANN, DARMSTADT
`
`VWGoA EX1031
`U.S. Patent No. 11,208,029
`
`
`UNIVERSITY OF
`TECHNOLOGY
`
`~PAL:
`
`PROGRESS IN AUTOMOBILE LIGHTING
`
`Laboratory of Lighting Technology
`September 25-26, 2001
`
`ANIMAL FOUNTAIN BY ANTON LUSSMANN, DARMSTADT
`
`VWGoA EX1031
`U.S. Patent No. 11,208,029
`
`
`
`L.:
`
`Progress in Automobile Lighting
`
`Proceedings of the Symposium
`
`Darmstadt University of Technology
`Laboratory of Lighting Technology
`
`Published by
`
`Prof. Dr.--lng. H.-J. Schmidt-Clausen
`
`in the Series
`
`Darmstadter Lichttechnik
`
`Herbert Utz Verlag Wissenschaft
`
`MOnchen
`
`
`
`.,
`
`ISBN 3-89675-971-X
`
`PAL '01: 2 Volumes, Vol. 8 & Vol. 9; not to be sold separately
`
`Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
`Ein Titeldatensatz fur diese Publikation ist
`bei Der Deutschen Bibliothek erhaltlich
`
`ISBN 3-89675-971-X
`
`Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschOtzt. Die dadurch begrOndeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Ober(cid:173)
`setzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme van Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf photo(cid:173)
`mechanischem oder ahnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben, auch
`bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten.
`
`Die Wiedergabe van Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk
`berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, daP.. solche Namen in Sinne der
`Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten waren und daher von jedermann
`benutzt werden dOrften.
`
`Copyright © 2001 Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH
`
`Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, Munchen
`Tel.: 089-277791-00
`Fax: 089-277791-01
`utz@utzverlag.de
`www.utzverlag.de
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Werner Adrian: University of Waterloo, Canada
`Visual Acuity and its Dependency on Observation Time and Contrast
`
`Yukio Akashi: Lighting Research Center, USA
`The effect of oncoming headlight glare on peripheral detection
`under a mesopic light level
`
`Daniel Armbruster: F. Porsche AG, Germany
`Motor vehicle signal lamps in a fog environment
`
`Gerd Bahnmuller: Automotive Lighting Reutlingen GmbH, Germany
`Headlamp Development - Reduced Time to Market
`
`Gerhard Bierleutgeb: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Interior Lighting Control (ILC) System Aspects for a New Approach
`
`Werner D. Bockelmann: Ophthalmologist, Germany
`Coloured head-down displays (HOD) from the point of view of information
`transfer
`
`Doris Boebel, Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Signal Image in PES Systems
`
`Christian Boehlau: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Optical Sensors for AFS - Supplement and Alternative to GPS
`
`Gary Brown: Mira, UK
`Integrating Pedestrian Impact Protection into Future Headlight Design
`
`Berthold Bi.idel: Audi AG, Germany
`Clear lenses for lighting components - The actual trend and its problems
`
`John D. Bullough: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA
`Forward Vehicular Lighting and Inclement Weather Conditions
`
`Michael Burg: Hella KG Hueck & Co, Germany
`Infrared Headlamps for Active Night-Vision Systems
`
`Tso-Wei Chang: Lunghwa Institute of Technology, Taiwan
`Driving Performance Analysis on Interactions among Factors of
`Center High Mounted Stop Lamp and Road Environment
`
`Christophe Chenevier: Valeo Lighting Systems, France
`Thermal Simulation in Lighting Systems - 5 Days/ 5 Degrees
`
`Andreas Chudaska: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`. Headlamp Cleaning Systems - Trends of Development and Future Demands
`
`Sharon Cook: Loughborough University, UK
`Warning beacon intensity
`
`V
`
`page
`
`1
`
`9
`
`23
`
`· 28
`
`35
`
`43
`
`49
`
`56
`
`61
`
`74
`
`79
`
`90
`
`99
`
`109
`
`119
`
`127
`
`
`
`Content
`
`page
`
`Francesco Cortese: St Filippo Neri's Hospital, Italy
`Biological and Statistical Profile of Road Accidents Victims in an Urban Area
`A One-Year Experience in a Major Hospital
`
`Thomas Dahlem: Volkswagen AG, Germany
`Physiological Investigation of the Proportioning of Headlamp Illumination
`
`Maria Teresa Dalmasso: Automotive Lighting, Italy
`Signal LAMPs with hidden light sources
`
`Joachim Damasky: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Trends in Auxiliary Car Lighting and the Influence on OE Development
`
`Ad de Visser: Philips Lighting B.V., The Netherlands
`Activities of CIE relevant to automotive lighting
`
`Detlef Decker: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Aspects of dynamic light control in automotive applications
`
`Christophe Dubose: Valeo lighting Systems, France
`Lighting Systems and Show Cars
`
`Alexis Dubrovin: Valeo Lighting Systems, France
`Optimised Lighting Systems Architecture
`
`Martin Enders: BMW Group, Germany
`Pixel Light
`
`Jurgen Ewald: Nippon Carbide Industries B. V., The Netherlands
`Visual Performance of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting
`
`Frank Ewerhart: Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany
`Video Based Curve Light System - Sensor, System and Results
`
`Matthias Fiegler: OSRAM GmbH, Germany
`PLANON, a mercury-free flat panel light source, with high potential
`for automotive applications
`
`Michael J. Flannagan: The University of Michigan, USA
`Feasibility of Developing a Headlighting Rating System
`
`Helmut Frank: Mechatronic, Germany
`New Aspects for the Photometric Characterisation
`of Microprismatic Retroreflective Sheeting
`
`Gianpiero Fusco: Automotive Lighting, Italy
`Headlamps Beam Patterns Evaluation by CCD Camera
`
`Takashi Futami: Stanley Electric Go.,Ltd., Japan
`Development of the "Gatling Beam" Headlamps
`
`VI
`
`138
`
`155
`
`164
`
`173
`
`186
`
`196
`
`206
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`224
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`234
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`240
`
`252
`
`266
`
`275
`
`283
`
`309
`
`316
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Reiner Godecker: Hella KG Hueck & Co, Germany
`Hella introduces MOLIS® -
`the world's first ,free design' modular lighting system
`
`Martin Grimm: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Improved Nighttime Visibility for Drivers through Dynamic Bend Lighting
`
`Martin Grimm: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`ECE Headlamp Performance Status and Potential for Improvement
`
`Helmut Haf: IHH lngenieurdienstleistungen, Germany
`SensorLEDIHH - Dual Operational Systemblock to Measure Perceived
`Brightness and to Simultaneous Adaptive Signal Image Display
`
`Michael Hamm: Automotive Lighting, Germany
`System Strategies for Adaptive Lighting Systems
`
`Michael Hamm: Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Headlamp Performance Specification:
`A Summary of New and Comprehensive Evaluation Methods
`
`Takahiro Hara: University Voto, Japan
`Evaluation of AFS from driver's point of view
`
`Wolfgang Hendrischk: Hella KG Hueck & Co, Germany
`From Xenon, BiXenon to Vario Xenon
`
`Henning Hogrefe: Automotive Lighting Reutlingen GmbH, Germany
`Headlamp Design with New Double Filament Bulbs
`
`Shao Hong: Fudan University, China
`The Investigation on Chinese Visual Perception
`
`Rainer Huber: OSRAM Opto Seminconductors, Germany
`Flexible SMT LED Submodules
`
`George Iatan: DBM Reflex Entreprises Inc., Canada
`Simulation software for complex reflectors
`
`S.E. Jenkins, Optical and Photometric Technology Pty Ltd, Australia
`Use and Measurement of LED Clusters for Signals
`
`Norbert L. Johnson: 3M Company, U.S.A.
`A comparison of Retroreflective Sign Performance in Europe and
`the United States based on Market Weighted Headlight Data
`
`Josef Kalze: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Situation Adapted Light Distributions for AFS-Headlamps
`
`Hiroyuki Kanai: Shinshu University, Japan
`Proposition of Road Visual Environment Simulator for Evaluation
`Visibility of Driver
`
`VII
`
`page
`
`330
`
`339
`
`348
`
`'355
`
`368
`
`381
`
`397
`
`403
`
`414
`
`422
`
`441
`
`447
`
`454
`
`461
`
`474
`
`485
`
`
`
`Content
`
`page
`
`Takeshi Kimura: Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Japan
`Japan's Plan for Introducing ECE Regulations Into Japanese Safety
`Regulations
`
`Nils Knollmann: Audi AG, Germany
`Interior lighting concept on the basis of psychological and physiological
`influences on night-time driving
`
`Thomas Knoop: LichtVision GmbH, Germany
`Digital Light Measurement for Automobile Applications
`
`Shoji Kobayashi: Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan
`Next Generation Lane Indication/Recognition System, Study of Phase II
`
`Toshiyuki Kondo: Stanley Electric Co. Ltd., Japan
`Developing Highly Efficient LED Combination Rear Lamps
`
`Prasad Koppolu: Visteon Corporation, U.S.A.
`Knowledge-Based Engineering Application for Lighting Design and
`Development - KBE-SmartLite
`
`Harald Kuster: Alanod Aluminium-Veredlung GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
`Large Area Coating of Aluminium Coils for Automotive Applications
`
`Peter Lehnert: BMW Technik GmbH, Germany
`Disability and Discomfort Glare under dynamic Conditions -
`The Effect of Glare Stimuli on the Human Vision
`
`Yandan Lin: Fudan University, China
`Visual Performance at Mesopic Light Levels
`
`Thomas Luce: Philips Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Optimized Light Source for High lncoupling Efficiencies
`in Distributive Lighting Systems (DLS)
`
`Peter Ludwig, Delphi Automotive Systems, Germany
`Wiring Integrated Illumination
`
`Karl Manz: Lichttechnisches lnstitut der Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany
`The Influence by Size of Headlamp on Discomfort Glare
`
`Karl Manz: Lichttechnisches lnstitut der Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany
`Tolerances of Cut-Off-Measurements
`
`Janusz Mazur: Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
`Computer Visualisation into Effect of Lighting Road
`by Car Projector with Using Programs from Group CAD
`
`Stefan Milch: smart microwave sensors GmbH, Germany
`Pedestrian Detection with Radar and Computer Vision
`
`VIII
`
`503
`
`508
`
`520
`
`522
`
`546
`
`560
`
`577
`
`582
`
`593
`
`599
`
`612
`
`618
`
`635
`
`646
`
`657
`
`
`
`Content
`
`page
`
`Wolfgang Mohl: SCHOTT Glas, Germany
`Coating Technology and Materials for Lighting Applications
`
`Ulrich Moller: Dita Diemer & Fastenrath GmbH, Germany
`Non Dazzling Reading Lamp
`
`Kazumoto Morita: National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, Japan
`Theoretical Analysis of Effect of Daytime Running Lamps on the Visibility
`of Automobiles
`
`Martin MUhlenberg: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Vision Sensors and Image Processing -
`a Contribution to Intelligent Light Function Control
`
`Julius Muschaweck: Optics & Energy Concepts, Germany
`Constructive design of free-form optical components for illumination
`
`Kohei Narisada: Chukyo University, Japan
`Role of Adaptation in Perception under Traffic Lighting Conditions
`
`Rainer Neumann: Visteon Corp. Europe, Germany
`Future Rear Lighting Trends - Safety and Styling Aspects
`
`Bernhard Newe: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Improved Signal Lighting
`
`Hiroo Oyama: Stanley Electric Co. Ltd., Japan
`The Development of the "Vertical Shape Line-Beam Headlamp"
`
`Salvatore Pierro: Automotive Lighting S.p.A., Italy
`Plastic Transparent Reflectors for Clear Lens Signal Functions
`
`Wilfried Pohl, Bartenbach LichtLabor, Austria
`Enhancing Visibility by reducing Glare of Street Luminaires and Headllamps
`
`Thomas Reiners: OSRAM GmbH, Germany
`Introduction of Optical Features into Light Sources
`
`Justin Rennilson: RCS rennilson consulting service, U.S.A.
`International Cooperation in Establishing Requirements
`for Traffic Control Devices
`
`Lawrence M. Rice: Guide Corporation, U.S.A.
`Predictive Tools for Automotive Lighting
`
`Birgit Richter: Reitter & Schefenacker GmbH & Co.KG, Germany
`Innovative Tail Lamp Concept Enhances Perceptibility
`Under Bad Weather Conditions
`
`Hartwig Riehl: OSRAM GmbH, Germany
`Interference Coatings in Signal Lighting
`
`665
`
`679
`
`682
`
`695
`
`703
`
`712
`
`723
`
`733
`
`738
`
`751
`
`759
`
`769
`
`776
`
`785
`
`793
`
`804
`
`IX
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Joachim Ripperger: BMW AG, Germany
`Luminance: the Future Photometric for Rear- and Brake-lights
`
`Ernst-Olaf Rosenhahn: Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Adaptive Headlamp Systems concerning Adverse Weather: Fog
`
`Kare Rumar: The University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Intensity of High-Beam Headlights
`
`Kare Rumar: VTI Dev, Sweden
`Night traffic and the zero vision
`
`Arnulf Rupp: Osram GmbH, Germany
`Discharge Lamps in Automotive Lighting
`
`Torsten Ruths: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Vehicle signature
`
`Luca Sardi: Automotive Lighting, Italy
`Light Guides for new Lighting Systems
`
`Takashi Sato: Stanley Electric Co. LTD., Japan
`The Smart Headlamp System with Variable Low-Beam Pattern
`
`Thomas Schnell: The University of Iowa, U.S.A.
`The Development of a Nighttime Driver Visibility Model
`for ultra-violet activated Pavement Markings
`
`Gabriel Schwab: Volkswagen AG, Germany
`GEOSim - a Tool for the Development of Adaptive Frontlighting System Control
`
`Touichirou Shiozawa: Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan
`Thermal Air Flow Analysis of an Automotive Headlamp
`
`Michael Sivak: The University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Quantitative Comparisons of the Benefits of Applying Adaptive Head lighting
`to the Current U.S. and European - Low-Beam Patterns
`
`Tomasz Targosinski: Motor Transport Institute, Poland
`Analysis of the Properties of the ECE Requirements Concerning Headlights
`
`Qifei Tu: The Institute of light sources, Fudan University, China
`Perspectives of LED Automotive Signal Lights in China
`
`Wout van Bommel: Philips Lighting, The Netherlands
`Road Lighting Research: yesterday, today and tomorrow
`
`Mark van den Berg: Lumileds Lighting, The Netherlands
`Development of High Brightness LED's for Automotive Applications
`
`John van Derlofske: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, U.S.A.
`Evaluation of High Intensity Discharge Automotive Forward Lighting
`
`X
`
`page
`
`810
`
`817
`
`829
`
`849
`
`859
`
`871
`
`878
`
`883
`
`890
`
`904
`
`915
`
`942
`
`958
`
`969
`
`974
`
`987
`
`994
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Stephan Volker: Hella KG, Germany
`Investigation of the visible range of different types of headlamps
`
`Alexander von Hoffmann: Volkswagen AG, Germany
`Analysis of Adaptive Light Distributions with AFSim
`
`Pieter L. Walraven: Em TNO Human Factors, The Netherlands
`Required changes in VM("-)
`Herbert WambsganB: Hella lnnenleuchten Systeme GmbH, Germany
`Innovations in Lighting Technology in Vehicle Interiors
`
`Takao Watanabe: Koito Manufacturing Co. LTD., Japan
`The Research on the Effectiveness of AFS Bending Lamp
`in Japanese Road Environment
`
`Christine Weber: Reitter & Schefenacker, Germany
`Micro controlled LED rear combination lamp with innovative signal configurations
`
`Thomas Weber: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Virtual Night Drive
`
`Peter Weissleder: Audi AG, Germany
`The Demand for Attraction - Styling meets Design
`Gosta Werner: Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Sweden
`Conspicuouity of road workers at night and day,
`experiences of two Swedish studies
`
`Wei Xu: Institute of Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, China
`The Measurement of Photometric Parameters of Lamps
`
`Wojciech Zagan: Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
`Chosen luminance measurement results of the cars' signal lamps
`
`Jiyong Zhang: Fudan University of Shanghai, China
`Computer Simulation of Headlamp Beam Pattern and Its Potential Utilization
`
`Li Zhou: Institute of Light Sources, Fudan University, China
`The Monte Carlo Method in Design of Automobile Lighting
`
`Wei Zhou: Fudan University, China
`Measurement of the Temperature Distribution on the Filaments
`of the Automotive Lamps Using the Spectroscopic Method
`
`page
`
`1009
`
`1018
`
`1030
`
`1035
`
`1042
`
`1054
`
`1062
`
`1070
`
`1078
`
`1083
`
`1088
`
`1096
`
`1104
`
`1110
`
`XI
`
`
`
`The Research on the Effectiveness of
`AFS Bending Lamp in Japanese Road Environment
`
`Takao Watanabe, Noriyuki Nakamura, Naoki Matsumura:
`Koito Manufacturing Co. LTD., Japan
`
`1. Introduction
`The achievement of good low-beam visibility at low and medium driving speeds
`is a particularly important task in Japan's general road environment. To examine
`the effectiveness of AFS bending lamps in achieving this task, we manufactured
`and tested a prototype AFS (Adaptive Front-lighting System) featuring a
`modified light distribution below the cutoff line.
`
`2. The Road Environment in Japan
`2.1. Road Environment Features
`Japan is an island nation with predominantly mountainous geography, and
`inhabitable regions account for only about 20% of the nation's total land area.
`Passenger cars are used most frequently for commuting. The principal
`characteristics of Japan's road environment can be summarized as follows, in
`relation to commuting routes at night.
`
`Home
`location
`
`Work
`location
`
`Plain
`region
`
`Plain
`region
`
`Hilly
`region
`
`Plain
`region
`
`No.
`
`(1)
`
`(2)
`
`Note
`
`Road environment
`
`Visibility issue
`
`(1) Mainly straight roads & intersections
`(2) Fair number of road lamps in cities/suburbs
`(3) Mainly national & prefectural roads
`(1) Mainly cunied roads in hill areas
`(2) Small number of road lamps in hill areas
`(3) Mainly prefectural and township roads
`
`Pedestrian visibility on roads
`and at intersections
`Improved by road lamps
`
`Lane "1Sibility on_ curwµ:I roads
`.
`
`In plain big-city areas, commuting is primarily by rail.
`
`Table 1 Commuting road environment
`
`1042
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`(1) *Mainly straight roads
`& intersections
`*Good illumination
`by road lamps
`
`' ' ' ' ' '
`
`Home
`(plain
`area)
`
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`I / - - - - - ~
`Home
`(hill
`area)
`
`, __ -,----__ __.__ ___ _
`
`\
`\
`
`(2)*Mainly curved roads
`· *Below-average
`illumination
`by road lamps
`
`Hilly
`
`-----
`
`';l!..,,',,,
`Plain
`' ',,
`
`Office
`
`Fig.1 Typical examples of commuting routes in Japan
`
`day
`
`night
`
`Fig. 2 View of a city intersection
`
`Fig.3 Curved prefectural road in suburbs
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`1043
`
`
`
`2.2. Characteristics of Curved Roads (township, prefectural)
`(1) Small curvature (R16-40, driving speed of 20-50 km/h)
`(2) No more than two lanes
`(3) Minimum road lamp illumination at sight-blocking curves
`(4) Heavy traffic even at night (i.e., mostly low-beam driving)
`
`The most effective headlamp system under these road conditions is an AFS
`having specialized swiveling lamps to cover below the cutoff line.
`
`3. Profile of AFS Prototype
`3.1. Development Concept
`To develop a headlamp system which will provide satisfactory visibility
`especially for !ow- to mid-speed cornering.
`* "Satisfactory visibility": A sufficiently visible field obtained through
`distribution around the driver's eye focus point.
`(Photometry for intersections not included as a target of this development.)
`
`light
`
`3.2. Aim of Light Distribution
`3.2.1. Photometric conditions for low/mid-speed cornering
`(1) Eye focus on:
`a. Center lane marking in case of right cornering
`b. Left lane marking in case of left cornering
`c. Forward point arriving about 1.5 seconds later
`(2) Corner radius and assumed driving speed
`Radius
`Speed
`
`Low
`
`Medium
`
`20-40
`
`40-60
`
`60-80
`
`High
`
`80-
`
`15-40
`
`40-75
`
`75-120
`
`120-
`
`1044
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`1000
`
`900
`
`800
`
`~ 700
`
`!
`
`I
`
`!
`
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`
`' -
`' -
`Q)
`C
`' -
`0
`0
`
`600
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`0
`
`Speed vs. Radius
`
`I
`
`___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - -- -
`
`-
`
`--
`
`-
`
`------------- ----~------------ 1·-
`-- /; --- --- -
`---- ---- -+/~-----
`/
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`
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`........
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`
`/
`
`..l _ _ _ _ l - - -~
`
`0
`
`20
`
`60
`
`80
`
`100 120 140 160
`
`40
`Driving speed (km/h)
`
`. + Laboratory 1
`
`"' Laboratory 2
`
`Optical Development
`
`x A document
`
`B document (G0.25)
`
`• o C document (G0.4)
`!
`
`1 + Set speed ( slow)
`
`! - Set speed (fast)
`
`Relation between Radius, Speed, Eye Focus (arriving point 1,5 sec. later)
`
`•: Eye focus
`
`/
`
`R 120 SO km/h
`
`/
`
`....-R75 60km/h
`
`/ /
`
`R30 30km/h
`
`,
`,.
`f,,. .... -
`
`3.2.2. Designed light distribution for low/mid-speed cornering
`To ensure an illuminance of 50 Ix or more in the eye focus area during low- or
`mid-speed cornering, we examined the basic light diffusion patterns of gas(cid:173)
`discharge headlamps. It was found that, if the diffusion becomes excessive, the
`far visibility declines and the overall illuminance of the visible field decreases.
`To overcome this problem, additional lamps (H7) were introduced to ensure
`light diffusion requirement of the
`the
`illuminance by reducing
`sufficient
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`1045
`
`
`
`the
`to
`reflector-swiveling capability
`headlamps. Further, by providing a
`additional lamps, a necessary amount of light was distributed to the eye focus
`area during cornering.
`
`Screen isolux
`
`Road surface
`
`R150
`
`R60
`R30
`R15
`
`Basic (GDHL)
`
`/ + ~' __ B_L_(_H_7)_~
`
`Combined
`
`Headlamp (HL) only
`
`HL + bending lamp (BL)
`
`HL + BL (10° swiveled)
`
`3.2.3. Construction and control
`In our AFS prototype, the ECU functions to turn on/off the bending lamp and to
`adjust the reflector swivel angle during cornering in response to the input of
`steering angle and vehicle speed data. Thus the AFS prototype automatically
`optimizes the light distribution in the eye focus area.
`
`1046
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`Test vehicle
`
`TYPE II (D2R)
`
`Swivel
`
`Link~
`
`ACT
`
`Bulb on/off
`control
`
`Actuator
`
`ECU
`
`Steering angle
`Vehicle speed
`
`4. Verification of Effectiveness
`
`4.1. Selection of a Test Course
`In view of Japan's typical road conditions reported in section 2 and the AFS
`test courses were
`in section 3, possible
`introduced
`prototype concept
`investigated around the Koito Shizuoka plant. A section of Prefectural Road 75
`located in the Takayama district of Shimizu City was selected for testing.
`
`No. of lanes Road width Curvatures Road lamps
`
`Typical
`prefectural
`roads
`Takayama
`section of Pref.
`Road 75
`
`2
`
`2
`
`7-9m
`
`R 20-60
`
`7m
`
`R 16-85
`
`In
`sight-blocki
`ng corners
`
`In each
`corner
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`1047
`
`
`
`Night
`
`Fig.4 Approach to R16 right corner on test course
`
`(2)
`
`4.2. Visibility Rating Method
`4.2.1. Perceptual rating by human subjects
`Subjects
`(1)
`those having a driving
`Five subjects were selected among
`experience of at least five years, normal eyesight, and aged
`between 20 to 59.
`Rating procedures
`a. The subjects were conditioned to the test course by driving a
`conventional (non-AFS) car three round trips along the test
`course.
`b. Five rating targets were set in the test course, where the
`subject was asked to rate the visibility of those targets during
`driving operation according to a five-point rating:
`5 points: Very good visibility
`
`to
`1 point: No visibility at all.
`The rating by the subject was recorded by an instructor in the
`adjacent passenger's seat.
`c. Each subject underwent the above rating test two times, using
`a conventional car and an AFS-equipped car.
`d. The rating results were analyzed.
`
`1048
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`Curvature R (m)
`Rating target
`Mid-speed corner 1 (right)
`1
`Mid-speed corner 2 (left)
`2
`
`85
`
`85
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`6
`
`Mid-speed corner 3 (right)
`
`Mid-speed corner 4 (left)
`Low-speed corner 1 (right)
`Low-speed corner 2 (left)
`
`55
`
`55
`16
`16
`
`Spped (km/h)
`70
`70
`60
`60
`35
`
`Rated target
`
`center lane marking (long.)
`
`left lane marking (long.)
`
`center lane marking (long.+lat.)
`
`left lane marking (long.+lat.)
`
`center lane marking (lat.)
`
`35
`
`left lane marking (lat.)
`
`Note: Long. means "emphasis on longitudinal extension" and lat. means "emphasis on lateral diffusion."
`
`Table 2 Targets in the Visibility Rating Test
`
`Test course in Takayama District
`
`------------------- ------------------- -----------7
`
`250
`O'.'.
`(l) 200
`5
`ro 150
`>
`5 100
`0
`ai
`50
`0)
`C
`0
`"'
`
`25
`20
`15
`10
`5
`0
`-5
`-10
`-15
`-20
`-25
`
`_SQ
`0)
`
`C "'
`ci3
`-~
`(I)
`
`[ - Vehicle sr:-eed
`Steering mge (left-- >minus)'
`: -
`·
`Right BL swvel ange
`Curvature R
`; -
`l_ ___ Left_BL swivel anqe
`
`____ J
`
`L __ - -
`Fig. 5 Measurements of cwvature R, driving speed, swivel
`
`4.2.2. Quantitative evaluation of eye focus area visibility
`
`a.
`
`( 1 )
`
`Investigation of eye focus position
`It was assumed that, during driving, drivers fixate their eyes at a point
`where the vehicle will arrive in 1 .5 seconds later and which varies
`slightly according to corner curvature and driving speed.
`Subjects were asked to drive an AFS car both in the day and night
`and a conventional car in the night. During each driving test, the
`subject was questioned at the above-mentioned five target locations
`as to the position of their eye focus.
`b. Of the responses from the subjects, the most frequent response was
`taken as indicating the eye focus position at each of the target
`
`locations.
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`1049
`
`
`
`(2) Quantitative data in eye focus areas
`a. Measurement of target luminance, background luminance and their
`contrast
`Since it is extremely difficult to measure the luminance of visibility
`rating targets on a real road for traffic reasons, the measurement was
`performed in a secluded visibility test ground offering various road
`curvature conditions. As illustrated below, a target was placed in a
`the positions of the eye, bending lamp and
`setting simulating
`its
`target and
`luminance values of the
`the
`headlamp. Then
`background were measured with a luminance meter placed at the
`eye position.
`
`Target
`
`Luminance meter
`
`[ ) Bending lamp
`
`( ) Headlamp
`
`b.
`
`Reflectivity of Target
`The target plate, measuring 20 cm by 20 cm and colored gray mat,
`had a reflectivity of 5%.
`
`4.3. Evaluation Results
`4.3.1. Perceptual rating by subjects
`The results of visibility rating by the five subjects clearly indicate that the
`cornering visibility improved by changing from a conventional car to an AFS(cid:173)
`equipped car.
`
`1050
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`Results of Perceptual Rating
`Curvature R (m)
`Rating target
`
`Spped (km/h)
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`6
`
`Mid-speed corner 1 (right)
`
`Mid-speed corner 2 (left)
`
`Mid-speed corner 3 (right)
`
`Mid-speed corner4 (left)
`
`Low-speed corner 1 (right)
`
`Low-speed corner 2 (left)
`
`85
`
`85
`
`55
`
`55
`
`16
`
`16
`
`70
`
`70
`
`60
`
`60
`
`35
`
`35
`
`Rating point
`Conventional
`car
`
`AFS-equipped
`car
`
`3
`
`3
`
`2
`
`2
`
`4
`4
`3
`
`3
`
`2
`
`2
`
`Mid-speed corner 1 image (day)
`
`Conventional lighting (night)
`
`AFS-lighting (night)
`
`mid-speed
`
`corner 1
`
`right
`
`mid-speed
`
`corner 3
`
`right
`
`low speed
`
`corner 2
`
`left
`
`day
`
`non-AFS (night)
`
`AFS (night)
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`1051
`
`
`
`4.3.2. Quantitative evaluation by luminance contrast
`The contrast between the luminance of the target and that of the background
`was compared between AFS and conventional headlamp systems. The results
`indicate that the luminance contrast increased in most of the target sites by
`replacing the conventional headlamp system with our AFS prototype.
`
`I
`
`r---------------,
`f
`I
`: Eye OCUS
`:
`:
`: with no AFS
`
`I
`I
`
`Daytime
`eye focus
`
`:
`:
`
`I
`
`I
`I
`r - -
`
`[ Eye focus
`: with AFS
`
`I
`
`I
`I
`' - - - - - - - \
`\
`I
`\
`
`4.3.2.1. Luminance contrast at eye focus
`As shown in the table below, the results indicate that the luminance contrast
`value increased 1.5 times to stand at around 1 .0 by the introduction of an AFS.
`Thus we confirmed that the AFS markedly improved the nighttime visibility in
`low/mid-speed driving.
`
`Rating target
`
`Curvature R (m)
`
`Spped (km/h)
`
`Contrast ~
`(A)
`Non AFS (A) AFS (B)
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`6
`
`Mid-speed corner 1 (right)
`Mid-speed corner 2 (left)
`Mid-speed corner 3 (right)
`Mid-speed corner 4 (left)
`Low-speed corner 1 (right)
`Low-speed corner 2 (left)
`
`85
`
`85
`
`55
`
`55
`
`16
`
`16
`
`70
`
`70
`
`60
`
`60
`
`35
`
`35
`
`0.630
`
`0.630
`
`0.630
`
`0.631
`
`0.630
`
`0.630
`
`0.933
`
`0.962
`
`1.005
`
`1.027
`
`0.989
`
`1.073
`
`1.48
`·J.53
`
`1.60
`
`1.63
`
`1.57
`
`1.70
`
`1052
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`5. Conclusion
`5.1. Perceptual rating by subjects
`Visibility improved with an AFS.
`As the visible field expanded farther and sideways, the road curve lines
`became more easily recognizable.
`The eye focus moved closer to the daytime eye focus position.
`
`5.2. Quantitative evaluation by luminance measurement
`The luminance contrast and road surface illuminance
`area increased with an AFS
`According to the above
`Perceptual rating and quantitative evaluation in agreement
`
`in the eye foc~s
`
`5.3. Overall
`Under the Japanese traffic environment, Introduction of bending lamps .
`into AFS beneficial for low/mid-speed driving
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`1053
`
`
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