`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`
`Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.,
`
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`Scramoge Technology Ltd.,
`
`Patent Owner
`
`
`Patent No. 7,825,537
`Filing Date: November 14, 2008
`Issue Date: November 2, 2010
`
`Title: Inductive Power Transfer System and Method
`
`
`Inter Partes Review No. IPR2022-001559
`
`
`
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`UNDER 35 U.S.C. §§311-319 AND 37 C.F.R. §42.100 ET SEQ.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
`I.
`II. Technological Background ........................................................................... 2
`III. The ’537 Patent .............................................................................................. 2
`A.
`’537 Patent Overview ............................................................................ 2
`B.
`Prosecution History ............................................................................... 3
`IV. Asserted Prior Art ......................................................................................... 5
`A.
`Baarman ................................................................................................ 5
`B.
`Berghegger ............................................................................................ 8
`C.
`Note ...................................................................................................... 11
`D. DataSheet ............................................................................................ 12
`V. Motivations to Combine .............................................................................. 12
`A.
`Berghegger and Baarman ................................................................... 12
`B.
`Note and DataSheet ............................................................................. 14
`C.
`Note, DataSheet, and Baarman ........................................................... 14
`VI. Precise Relief Requested ............................................................................. 16
`A.
`Claims .................................................................................................. 16
`B.
`Prior Art ............................................................................................... 17
`C. Grounds ............................................................................................... 17
`D.
`Level of Ordinary Skill ....................................................................... 18
`E.
`Claim Construction ............................................................................. 18
`VII. Ground 1: Claims 1-28 Would Have Been Obvious Over Baarman ...... 20
`A.
`Independent Claim 1 ........................................................................... 20
`
`

`

`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
`H.
`I.
`J.
`K.
`L.
`
`Element [1p] .............................................................................. 20
`1.
`Element [1a] .............................................................................. 22
`2.
`Element [1b] .............................................................................. 24
`3.
`Element [1c] .............................................................................. 25
`4.
`Element [1d] .............................................................................. 26
`5.
`Claim 2 ................................................................................................ 28
`Claim 3 ................................................................................................ 29
`Claim 4 ................................................................................................ 30
`Claim 5 ................................................................................................ 33
`Claim 6 ................................................................................................ 33
`Claim 7 ................................................................................................ 35
`Claim 8 ................................................................................................ 35
`Claim 9 ................................................................................................ 36
`Claim 10 .............................................................................................. 37
`Claim 11 .............................................................................................. 37
`Independent Claim 12 ......................................................................... 38
`1.
`Elements [12p]-[12a] ................................................................ 38
`2.
`Element [12b] ............................................................................ 38
`3.
`Elements [12c] .......................................................................... 39
`4.
`Element [12d] ............................................................................ 39
`5.
`Element [12e] ............................................................................ 40
`M. Claim 13 .............................................................................................. 40
`N.
`Claim 14 .............................................................................................. 40
`
`
`
`ii
`
`

`

`O.
`P.
`Q.
`R.
`S.
`T.
`U.
`
`Claim 15 .............................................................................................. 41
`Claim 16 .............................................................................................. 41
`Claims 17-19 ....................................................................................... 42
`Claim 20 .............................................................................................. 42
`Claim 21 .............................................................................................. 42
`Claim 22 .............................................................................................. 42
`Independent Claim 23 ......................................................................... 43
`1.
`Element [23p] ............................................................................ 43
`2.
`Element [23a] ............................................................................ 45
`3.
`Element [23b] ............................................................................ 46
`4.
`Element [23c] ............................................................................ 53
`5.
`Element [23d] ............................................................................ 55
`Claim 24 .............................................................................................. 57
`V.
`W. Claim 25 .............................................................................................. 57
`X.
`Claim 26 .............................................................................................. 58
`Y.
`Claim 27 .............................................................................................. 59
`Z.
`Independent Claim 28 ......................................................................... 61
`VIII. Ground 2: Claims 1-3, 5, 9-14, 16, 20-22, and 28 Would Have
`Been Obvious Over Berghegger ................................................................. 62
`A.
`Independent Claim 1 ........................................................................... 62
`1.
`Element [1p] .............................................................................. 62
`2.
`Element [1a] .............................................................................. 63
`3.
`Element [1b] .............................................................................. 64
`
`
`
`iii
`
`

`

`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
`H.
`
`Element [1c] .............................................................................. 68
`4.
`Element [1d] .............................................................................. 70
`5.
`Claim 2 ................................................................................................ 72
`Claim 3 ................................................................................................ 73
`Claim 5 ................................................................................................ 74
`Claim 9 ................................................................................................ 74
`Claim 10 .............................................................................................. 75
`Claim 11 .............................................................................................. 75
`Independent Claim 12 ......................................................................... 76
`1.
`Elements [12p]-[12a] ................................................................ 76
`2.
`Element [12b] ............................................................................ 76
`3.
`Element [12c] ............................................................................ 76
`4.
`Element [12d] ............................................................................ 77
`5.
`Element [12e] ............................................................................ 77
`Claim 13 .............................................................................................. 77
`I.
`Claim 14 .............................................................................................. 77
`J.
`Claim 16 .............................................................................................. 78
`K.
`Claim 20 .............................................................................................. 78
`L.
`M. Claim 21 .............................................................................................. 78
`N.
`Claim 22 .............................................................................................. 79
`O.
`Independent Claim 28 ......................................................................... 79
`IX. Ground 3: Claims 4, 6-8, 15, and 17-19 Would Have Been Obvious
`Over Berghegger in View of Baarman ....................................................... 79
`
`
`
`iv
`
`

`

`Claim 4 ................................................................................................ 79
`A.
`Claim 6 ................................................................................................ 86
`B.
`Claim 7 ................................................................................................ 90
`C.
`Claim 8 ................................................................................................ 91
`D.
`Claim 15 .............................................................................................. 92
`E.
`Claim 17 .............................................................................................. 93
`F.
`Claims 18-19 ....................................................................................... 93
`G.
`X. Ground 4: Claim 23-27 Would Have Been Obvious Over Note in
`View of DataSheet and Baarman ................................................................ 93
`A.
`Independent Claim 23 ......................................................................... 93
`1.
`Element [23p] ............................................................................ 93
`2.
`Element [23a] ............................................................................ 95
`3.
`Element [23b] ............................................................................ 95
`4.
`Element [23c] ..........................................................................101
`5.
`Element [23d] ..........................................................................107
`Claim 24 ............................................................................................111
`B.
`Claim 25 ............................................................................................111
`C.
`Claim 26 ............................................................................................113
`D.
`Claim 27 ............................................................................................115
`E.
`XI. Mandatory Notices Under 37 C.F.R. §42.8 .............................................117
`A.
`Real Parties-in-Interest ......................................................................117
`B.
`Related Matters ..................................................................................117
`C.
`Lead and Back-Up Counsel ...............................................................118
`
`
`
`v
`
`

`

`Service Information ...........................................................................118
`D.
`XII. Payment of Fees .........................................................................................119
`XIII. Time for Filing Petition .............................................................................119
`XIV. Grounds for Standing ................................................................................119
`XV. Trial Should Be Instituted ........................................................................119
`A.
`The Board Should Not Exercise Discretion Under General
`Plastic ................................................................................................119
`The Fintiv Factors Weigh Against Discretionary Denial ..................121
`The Circumstances Do Not Merit Discretionary Denial Under
`§325(d) ..............................................................................................122
`XVI. Certification Under 37 C.F.R. §42.24(d) .................................................123
`XVII. Conclusion ..................................................................................................124
`
`
`B.
`C.
`
`
`
`
`
`vi
`
`

`

`Table of Authorities
`
`Cases
`Advanced Display Systems, Inc. v. Kent State University
`212 F.3d 1272 (Fed. Cir. 2000) ............................................................................ 5
`Facebook, Inc. v. Windy City Innovations, LLC
`953 F.3d 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2020) ........................................................................120
`Integrated Sensing Systems, Inc. v. Abbott Laboratories
`No. 19-10041, 2019 WL 3776947 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 12, 2019) ......................121
`IPXL Holdings, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc.
`430 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2005) .......................................................................... 20
`Nidec Motor Corporation v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Company
`868 F.3d 1013 (Fed. Cir. 2017) .......................................................................... 18
`Orbital Australia Pty. v. Daimler AG
`No. 15-cv-12398, 2015 WL 5439774 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 15, 2015) .................121
`
`Schwendimann v. Stahl’s, Inc.
`No. CV 19-10525, 2021 WL 164546 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 19, 2021) ...................121
`Vicor Corporation v. SynQor, Inc.
`603 Fed. Appx. 969 (Fed. Cir. 2015) .................................................................... 5
`Yeda Research v. Mylan Pharm. Inc.
`906 F.3d 1031 (Fed. Cir. 2018) .......................................................................... 17
`Statutes
`35 U.S.C. §102 .................................................................................................... 3, 17
`35 U.S.C. §103 .................................................................................................. 17, 18
`35 U.S.C. §311 .................................................................................................... 1, 16
`35 U.S.C. §314(a) ......................................................................................... 119, 121
`35 U.S.C. §325(d) ..................................................................................................122
`
`vii
`
`
`
`

`

`Regulations
`37 C.F.R. §42.100 ............................................................................................... 1, 18
`37 C.F.R. §42.101(b) .............................................................................................119
`37 C.F.R. §42.102(a) ..............................................................................................119
`37 C.F.R. §42.104 ........................................................................................... 17, 119
`37 C.F.R. §42.24(d) ...............................................................................................123
`37 C.F.R. §42.8 ............................................................................................. 117, 123
`P.T.A.B. Cases
`Advanced Bionics v. MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH
`IPR2019-01469, Paper 6 (P.T.A.B. Feb. 13, 2020) ..........................................122
`Apple Inc. v. Fintiv, Inc.
`IPR2020-00019, Paper 11 (P.T.A.B. Mar. 20, 2020) .......................................121
`Apple, Inc. v. Scramoge Tech. Ltd.
`IPR2022-00573, Paper 12 (P.T.A.B. Sept. 13, 2022) .......................................119
`Cast Lighting, LLC v. Wangs Alliance Corp.
`PGR2021-00012, Paper 12 (P.T.A.B. June 7, 2021) ........................................122
`General Plastic Industries Co., Ltd. v. Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
`IPR2016-01357, Paper No. 19 (Sept. 6, 2017) .................................................119
`Ingel Corp. v. VLSI Tech. LLC
`IPR2022-00479, Paper 13 (P.T.A.B. June 6, 2022) .........................................120
`
`Microsoft Corporation v. Parallel Networks Licensing LLC
`IPR2015-00486, Paper 10 (P.T.A.B. July 15, 2015) ........................................123
`
`One Word Technologies, Inc. v. Chamberlain Grp., Inc.
`IPR2017-00126, Papers 8 (P.T.A.B. May 4, 2017) ............................................ 22
`
`Oticon Medical AB v. Cochlear Ltd.
`IPR2019-00975, Paper 15 (P.T.A.B. Oct. 16, 2019) ........................................122
`
`
`
`viii
`
`

`

`Samsung Electronics Ltd. v. Scramoge Tech. Ltd.
`IPR2022-00284, Paper 12 (P.T.A.B. Jun. 22, 2022) ........................................120
`
`Streck, Inc. v. Ravgen, Inc.
`IPR2021-01577, Paper 20 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 22, 2022) .......................................120
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ix
`
`

`

`Petitioner Exhibit 1001:
`Petitioner Exhibit 1002:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1003:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1004:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1005:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1006:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1007:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1008:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1009:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1010:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1011:
`
`LIST OF EXHIBITS
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537 to Freer
`Prosecution History of U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, Ph.D. In Support of
`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent
`No. 7,825,537 (“Zane”)
`Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Regan Zane, Ph.D.
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0130916 A1 to
`Baarman (“Baarman”)
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0015479
`(“Kuennen”)
`U.S. Patent No. 6,912,137 to Berghegger
`(“Berghegger”)
`Application Note, How to Generate Auxiliary
`Supplies from a Positive Buck DC-DC Converter,
`Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20060723124615/
`http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com:80/en/an/AN3740.pdf,
`July 23, 2006 (“Note”)
`1A, 76V, High-Efficiency MAXPower
`Step-Down DC-DC Converter, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20070315105010/
`http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com:
`80/en/ds/MAX5035.pdf, March 15, 2007
`(“DataSheet”)
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0121675 A1 to
`Ho et al.
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0116847 A1 to
`Loke et al.
`
`
`
`x
`
`

`

`Petitioner Exhibit 1012:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1013:
`Petitioner Exhibit 1014:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1015:
`Petitioner Exhibit 1016:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1017:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1018:
`
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1019:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1020:
`
`T. O’Donnell, O. Chevalerais, G. Grant, S. C.
`O’Mathuna, D. Power and N. O’Donnovan,
`“Inductive powering of sensor
`modules,” Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power
`Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2005,
`2005, pp. 2024-2029 Vol. 3,
`doi: 10.1109/APEC.2005.1453337
`U.S. Patent No. 9,129,741 B2 to Tseng
`Qi: System Description Wireless Power Transfer,
`Volume I: Low Power Part 1: Interface Definition,
`Version 1.1, March 2012 (excerpted)
`U.S. Patent No. 6,421,600 (“Ross”)
`Patent Owner’s June 27, 2022 Infringement
`Allegations Against Petitioner in Scramoge
`Technology Limited v. Volkswagen AG, 2-22-cv-
`10730 (E.D. Mich.)
`Claim Construction Briefing, Scramoge
`Technology Limited v Samsung Elecs. Co. Ltd.,
`6:21-cv-00902-ADA (W.D. Tex.)
`Application Notes by Category, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20060405140047/http:
`/www.maxim-ic.com:80/appnotes10.cfm/ac_pk/20/
`asc_pk/115, April 5, 2006
`Application Note, How to Generate Auxiliary
`Supplies from a Positive Buck DC-DC Converter,
`Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20070307120202/http:
`/www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/an_pk/3740,
`March 7, 2007
`Application Note, How to Generate Auxiliary
`Supplies from a Positive Buck DC-DC Converter,
`Maxim Integrated,
`https://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com
`/en/an/AN3740.pdf, August 10, 2022
`
`
`
`xi
`
`

`

`Petitioner Exhibit 1021:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1022:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1023:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1024:
`Petitioner Exhibit 1025:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1026:
`Petitioner Exhibit 1027:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1028:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1029:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1030:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1031:
`Petitioner Exhibit 1032:
`
`MAX5035, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20040221111948/http:
`/www.maxim-ic.com:80/quick_view2.cfm/qv_pk/
`3991, February 21, 2004
`MAX5035: 1A, 76V, High-Efficiency MAXPower
`Step-Down DC-DC Converter, Maxim Integrated,
`https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MA
`X5035.pdf, August 10, 2022
`Kaplan, Steven M. Wiley Electrical and
`Electronics Engineering Dictionary. Wiley-IEEE
`Press, 2004 (excerpted)
`U.S. Patent No. 7,915,858 B2 to Liu et al.
`McGraw Hill, Dictionary of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering, 2004
`Reserved
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0096413 to
`Partovi et al.
`D. Frey, J. L. Schanen, J. Roudet and F. Merienne,
`“Dealing with common mode current in power
`modules design and association,” Conference
`Record of the 2002 IEEE Industry Applications
`Conference. 37th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat.
`No.02CH37344), 2002, pp. 2603-2608 vol.4, doi:
`10.1109/IAS.2002.1042814
`D. Cochrane, Passive Cancellation of Common-
`Mode Electromagnetic Interference in Switching
`Power Converters (Aug. 10, 2001) (M.S. thesis,
`Virginia Polytechnic
`Institute and State University) (on file with the
`Virginia Tech Library system)
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0061323 A1 to
`Cheng et al.
`U.S. Patent No. 6,803,744 to Sabo
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0181841 A1 to
`Azancot et al.
`
`
`
`xii
`
`

`

`Petitioner Exhibit 1033:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1034:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1035:
`
`Petitioner Exhibit 1036:
`
`MAX5088/5089, 2.2Hz 2A Buck Converters with
`an Integrated High-Side Switch, Wayback
`Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20061211200334/
`http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX5088-
`MAX5089.pdf, December 11, 2006
`Scheduling Order, Scramoge Technology Limited v
`Samsung Elecs. Co. Ltd., 6:21-cv-00902-ADA, No.
`39 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 14, 2022)
`Declaration of Nathaniel E Frank-White (including
`Exhibits A, B)
`Declaration of Nathaniel E Frank-White (including
`Exhibit B)
`
`
`All emphasis is added unless otherwise indicated.
`
`
`
`xiii
`
`

`

`I.
`
`Introduction
`
`Petitioner respectfully requests inter partes review and cancellation of claims
`
`1-28 of U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537 (“’537 patent”) (Ex-1001) under 35 U.S.C.
`
`§§311-319 and 37 C.F.R. §42.100, et seq.
`
`Claim 1 describes inductive power transfer techniques that adjust primary-
`
`side circuit “characteristics” based on “parameters” to “maximize efficiency.” That
`
`adjustment was the claim’s sole point of alleged novelty. Ex-1002, 81-84. But
`
`inductive power systems that measured parameters and adjusted characteristics,
`
`including duty cycle and frequency, were well-known and conventional.
`
`To optimize efficiency, Baarman (Ex-1005) continuously compares measured
`
`parameters to reference values and adjusts primary-side characteristics, including
`
`frequency and duty cycle. Baarman, Abstract, ¶¶[0011]-[0019], [0030], [0041]-
`
`[0077], Figs. 5A-5B. Berghegger (Ex-1007) likewise adjusts frequency and duty
`
`cycle based on secondary-side power demand. E.g., Berghegger, Abstract, 4:51-
`
`5:64, Fig. 3, claim 1. Baarman’s circuit topology also renders independent claim 23
`
`obvious. And Note (Ex-1008)uses the ’537 patent figures’ topology.
`
`The challenged claims are unpatentable. The Board should institute IPR and
`
`cancel claims 1-28.
`
`

`

`II. Technological Background
`Inductive power transfer systems provide energy wirelessly. Zane (Ex-1003)
`
`¶38. Alternating current (“AC”) in primary-side inductors generates magnetic fields
`
`that induce AC in isolated secondary-side inductors over short distances. Id.
`
`Typical prior art inductive power systems share basic components with the
`
`’537 patent. Id. ¶39. Primary-side (transmitting) systems usually include a direct
`
`current (“DC”) power source, switching circuit, and inductors. Id. Receiving devices
`
`include inductors and typically rectifiers to convert induced AC power to DC. Id.
`
`Long before the ’537 patent, competing inductive power designs proliferated.
`
`Id., ¶¶40-42. These designs addressed important challenges: detecting devices,
`
`powering multiple devices, powering different device types, maintaining efficiency,
`
`and ensuring magnetic coupling. Id.
`
`Voltage and current in the transmitting inductor affect transfer efficiency, as
`
`was understood well before the ’537 patent. Id., ¶¶41-43. Prior systems adjusted
`
`frequency, duty cycle, and amplitude to improve efficiency. Id. ¶42. Systems often
`
`operated at resonance, where efficiency is greatest. Id. ¶43.
`
`III. The ’537 Patent
`A.
`’537 Patent Overview
`
`The ’537 patent describes inductive power transfer between base and target
`
`units. Ex-1001, Abstract, 1:50-2:48. It alleges “conventional designs” improve
`
`
`
`2
`
`

`

`efficiency by configuring base and target unit coils. Zane ¶46; Ex-1001, 1:12-46,
`
`4:7-50. Instead, it teaches adjusting frequency and duty cycle. Zane ¶46.
`
`The claims recite common inductive power transfer system features, which
`
`the patent admits were known. Id. ¶47. The claims require current in the transmitting
`
`inductor, generating a magnetic field, and inducing current in receiving inductors.
`
`This is merely conventional inductive power. Id. Monitoring and adjusting primary-
`
`side frequency and duty cycle was also conventional. Id.
`
`Although frequency and duty cycle control were well known, the ’537 patent
`
`contends prior systems only improved efficiency with particular coil configurations.
`
`Id. ¶48; Ex-1001, 1:12-46, 4:7-50. Not so. Zane ¶48.
`
`B.
`
`Prosecution History
`
`The ’537 patent was filed on November 14, 2008 and claims no earlier
`
`priority. Ex-1001, Cover.
`
`In the sole Office Action, claims 1-27 were rejected under 35 U.S.C. §102 as
`
`anticipated by U.S. Patent No. 6,421,600 (“Ross”). Ex-1002, 54-63; Ex-1015. In
`
`Ross, converters in roadways and floors inductively charge electric vehicles. Ross,
`
`Abstract, 3:9-45, Fig. 1.
`
`The rejection underscored the ’537 patent’s conventional nature. Zane ¶52.
`
`Time-varying magnetic fields induce electric current in inductive coils “by
`
`definition,” an “air gap” is electrical isolation, and the transmitting inductor is
`
`
`
`3
`
`

`

`claim 7’s “primary energy storage component.” Ex-1002, 58-59. Ross’s “power
`
`meter 34” monitors received electrical power—a parameter indicating efficiency.
`
`Id.; Zane ¶53. And Ross’s “microprocessor 56” automatically adjusted current
`
`characteristics, with Figs. 7A and 11 adjusting frequency. Ex-1002, 58; Zane ¶53.
`
`In response, Applicant admitted that Ross disclosed all but one element of
`
`claims 1 and 12, attempting to distinguish Ross by asserting it monitored and
`
`adjusted current characteristics to regulate temperature and effect billing, not
`
`maximize efficiency. Ex-1002, 81-83; Zane ¶¶54-55. Applicant acknowledged that
`
`Ross repositioned coils for efficiency and adjusted magnetic field magnitude to
`
`regulate temperature. Ex-1002, 83; Zane ¶¶55, 57. Regarding independent claim 23,
`
`Applicant asserted that Ross failed to disclose adjusting frequency based on
`
`differences between control and reference voltages. Ex-1002, 83-84; Zane ¶56.
`
`Applicant’s Response added claim 28, which differs from claim 1 by
`
`requiring that the parameter is a parameter of an electronic component and requiring
`
`automatically adjusting said operating frequency based on the parameter. Ex-1002,
`
`79, 84; Zane ¶57. The Response also amended twelve claims, apparently to fix
`
`typographical mistakes unidentified by the Examiner. Ex-1002, 75-79; Zane ¶58.
`
`The Examiner then allowed the application without comment. Ex-1002, 91-
`
`94.
`
`
`
`4
`
`

`

`IV. Asserted Prior Art
`A. Baarman
`
`Baarman’s adaptive inductive power supply 305 adjusts primary-side circuit
`
`characteristics to optimize inductive energy transfer. Zane ¶80; Baarman, Abstract,
`
`¶¶[0011]-[0019], [0030], [0041]-[0077], Figs. 5A-5B.
`
`
`
`Zane ¶80; Baarman, Fig. 4 (annotated).
`
`Baarman incorporates Kuennen’s circuits and system details. Zane ¶81;
`
`Baarman, ¶¶[0026]-[0032]; see Advanced Display Sys., Inc. v. Kent State Univ., 212
`
`F.3d 1272, 1282-83 (Fed. Cir. 2000); Vicor Corp. v. SynQor, Inc., 603 Fed. Appx.
`
`969, 974-75 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (DC-DC converter application incorporated related
`
`patent).
`
`
`
`5
`
`

`

`Baarman’s primary-side converts DC power source 310 to AC with inverter
`
`312, which applies current to resonant tank circuit 314, using controller 326 and
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`drive circuit 328 to regulate inverter 312 based on circuit sensor 324’s current and
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`voltage measurements. Zane ¶82; Baarman, ¶¶[0042]-[0054], Fig. 4; Kuennen,
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`Fig. 5. Primary winding 334 magnetically couples to secondary winding 316.
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`Zane ¶82. Secondary-side loads include rechargeable devices (e.g., batteries). Id.
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`Baarman tunes primary-side characteristics by comparing “operating
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`parameters” to “nominal ranges.” Zane ¶83; Baarman, ¶¶[0011]-[0019], [0058]-
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`[0060], [0068], Figs. 5A-5B. Operating parameters include primary-side voltages
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`and currents, and nominal range is most efficient. Zane ¶83; Baarman, ¶¶[0045],
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`[0058], [0059]. To increase efficiency, Baarman adjusts duty cycle (step 4101),
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`frequency (step 420), rail voltage (step 428), and resonant frequency (step 426).
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`Zane ¶¶83-84; Baarman, Abstract, ¶¶[0011]-[0019], [0041]-[0077], claims 6-7, 11-
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`12, 39-48, 50-53, 55, Figs. 5A-5B.
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`1 Fig. 5A incorrectly lists step 410 as step 404. Baarman, ¶¶[0056]-[0065];
`Zane ¶84.
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`6
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`SET INTTIAL RESOHANT FREQUENCY.
`INVERTER FREQUENCY.
`INVERTER
`DUTY CYCLE, AND RAIL VOLTAGE
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`CURRENT OPERATING
`PARAMETERS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL
`TO EXPECTED OPERATING
`PARAMETERS?
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` ARE
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`
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`243]
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`LEAR BEST
`uwown SETTING FLAG
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`7
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`Zane ¶83; Baarman, Figs. 5A-5B (annotated).
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`B.
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`Berghegger
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`Berghegger’s inductive power transmitter adjusts primary-side circuit
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`parameters based on secondary-side demand. Zane ¶85. Figures 1a-1b illustrate
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`example primary-side circuits.
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`8
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`Zane ¶85; Berghegger, Figs. 1a-1b (annotated). Switches S1/S2 convert DC to AC
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`power applied to inductor LP (also LRes). Zane ¶85; Berghegger, 3:51-4:61, 5:54-
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`6:15, 8:10-25, Figs. 1a-1b. Magnetic coupling generates secondary-side alternating
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`current. Zane ¶85; Berghegger, 5:54-6:15, 8:10-25, Figs. 4-5. The secondary-side
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`rectifies current to power DC loads, including batteries. Zane ¶85; Berghegger, 6:5-
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`6:15.
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`A controller adjusts transmitter frequency and duty cycle based on secondary-
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`side load voltage to optimize efficiency. Zane ¶¶86-89; Berghegger, 2:11-33, 2:58-
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`64, 3:11-22, 3:41-42, 4:51-64, 6:16-29, 6:50-7:7, 7:45-8:58, 10:21-29, Figs. 3-5.
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`9
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`Zane ¶87; Id., Figs. 4-5 (annotated).
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`In Fig. 4, secondary-side photodiode 44 emits pulsed light signals based on
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`detection means 42’s output. Berghegger, 5:65-6:49, 8:59-67, Fig. 4. Primary-side
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`photoelement 45 detects these signals, and controller 40 accordingly adjusts
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`frequency or duty cycle. Id.
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`In Fig. 5, switches SK and/or SL rapidly oscillate based on detection means
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`42’s output, driving primary-side inductor voltage fluctuations through magnetic
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`10
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`coupling. Id., 6:50-7:44, 9:17-28, 10:10-20, Fig. 5. Pulse detector 51 detects
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`fluctuations and controller 40 adjusts transmitting frequency or duty cycle. Id., 7:45-
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`8:8, 9:29-10:29, Fig. 5.
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`C. Note
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`Application Note 3740 is entitled “How to Generate Auxiliary Supplies from
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`a Positive Buck DC-DC Converter,” with the MAX5035 as an example. Ex-1008
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`(“Note”), 1. Note teaches: “[m]any applicat