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`TOPOLOGY:Buck / Step-Down
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`APP 3740: Jan 10, 2006
`Keywords: step-down, buck, transformer, flyback, SEPIC
`(219kB)
`
`How to Generate Auxiliary Supplies from a Positive Buck DC-
`DC Converter
`Abstract: Many applications require a low-power supply in addition to the main supply. For reasons ofcost, inventory
`management, or
`), a separate converter may not be appropriate. Consequently,
`another meansof providing extra powerrails from the main supply is needed. This application note shows howto use a
`step-down IC converter’s switching action to derive one or more outputs, isolated or non-isolated, quasi-regulated or
`unregulated.
`Introduction
`Manyapplications require a low-power supply in addition to the main supply. A typical example is when an analog
`front-end amplifier needs £5V, while the main digital circuitry requires +5V only. For reasons of cost, inventory
`management, or EMC, a separate -5V converter may not be appropriate. Consequently, another meansof providing
`extra powerrails from the main supply is needed.
`As a solution to this problem, a step-down IC converter's switching action can be used to derive one or moreoutputs,
`isolated or non-isolated, quasi-regulated or unregulated. Auxiliary output currents of 10% to 30% of the main output
`are perfectly possible. This application note will illustrate this technique using the
`DC-DC converter.
`
` [Figure 3a. Transformer serves as the main inductor (auxiliary output referenced to zero volts. T1 = Cooper
`
`
`
`APPLICATION NOTE 3740
`
`Step-Down Waveforms
`A review of the waveformsfound in a working step-down converterwill identify the voltage and currents that can be
`used to generate additional outputs. See Figure 1 below and Example 1 waveformsat the endofthis article.
`
`|»Figure 1. The MAX5035 schematic illustrates step-down converter operation.
`Figure 1. The MAX5035 schematic illustrates step-down converter operation.
`There is a switching voltage waveform of amplitude at the LX pin:
`Vix = [Vin (max) to -V(diode)] < VLx < Vin(min) -V(diode)]
`The voltage across the main inductor during the powercycle (LX connected to Vjn)is:
`VinD = [Vin (max) - Vout] < VinD < [Vin(min) - Vout]
`
`Continuous Inductor Current Operation
`When the powerswitchis off, the voltage at the LX connection flies negative, turning on the diode, D1, to ensure that
`the inductor current continues to circulate. Operation is said to be continuous when the powercycle begins before the
`circulating current in D1 falls to zero (Figure 2).
`
`|»Figure 2. Continuous inductor current waveforms. TS = switching period; D = duty cycle.
`Figure 2. Continuous inductor current waveforms. TS = switching period; D = duty cycle.
`Knowing the various RMS currents and voltages associated with the key components, powerdissipation can be
`calculated as follows:
`
`BSPa
`
`Definitions
`
`RON_SW—Datasheet on-resistance of the internal power switch (Vy, to LX)
`RLOAD—Effective resistance connected at the power-supply output.
`IQUIESCENT—Quiescent current of the control IC with no switching action.
`IDIODE_RMS—Schottky diode (D1) forward RMScurrent.
`VFORWARD—Forwardvoltage drop across Schottky diode, D1, at rated current.
`ILOAD_RMS—RMSload current.
`
`Auxiliary Outputs
`Auxiliary outputs can be added to the main step-downby an additional winding on its inductor. The additional output
`relies on flyback action in the main inductor during the time that the 'catch' Schottky diode (D1 in Fig1) is conducting.
`Because the diode voltage dropis relatively constant (300mV to 500mV,typically, depending on current), and because
`the controller regulates the output voltage, the inductor's voltage dropis also relatively constant during the OFF time of
`the powerswitch. For the voltage drop to remain consistent, the main inductor should be in continuous conduction
`throughout the main step-download range.
`The LX pin can also be used to provide a switching input to a discrete charge-pumpcircuit. For this to remain
`consistent, the LX pin must be active wheneverthe additional output is required. You can keep the LX pin active by
`ensuring that the main step-down output supports a minimum load.
`
`Inductor Selection
`Three functions are needed to set the value of the main inductor: the voltage across the inductor, the operating
`frequency, and the inductor's current ripple. Together, these functions will ensure that adequate energyis stored in the
`inductor. The inductor's minimum value is determined by the maximum duty cycle and minimum input voltage, and is
`given by:
`
`lp
`Ripple current is a percentage of output current, and defined as 30% for the MAX5035. Note that the ripple current
`sets the minimum load current before the onset of discontinuous operation. Because an auxiliary supply increases the
`peak-current requirements of the power switch, care must be taken to limit the auxiliary power drawn.
`For many applications, the Evaluation (EV) kit's standard setup of 100uH and 68uF outputfilter values will be suitable.
`Thesevalues are retained for the additional supplies. The MAX5035 features fixed, internal type-3 compensation which
`imposes limitations on the choice of output capacitor. Chose the ESR sothat the zero frequency occurs between 20kHz
`and 40kHz. See the application section of the MAX5035 data sheet for more information.
`
`Auxiliary Output Derived from the Main Inductor's Transformer
`The inductor's voltage dropis relatively constant during the power switch's OFF time, because the primary Schottky
`diode voltage dropis relatively constant (300mV to 500mYV,typically, depending on current), and the controller
`regulates the output voltage. Connecting the secondaryrectifier and capacitor so that conduction occurs during the
`flyback period (diode ON), allows some energyto be tapped off the main inductor. Figures 3a and 3b show two
`versions of this arrangement. Isolating the auxiliary winding from the main step-downallowsflexible connection
`arrangements. Figure 3a showsthe auxiliary output referred to zero volts, and Figure 3b shows the auxiliary output
`referred to the main positive output. See also waveforms in Examples 2a and 2b.
`
` Nov ©
`
`Page 8 of 49
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`

`

`“Bussmann DRQ125-101. (Note the DOT convention for the start of windings.)
`Figure 3a. Transformer serves as the main inductor (auxiliary output referenced to zero volts. T1 = Cooper Bussmann
`DRQ125-101. (Note the DOT convention for the start of windings.)
`
`|»Figure 4. Primary inductor current due to secondary loading.
`Figure 4. Primary inductor current due to secondary loading.
`Note howtheadditional loading produces changed primary ripple current. Bold lines identify simplified changes to the
`main-inductor current shape with active auxiliary output.
`Relative Advantagesof this Approach
`. Positive or negative auxiliary output
`. Quasiregulated auxiliary output
`. Isolated; can be referenced to ground or main positive output
`. Inductance value set by main step-down
`. Off-the-shelf magnetics (1:1 transformerratio)
`Relative Disadvantages of this Approach
`1. Increased primary ripple current increases onset of discontinuous current
`2. Minimum load required on aux output
`3. Minimum load required on main positive output to maintain switching action at LX
`
`URWNE
`
`Negative Auxiliary Output Derived from a Charge Pump
`The LX terminal voltage excursion can be used as a source for a charge pumpto generate an unregulated auxiliary
`negative output. The additional output is unregulated because the voltage at LX is not isolated from changes of Vyy.
`The additional charge-pump componentsare shownin Figure 5. See also waveforms in Example 3.
`When the powerswitch closes at the start of the powercycle, current flows into C7 through D2 and R6 and begins to
`rampin the inductor, L1. On the flyback cycle when D1 conducts, the charge on C7is transferred to C8 and the load.
`R6 is an important addition, as it limits the peak current into C7. Without R6, the current limit of the power switch will
`be exceeded, causing premature termination of the power cycle and even shutdown on protected step-down converters
`ike the MAX5035. See Figure 6.
`
`|»Figure 5. Schematic for an auxiliary negative output derived from a charge pump.
`Figure 5. Schematic for an auxiliary negative output derived from a charge pump.
`
`|»Figure 6. Current waveform from an inductor and charge pump.
`Figure 6. Current waveform from an inductor and charge pump.
`The source impedanceof the unregulated charge pump due to R6 and C7is given by:
`
`BSPa
`
`|,Figure 3b. Transformer as main inductor (+ve auxiliary output referenced to main output). Ti = Cooper Bussmann
`DRQ125-101. (Note the DOT convention for the start of windings.)
`Figure 3b. Transformer as main inductor (+ve auxiliary output referenced to main output). T1 = Cooper Bussmann
`DRQ125-101. (Note the DOT convention for the start of windings.)
`Auxiliary output voltage is given by:
`Vaux = N2/N1 (Vout + Vorope1) - Votope2
`N1 = primary turns and N2 = secondaryturns.
`This output in Figure 3 is independent of input-voltage changes, as D2 is ON whentheinternal LX power switch is OFF.
`Capacitor C7 should be chosen to support the output during the maximum on-time of the power switch. The secondary
`output suffers a 2% to 3% output variation as the forward voltage drop of D1 varies with temperature and load
`current. Since N1 and N2 of the transformer are DC-isolated from each another, the extra output may be referenced to
`any DCvoltage.
`For a given inductor value, secondary powerat the auxiliary output is limited by the onset of discontinuous current in
`the main primary loop. Restated simply, D1 must remain in conduction at the end of the flyback period. At the onset of
`discontinuous operation, conduction through D1 becomeszero, and the voltage at LX will show the characteristic
`decaying 'ring' at a frequency determined by the output inductance and the total stray capacitance at the LX node.
`Secondary loading causes a change of primary current at the point of transition when the internal LX switches from on
`to off. This current step shownin Figure 4 is given by:
`Txtra = Psec (D x Vix)
`D = duty cycle
`Psec = secondary power
`Vix = peak voltage excursion at LX
`In principle, there is muchflexibility in the choice of turns ratio. However, in practice, the availability of standard 1:1
`transformers with suitable inductance and peak-current values makes this the most popular choice of turns ratio.
`
`lp
`
`Identifying the source impedance of the unregulated charge pump allows the designer to estimate the charge-pump
`output voltage undervariable load conditions.
`The open-circuit, charge-pump auxiliary output voltage is given approximately by:
`BSPa
`The loaded charge-pump auxiliary output voltage is given by:
`
`>Pa
`
`With capacitor values in the 1pF to 10UF range, R1 will dominate the source impedance. Outputripple is due almost
`entirely to ESR of C8 (output capacitor in Figure 4). As the charge pump is unregulated, a linear regulator can be
`connected at the output to provide a regulated negative output.
`Relative Advantages of this Approach
`1. Small components
`2. Lower cost than 1:1 transformer architecture
`Relative Disadvantages of this Approach
`1. Unregulated output; an additional regulator may be needed at output if the input voltage has a wide range.
`2. High peak currents for modest auxiliary load currents (approx 4 x IouT ave)
`3. Negative auxiliary output only; the output can be referenced to ground or the main regulated output, provided
`that enough voltage difference is available to charge the pump capacitor (C7 in Figure 5).
`4. Minimum load required on auxiliary output to prevent spike storage overvoltage
`5. Minimum load required on main positive output to maintain switching action at LX
`
`SEPIC Auxiliary Supply
`A negative output can be obtained from the LX pin by employing a second inductor, L2, which shares the samecore
`and, therefore, the same value as the main step-down inductor. Figure 7 shows how C5, D2, C6, and L2 form a SEPIC
`topology. See also waveforms in Example 4. The switching signal at LX driving the positive-output step-downis also
`the samelevelfor driving the negative output. During the switch ON period, the voltage across L1 is V_x - Vout, and
`during the OFF period is Vout + Vpiope_1)- By transformeraction (1:1) this voltage is also impressed across L2 and
`generates -Voyz with D2 and C5. Becauseof the less-than-perfect coupling of the two windings L1 and L2, C5 creates
`the SEPIC connection and improves regulation of what would be a normal flyback auxiliary output with very modest
`regulation.
`The coupling capacitor, C5, is chosen to produce a low-voltageripple across it as a function of auxiliary load-current
`duty cycle and clock period.
`
`Page 9 of 49
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`

`

`Relative Advantages of this Approach
`1. Quasiregulated output
`2.
`'Clean' inductor current waveform; less noise generation
`3. Ripple reduction due to coupled inductors
`4. Single magnetic component(off-the-shelf 1:1 transformer)
`Relative Disadvantages of this Approach
`1. -Vout only available
`2. Ground referenced output
`Figure 7. Coupled inductor SEPIC auxiliary supply. L1, L2 = Cooper Bussmann DRQ125-101. (Note the DOT
`convention for the start of windings.)
`Figure 7. Coupled inductor SEPIC auxiliary supply. L1, L2 = Cooper Bussmann DRQ125-101. (Note the DOT convention
`for the start of windings.)
`Conclusions
`A numberof auxiliary output topologies can be added to an integrated, positive step-down converter. The MAX5035
`waschosenfor the examples, but the lower output MAX5033 can employ the samecircuits, but at reduced outputs.
`Flyback Auxiliary
`For complete independence from auxiliary output reference, the flyback circuit adds a winding to the main step-down
`inductor, a Schottky diode, and a capacitor. This design is very appealing and comes with modest regulation. With a 1:1
`transformer (Cooper Bussmann DRQ125-101 for the MAX5035), the auxiliary output can be +Voyrz with respect to
`ground or the main Voyr. Auxiliary output current can be up to 20%of the main output, although somedistortion of
`the main inductor current is to be expected.
`Coupled Inductor SEPIC Auxiliary
`Not as versatile in grounding arrangements, the coupled inductor SEPIC topology provides a regulated -Voyr
`referenced to ground only. Regulation is better than the flyback approach, and inductor current waveform distortion is
`small. Auxiliary output current can be up to 20%of the main output. The coupled inductor aids ripple reduction in the
`auxiliary output.
`Charge PumpInverter
`The charge pumpis the lowest cost option with no additional inductor winding. This design is suitable for low-power
`outputs only because of the high peak currents and voltages associated with the topology. Open-circuit outputis
`approximately Vzy, reducing as the loading is increased on the auxiliary output. Suggested maximum loading is 5% or
`less of the main positive output.
`With this approach the main positive output must remain active atall times, and the main step-down inductor current
`must remain continuousatall times. Extra peak current will be demanded by the auxiliary output, and this must be
`taken into account when minimum loading of the main output and maximum loading of the auxiliary output are
`considered.
`Suggested Component Suppliers
`[component[Website|
`AVX Ceramic
`capacitors
`Coilcraft
`Powerinductors
`Coiltronics
`Powerinductors
`Diodes Incorporated Schottky diodes
`Panasonic
`Ceramic/Al capacitors
`Sanyo
`Ceramic/Al capacitors
`TDK
`Ceramic capacitors
`Vishay
`Diodes, resistors, capacitors
`On-Semiconductor
`Schottky diodes
`
`ln
`
`Example 1 Waveforms: Step-down converter, MAX5035 EV Kit No Auxiliary (Fig 1):
`Vin = +15V
`Vout = +5V
`Tout = 465mA (Rioap = 102 +5%)
`Waveforms:
`
`1. LX inductor current ramp(Yellow, 0.1A / sq)
`2. LX voltage (Green)
`3. Vour (Violet)
`
`Pa
`TLx_peak = 550mA
`Vix_peak = 15V
`Period = 8us
`Example 2a Waveforms: Transformer as Main Inductor, Flyback Auxiliary Output (Fig 3):
`Vin = +15V
`Vout = +5V
`Tout = 465mA (Rioap = 102 5%)
`“Vout = 5.02V
`-lout_aux = -152MA(Rioap = 332)
`C3 = 100pF
`D2 = 1N5817MDICT
`Waveforms:
`1. LX inductor current ramp(Yellow, 0.1A / sq)
`2. LX voltage (Green)
`3. Vout_aux (Violet)
`
`lo
`ILX_PEAK = 0.63A
`Note: The LX waveform distortion is caused by additional loading during the flyback (D1 ON) period.
`Example 2b Waveforms: Transformer as Main Inductor, Flyback Auxiliary Output (Fig 3):
`Vin = +15V
`Vour = +5V
`lout = 465mA(Rioap = 102 15%)
`“Vout = 5.3V
`-Iout_aux = -104mA (Rioap = 512)
`C3 = 100yF
`D2 = 1N5817MDICT
`Waveforms:
`
`1. LX inductor current ramp (Yellow, 0.1A / sq)
`2. LX voltage (Green)
`3. Vout_aux (Violet)
`
`Page 10 of 49
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`

`

`in
`Lx current waveform = 750mApk. Contrast with 550mA peak of the basic step down.
`Note: the dV/dT spikes at auxiliary output. Postfilter with small LC. L may be formed from pc coppertrack.
`Example 4 Waveform: SEPIC Auxiliary Supply (Fig 7):
`L1 = L2 = 100uH coupled (1:1) inductor
`Vin = +15V
`Vout = +5V
`Tout = 465mA (Rioap = 1022 u5%)
`“Vout = -5.02V
`-lout_aux = 228mA (Rioap = 222)
`C5 = 10yF
`C6 = 100pF
`D2 = 1N5817MDICT
`Waveforms:
`1. LX current ramp(Yellow, 0.2A / sq)
`2. LX voltage (Green)
`3. Vout_aux (Violet)
`
`lp
`TLy_peak = 1.15A
`Vout_aux Ripple = 100mV pk-pk excluding narrow dV/dT pulses.
`Note: dV/dT spikes at auxiliary output. Post filter with small LC. L may be formed from pc coppertrack.
`
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`1A, 76V, High-Efficiency MAXPower Step-Down DC-DC Converter
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`
`(PDF, 360kB)
`
`ILX_PEAK = U.0A
`Note: the reduced LX waveform distortion is caused by reduced loading on flyback (D1 ON) period. Comparethis to
`Example 2a above.
`Example 3 Waveforms: Charge Pump Negative Auxiliary Output (Figure 5).
`Vin = +15V
`Vout = +5V
`Tout = 465mA (Rioap = 102 5%)
`“Vout = -12.3V
`-Iout_aux = 82MA (Ryoap = 1502
`D2, 3 = 1N5817MDICT
`c7 = 1p
`C8 = 10pF
`R6 = 5.62
`Waveforms:
`1. LX + Charge Pump current ramp (Yellow, 0.2A / sq)
`2. LX voltage (Green)
`3. -Vout_aux (violet, 500mV / sq), AC-coupled.
`
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`Page 11 of 49
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20040221111948/http:/www.maxim-
`ic.com:80/quick_view2.cfm/qv_pk/3991
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` (A) ® @ INTERNET ARCHIVE Go|NOV Haa=3 APR|http:/Awww.maxim-ic.com/quick_view2.cfm/qv_pk/3991
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`UAJBQCKMGCHINE24captures <my> o
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`7 Nov 2003 - 19Aug 2017
`pom ton hk sable
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`2003 QAM 2005 Caceres
`
`
`QuickView Data Sheet
`© trom
`
`Maxim Products > Power Supplies and Battery Management
`Full Data Sheet (PDF 392k): iJ=Download @ E-MAIL
`
`MAX5035
`1A, 76V, High-Efficiency MAXPower Step-Down DC-DC Converter
`
`DESCRIPTION
`The MAX5035 easy-to-use, high-efficiency, high-voltage, step-down DC-DC converter operates from an input voltage up to 76V and consumesonly 350A quiescentcurrentat no load. This pulse-width
`modulated (PWM)converter operatesat a fixed 125kHz switching frequency at heavy loads, and automatically switches to pulse-skipping modeto provide low quiescent current and highefficiency at
`light loads. The MAX5035includesinternal frequency compensation simplifying circuit implementation. The device usesaninternal low-on-resistance, high-voltage, DMOStransistor to obtain high
`efficiency and reduce overall system cost. This device includes undervoltage lockout, cycle-by-cycle currentlimit, hiccup mode output short-circuit protection, and thermal shutdown.
`
`The MAX5035delivers up to 1A output current. External shutdownis included, featuring 10uA (typ) shutdown current. The MAX5035A/B/C versions havefixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V, and 12V,
`respectively, while the MAX5035D features an adjustable output voltage from 1.25V to 13.2V.
`
`The MAX5035is available in space-saving 8-pin SO and 8-pin plastic DIP packages and operates overthe industrial (0°C to +85°C) temperature range.
`
`KEY FEATURES
`Wide 7.5V to 76V Input Voltage Range
`Fixed (3.3V, 5V, 12V) and Adjustable (1.25V to 13.2V) Versions
`1A Output Current
`Efficiency Up to 94%
`Internal 0.4°— High-Side DMOS FET
`350A Quiescent Current at No Load, 10uA Shutdown Current
`Internal Frequency Compensation
`Fixed 125kHz Switching Frequency
`Thermal Shutdown and Short-Circuit Current Limit
`8-Pin SO and PDIP Packages
`
`KEY SPECIFICATIONS: Switchmode DC-DC PowerSupplies
`
`e ConsumerElectronics
`¢ Distributed Power
`e
`Industrial
`
`MAX5035,
`
`GES)
`
`76
`
`0.5
`
`3.3
`5
`12
`
`1.25
`
`13.2
`
`1
`
`2 +/-3%.
`a
`* Hiccup modeshort-circuit
`protection
`
`8/PDIP.300
`8/SO.150
`
`25)
`
`Oto +85
`
`Yes
`
`Pulse-by-pulse
`
`$1.90
`
`LINKS TO MORE INFORMATION
`e Printed Data Sheet: (19-2988; Rev 0; Rev 2003-11-05)
`¢ Complete Data Sheet: (PDF 392k): Download or or E-MAIL
`e Evaluation Kit: MAX5035EVKIT
`« Request Samples: MAX5035 ‘# Samples Cart
`e Price and Availability
`e¢ MAX5035 At-A-Glance
`
`RELATED PRODUCTS
`
`MAX5033 500mA, 76V, High-Efficiency, MAXPower Step-Down DC-DC Converter - DESCRIPTION
`
`DIDN'T FIND WHAT YOU NEED?
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`Home ° Products * Solutions * Design * AppNotes * Support
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`Copyright © 2004 by Maxim Integrated Products
`Questions? Contact Us e Legal Notices
`© DocumentRef.: 19-2988; Rev 0; 2003-11-05
`This pagelast modified: 2003-11-05
`
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`EXHIBIT B
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`EXHIBIT B
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20060723124615/http:/pdfserv.maxim-ic.com:80/en/an/AN3740.pdf
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`Maxim/Dallas > App Notes > POWER-SUPPLY CIRCUITS
`
`Keywords: step-down, buck, transformer, flyback, SEPIC
`
`
`
`
`Jan 10, 2006
`
`APPLICATION NOTE 3740
`How to Generate Auxiliary Supplies from a Positive Buck DC-DC
`Converter
`
`Many applications require a low-power supply in addition to the main supply. For reasons of cost, inventory
`management, or electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), a separate converter may not be appropriate. Consequently,
`another means of providing extra power rails from the main supply is needed. This application note shows how to use
`a step-down IC converter’s switching action to derive one or more outputs, isolated or non-isolated, quasi-regulated or
`unregulated.
`
`Introduction
`
`Many applications require a low-power supply in addition to the main supply. A typical example is when an analog front-
`end amplifier needs ±5V, while the main digital circuitry requires +5V only. For reasons of cost, inventory
`management, or EMC, a separate -5V converter may not be appropriate. Consequently, another means of providing
`extra power rails from the main supply is needed.
`
`As a solution to this problem, a step-down IC converter's switching action can be used to derive one or more outputs,
`isolated or non-isolated, quasi-regulated or unregulated. Auxiliary output currents of 10% to 30% of the main output
`are perfectly possible. This application note will illustrate this technique using the MAX5035 DC-DC converter.
`
`Step-Down Waveforms
`
`A review of the waveforms found in a working step-down converter will identify the voltage and currents that can be
`used to generate additional outputs. See Figure 1 below and Example 1 waveforms at the end of this article.
`
`Figure 1. The MAX5035 schematic illustrates step-down converter operation.
`
`There is a switching voltage waveform of amplitude at the LX pin:
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`VLX = [VIN (max) to -V(diode)] < VLX < VIN(min) -V(diode)]
`
`The voltage across the main inductor during the power cycle (LX connected to VIN) is:
`
`VIND = [VIN (max) - VOUT] < VIND < [VIN(min) - VOUT]
`
`Continuous Inductor Current Operation
`
`When the power switch is off, the voltage at the LX connection flies negative, turning on the diode, D1, to ensure that
`the inductor current continues to circulate. Operation is said to be continuous when the power cycle begins before the
`circulating current in D1 falls to zero (Figure 2).
`
`Figure 2. Continuous inductor current waveforms. TS = switching period; D = duty cycle.
`
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`Knowing the various RMS currents and voltages associated with the key components, power dissipation can be
`calculated as follows:
`
`Definitions
`
`RON_SW—Data sheet on-resistance of the internal power switch (VIN to LX)
`RLOAD—Effective resistance connected at the power-supply output.
`IQUIESCENT—Quiescent current of the control IC with no switching action.
`IDIODE_RMS—Schottky diode (D1) forward RMS current.
`VFORWARD—Forward voltage drop across Schottky diode, D1, at rated current.
`ILOAD_RMS—RMS load current.
`
`Auxiliary Outputs
`
`Auxiliary outputs can be added to the main step-down by an additional winding on its inductor. The additional output
`relies on flyback action in the main inductor during the time that the 'catch' Schottky diode (D1 in Fig1) is conducting.
`Because the diode voltage drop is relatively constant (300mV to 500mV, typically, depending on current), and because
`the controller regulates the output voltage, the inductor's voltage drop is also relatively constant during the OFF time of
`the power switch. For the voltage drop to remain consistent, the main inductor should be in continuous conduction
`throughout the main step-down load range.
`
`The LX pin can also be used to provide a switching input to a discrete charge-pump circuit. For this to remain
`consistent, the LX pin must be active whenever the additional output is required. You can keep the LX pin active by
`ensuring that the main step-down output supports a minimum load.
`
`Inductor Selection
`
`Three functions are needed to set the value of the main inductor: the voltage across the inductor, the operating
`frequency, and the inductor's current ripple. Together, these functions will ensure that adequate energy is stored in the
`inductor. The inductor's minimum value is determined by the maximum duty cycle and minimum input voltage, and is
`given by:
`
`Ripple current is a percentage of output current, and defined as 30% for the MAX5035. Note that the ripple current sets
`the minimum load current before the onset of discontinuous operation. Because an auxiliary supply increases the peak-
`current requirements of the power switch, care must be taken to limit the auxiliary power drawn.
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`Page 18 of 49
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`For many applications, the Evaluation (EV) kit's standard setup of 100µH and 68µF output filter values will be suitable.
`These values are retained for the additional supplies. The MAX5035 features fixed, internal type-3 compensation which
`imposes limitations on the choice of output capacitor. Chose the ESR so that the zero frequency occurs between 20kHz
`and 40kHz. See the applic