UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`_____________________________
`
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`_____________________________
`
`
`VOLKSWAGEN GROUP OF AMERICA, INC.
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`SCRAMOGE TECHNOLOGY LTD.,
`Patent Owner.
`
`_____________________________
`
`Case No. IPR2022-001559
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`_____________________________
`
`DECLARATION OF DR. REGAN ZANE, PH.D.
`IN SUPPORT OF PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW OF
`U.S. PATENT NO. 7,825,537
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 1 of 280
`
`Volkswagen Exhibit 1003
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`Table of Contents
`
`Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8
`I.
`II. Qualifications and Background ....................................................................... 9
`III. Materials Considered .....................................................................................15
`IV. Legal Standards .............................................................................................18
`A. Obviousness .........................................................................................19
`B.
`Secondary Considerations of Non-Obviousness .................................21
`C.
`Claim Construction..............................................................................23
`Background on the State of the Prior Art ......................................................24
`V.
`VI. Summary of Opinions on Invalidity ..............................................................27
`VII. The ’537 Patent ..............................................................................................28
`A. Overview of the ’537 Patent ................................................................28
`B.
`Prosecution History .............................................................................30
`C.
`Claim Construction of Terms in the ’537 Patent ................................36
`1.
`maximize efficiency of power transfer ......................................37
`2.
`approximately equal to a self-resonant oscillation and
`substantially self-resonant oscillation .......................................38
`automatically selectively re-adjusting/adjusts/adjusting ...........39
`3.
`substantially parallel inductor axes ...........................................41
`4.
`a physical arrangement . . . is selected for ................................42
`5.
`Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art .....................................................43
`D.
`VIII. Overview of the Prior Art ..............................................................................44
`A.
`Baarman ..............................................................................................44
`
`
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`ii
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`B.
`Berghegger ..........................................................................................49
`Note ......................................................................................................52
`C.
`D. DataSheet ............................................................................................54
`E. Motivation to Combine Berghegger and Baarman .............................55
`F. Motivation to Combine Note and DataSheet ......................................60
`G. Motivation to Combine Note, DataSheet, and Baarman ....................60
`IX. Ground 1: Claims 1-28 Would Have Been Obvious in View of
`Baarman.........................................................................................................65
`A.
`Independent Claim 1 ...........................................................................65
`1.
`Element [1p] ..............................................................................65
`2.
`Element [1a] ..............................................................................69
`3.
`Element [1b] ..............................................................................72
`4.
`Element [1c] ..............................................................................75
`5.
`Element [1d] ..............................................................................78
`Claim 2 ................................................................................................84
`Claim 3 ................................................................................................85
`Claim 4 ................................................................................................88
`Claim 5 ................................................................................................95
`Claim 6 ................................................................................................95
`Claim 7 ................................................................................................98
`Claim 8 ................................................................................................99
`Claim 9 ..............................................................................................103
`Claim 10 ............................................................................................106
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
`H.
`I.
`J.
`
`
`
`iii
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`Page 3 of 280
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`K.
`L.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`Claim 11 ............................................................................................108
`Independent Claim 12 .......................................................................109
`1.
`Elements [12p]-[12a] ..............................................................110
`2.
`Element [12b] ..........................................................................111
`3.
`Element [12c] ..........................................................................112
`4.
`Element [12d] ..........................................................................113
`5.
`Element [12e] ..........................................................................114
`M. Claim 13 ............................................................................................116
`N.
`Claim 14 ............................................................................................116
`O.
`Claim 15 ............................................................................................118
`P.
`Claim 16 ............................................................................................119
`Q.
`Claim 17 ............................................................................................120
`R.
`Claim 18 ............................................................................................121
`S.
`Claim 19 ............................................................................................122
`T.
`Claim 20 ............................................................................................123
`U.
`Claim 21 ............................................................................................125
`V.
`Claim 22 ............................................................................................126
`W.
`Independent Claim 23 .......................................................................127
`1.
`Element [23p] ..........................................................................127
`2.
`Element [23a] ..........................................................................133
`3.
`Element [23b] ..........................................................................134
`4.
`Element [23c] ..........................................................................145
`5.
`Element [23d] ..........................................................................148
`
`
`
`iv
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`Page 4 of 280
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`X.
`Claim 24 ............................................................................................154
`Claim 25 ............................................................................................155
`Y.
`Claim 26 ............................................................................................156
`Z.
`AA. Claim 27 ............................................................................................158
`BB.
`Independent Claim 28 .......................................................................161
`1.
`Element [28p] ..........................................................................162
`2.
`Element [28a] ..........................................................................162
`3.
`Element [28b] ..........................................................................163
`4.
`Element [28c] ..........................................................................163
`5.
`Element [28d] ..........................................................................165
`X. Ground 2: Claims 1-3, 5, 9-14, 16, 20-22, and 28 Would Have Been
`Obvious in View of Berghegger ..................................................................166
`A.
`Independent Claim 1 .........................................................................166
`1.
`Element [1p] ............................................................................166
`2.
`Element [1a] ............................................................................171
`3.
`Element [1b] ............................................................................173
`4.
`Element [1c] ............................................................................179
`5.
`Element [1d] ............................................................................184
`Claim 2 ..............................................................................................189
`Claim 3 ..............................................................................................189
`Claim 5 ..............................................................................................191
`Claim 9 ..............................................................................................192
`Claim 10 ............................................................................................194
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`
`
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`v
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`Page 5 of 280
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`G.
`H.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`Claim 11 ............................................................................................195
`Independent Claim 12 .......................................................................196
`1.
`Elements [12p]-[12a] ..............................................................196
`2.
`Element [12b] ..........................................................................197
`3.
`Element [12c] ..........................................................................199
`4.
`Element [12d] ..........................................................................200
`5.
`Element [12e] ..........................................................................201
`Claim 13 ............................................................................................202
`I.
`Claim 14 ............................................................................................203
`J.
`Claim 16 ............................................................................................204
`K.
`Claim 20 ............................................................................................205
`L.
`M. Claim 21 ............................................................................................207
`N.
`Claim 22 ............................................................................................208
`O.
`Independent Claim 28 .......................................................................209
`1.
`Element [28p] ..........................................................................209
`2.
`Element [28a] ..........................................................................209
`3.
`Element [28b] ..........................................................................210
`4.
`Element [28c] ..........................................................................211
`5.
`Element [28d] ..........................................................................213
`XI. Ground 3: Claims 4, 6-8, 15, and 17-19 Would Have Been Obvious
`Over Berghegger in View of Baarman .......................................................214
`A.
`Claim 4 ..............................................................................................214
`B.
`Claim 6 ..............................................................................................226
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`C.
`Claim 7 ..............................................................................................235
`Claim 8 ..............................................................................................236
`D.
`Claim 15 ............................................................................................240
`E.
`Claim 17 ............................................................................................241
`F.
`Claim 18 ............................................................................................242
`G.
`Claim 19 ............................................................................................242
`H.
`XII. Ground 4: Claim 23-27 Would Have Been Obvious Over Note in
`View of DataSheet and Baarman ................................................................244
`A.
`Independent Claim 23 .......................................................................244
`1.
`Element [23p] ..........................................................................244
`2.
`Element [23a] ..........................................................................246
`3.
`Element [23b] ..........................................................................247
`4.
`Element [23c] ..........................................................................256
`5.
`Element [23d] ..........................................................................264
`Claim 24 ............................................................................................270
`B.
`Claim 25 ............................................................................................271
`C.
`Claim 26 ............................................................................................274
`D.
`Claim 27 ............................................................................................277
`E.
`XIII. Conclusion ...................................................................................................280
`
`
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`I.
`
`Introduction
`I, Regan Zane, submit this declaration to state my opinions on the
`1.
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`
`matters described below.
`
`2.
`
`I have been retained by Petitioner, Volkswagen Group of America,
`
`Inc. (“Volkswagen”), as an independent expert in this proceeding before the United
`
`States Patent and Trademark Office. Although I am being compensated at my usual
`
`rate of $460 per hour for the time I spend on this matter, no part of my
`
`compensation depends on the outcome of this proceeding, and I have no other
`
`interest in this proceeding.
`
`3.
`
`I understand that this proceeding involves U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`
`(“the ’537 patent”), and I have been asked to provide my opinions as to the
`
`patentability of the claims of the ’537 patent. I understand that the application for
`
`the ’537 patent was filed on November 14, 2008, as U.S. Application
`
`No. 12/271,023. I also understand that a copy of the ’537 patent has been provided
`
`as Exhibit 1001 to Volkswagen’s petition for inter partes review.
`
`4.
`
`I have been asked to consider whether the claims of the ’537 patent
`
`would have been obvious based on certain prior art references. I have also been
`
`asked to consider the state of the art and prior art available as of November 14,
`
`2008. Based on the combinations of prior art references discussed in this
`
`declaration, it is my opinion that one of ordinary skill in the art would have found
`
`
`
`8
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`claims 1-28 of the ’537 patent to have been obvious. My opinions are provided
`
`below.
`
`II. Qualifications and Background
`5. My complete qualifications and professional experience are described
`
`in my curriculum vitae, a copy of which can be found in Exhibit 1004. The
`
`following is a brief summary of my relevant qualifications and professional
`
`experience.
`
`6.
`
`I have an extensive background and experience in electrical
`
`engineering, power electronics, digital and analog integrated circuit design, and
`
`design and operation of discrete and integrated gate drivers and control circuits for
`
`isolated and non-isolated power converters, switched-mode power supplies, and
`
`wireless charging systems.
`
`7.
`
`I received my Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering
`
`(BSEE) from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1996. In 1998, I received a
`
`Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE) from the University of
`
`Colorado at Boulder. In 1999, I received a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in
`
`electrical engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder. My Ph.D.
`
`dissertation research focused on the design of low-cost, high performance custom
`
`integrated circuit (IC) controllers and gate drives for isolated AC/DC power
`
`converters.
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`I have substantial professional and academic work experience as an
`
`8.
`
`electrical engineer in the fields of power electronics and integrated circuit design
`
`and packaging. My research has covered design, modeling and control of high
`
`efficiency, high frequency, high power density, and high performance DC/DC,
`
`AC/DC, DC/AC power converters and power integrated circuit design. My work
`
`has covered a wide range of traditional and emerging applications including energy
`
`efficient lighting and building systems, wireless power transfer and ambient and
`
`directed energy harvesting for wireless devices, bidirectional power converters for
`
`hybrid AC and DC systems and micro-grids, DC power distribution and high
`
`efficiency step-down converters for data centers, power converters for grid-
`
`integration of batteries and renewable energy sources, battery management systems
`
`for electric vehicles and grid energy storage, and wireless and wired power
`
`converter systems for electric vehicle charging.
`
`9.
`
`In 1999, I joined the Corporate Research and Development Center at
`
`General Electric (GE) as a Senior Research Scientist. At GE, I developed and
`
`commercialized custom integrated circuits for a wide range of power applications
`
`including multiple generations of integrated power controllers and resonant
`
`converters for compact fluorescent and high intensity discharge lamps and medical
`
`devices. These designs included gate drive and resonant control circuits for
`
`primary and secondary-side controllers.
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`In 2001, I joined the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy
`
`10.
`
`Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder as an Assistant Professor. I
`
`received tenure and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2008. In 2012, I
`
`became a Full Professor with a USTAR endowment in the Department of
`
`Electrical and Computer Engineering at Utah State University (USU). There, I
`
`founded and continue to direct the Electric Vehicle & Roadway (EVR) Research
`
`Facility and Test Track, the USU Power Electronics Lab (UPEL), and the Battery
`
`Limits and Survivability Test (BLAST) lab. In 2016, I formed and launched the
`
`multi-university industry sponsored Center for Sustainable Electrified
`
`Transportation (SELECT), and in 2020, I led the team to receive the National
`
`Science Foundation’s (NSF’s) highest award for international center level research
`
`and became the founding Director of the NSF Engineering Research Center for
`
`Advancing Sustainability through Powered Infrastructure for Roadway
`
`Electrification (ASPIRE ERC). The ASPIRE ERC includes 9 universities, more
`
`than 65 faculty and 150 students, and over 60 industry and innovation sponsors
`
`from automotive OEMs, Tier 1 component suppliers, utilities, battery
`
`manufacturers, national laboratories, and a wide range state, government, and non-
`
`profit agencies. In 2018, I received and continue to hold the David G. and Diann L.
`
`Sant Endowed Professorship at Utah State University.
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`I have had the honor of receiving a number of distinctive awards
`
`11.
`
`throughout my career, some of which include: researcher and inventor of the year
`
`awards at USU and CU-Boulder, campus level researcher of the year award at
`
`USU, multiple teaching awards including the Holland and Peebles innovation in
`
`teaching awards, three international journal transactions best paper prize awards,
`
`the IEEE Power Electronics Society outstanding engineer award, and the National
`
`Science Foundation faculty CAREER award.
`
`12. Since 2006, I have served as an Associate Editor with IEEE
`
`Transactions on Power Electronics. In addition, since 2013 I have served as an
`
`Associate Editor for the IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
`
`Electronics. I have served as conference chairman, co-chair, session chair, and
`
`committee member for numerous professional conferences in power electronics
`
`over the past 20 years and maintained active participation as a journal article
`
`reviewer and elected professional society leader.
`
`13.
`
`I am a named inventor on 32 issued United States patents in the field
`
`of power electronics, including those in wireless power and resonant converters. I
`
`have numerous patent applications, provisional applications, and internal
`
`disclosures pending.
`
`14.
`
`I have authored or co-authored over 200 peer-reviewed journal and
`
`top-rated conference papers and articles, and have received 3 best journal paper
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`awards, am co-author of the book titled “Digital control of high-frequency
`
`switched-mode power converters,” and have provided more than 60 invited
`
`seminars and talks.
`
`15.
`
`I have worked in the field of wireless power transfer since at least
`
`2003 with work ranging from wireless power for implants and low power sensor
`
`networks, to small robots, wheelchairs, and electric vehicles. I have published
`
`articles, received issued patents, and provided numerous presentations and lectures
`
`in the area. I also have extensive experience in verification, validation, and
`
`reduction to practice of the innovative concepts developed in my programs. This
`
`includes hardware development and laboratory testing of power electronics and
`
`wireless power transfer systems through my work in industry at GE, as a faculty
`
`member at the Colorado Power Electronics Laboratory at CU Boulder, and as the
`
`founding director of UPEL, EVR, and BLAST laboratories at USU. In my 20 years
`
`as a faculty member, I have trained, advised, and supervised hundreds of students
`
`in laboratory work and I have led multi-million-dollar projects in partnership with
`
`industry that include hardware prototype development and evaluation, systems
`
`demonstration, and pilot deployment in commercial settings. As one example, I
`
`was the lead principle investigator (PI) for a multi-million dollar, multi-year
`
`project in partnership with key industry partners where we developed new concepts
`
`for advanced active battery management systems that were conceived, modeled,
`
`
`
`13
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`and simulated, then developed into hardware prototypes, integrated into
`
`commercial battery packs for a leading automotive OEM plug-in hybrid electric
`
`vehicle, evaluated for over one year of testing, and finally transitioned for
`
`commercialization at a leading automotive OEM. As another example, I am
`
`currently the lead at USU, again in partnership with industry, on a project where
`
`we have developed new concepts to improve the power density of high power
`
`inductive wireless power transfer systems, and we are now in the final stages of
`
`building and testing a full-scale hardware prototype at one megawatt of wireless
`
`power. The system will be integrated onto a heavy-duty truck and evaluated at
`
`facilities in Seattle and Portland. In all, I have been a lead or co-lead on research
`
`and development projects in partnership with industry totaling over $60 million
`
`leading to well over 100 hardware systems that have been developed and tested by
`
`my teams in my labs.
`
`16.
`
`I have also developed numerous integrated power control and gate
`
`drive ICs, both while working as a research engineer at GE and as a faculty
`
`member at CU Boulder. In all cases, the designs were fabricated at major
`
`semiconductor foundries and tested in systems in my labs. As one example, while
`
`working at GE’s Corporate Research and Development Center, I developed a
`
`custom control IC for a resonant electronic ballast lighting system, had it fabricated
`
`at the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (TSCM), performed
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`laboratory system testing and evaluation, and transitioned the system to GE
`
`Lighting for pre-production testing. This work led to my Six Sigma Green Belt
`
`certification at GE.
`
`17.
`
`I am being compensated for my work associated with this case plus
`
`reimbursement of reasonable expenses. My compensation is not contingent on my
`
`opinions or the outcome of the case, and I have no other interest in this case or the
`
`parties thereto.
`
`III. Materials Considered
`In forming my opinions, I have reviewed the following documents, as
`18.
`
`well as the documents I cite in this declaration:
`
`
`
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`Ex. 1008
`
`Ex. 1009
`
`Ex. 1012
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`Description
`Exhibit
`Ex. 1001 U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537 to Freer
`Ex. 1002 Prosecution History of U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Ex. 1004 Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Regan Zane, Ph.D.
`Ex. 1005 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0130916 A1 to Baarman
`(“Baarman”)
`Ex. 1006 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0015479 (“Kuennen”)
`Ex. 1007 U.S. Patent No. 6,912,137 to Berghegger (“Berghegger”)
`Application Note, How to Generate Auxiliary Supplies from a
`Positive Buck DC-DC Converter, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20060723124615/http://pdfserv.maxim-
`ic.com:80/en/an/AN3740.pdf, July 23, 2006 (“Note”)
`MAX5035: 1A, 76V, High-Efficiency MAXPower
`Step-Down DC-DC Converter,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20070315105010/
`http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com:80/en/ds/MAX5035.pdf, March 15,
`2007 (“DataSheet”)
`Ex. 1010 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0121675 A1 to Ho et al.
`Ex. 1011 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0116847 A1 to Loke et al.
`T. O’Donnell, O. Chevalerais, G. Grant, S. C. O’Mathuna, D. Power
`and N. O’Donnovan, “Inductive powering of sensor
`modules,” Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics
`Conference and Exposition, 2005, 2005, pp. 2024-2029 Vol. 3, doi:
`10.1109/APEC.2005.1453337
`Ex. 1013 U.S. Patent No. 9,129,741 B2 to Tseng
`Qi: System Description Wireless Power Transfer, Volume I: Low
`Power Part 1: Interface Definition, Version 1.1, March 2012
`(excerpted)
`Ex. 1015 U.S. Patent No. 6,421,600 (“Ross”)
`Patent Owner’s June 27, 2022 Infringement Allegations Against
`Petitioner in Scramoge Technology Limited v. Volkswagen AG, 2-
`22-cv-10730 (E.D. Mich.)
`Ex. 1017 Claim Construction Briefing, Scramoge Technology Limited v
`Samsung Elecs. Co. LTD., 6:21-cv-00902-ADA (W.D. Tex.)
`Application Notes by Category, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20060405140047/http:/www.maxim-
`ic.com:80/appnotes10.cfm/ac_pk/20/asc_pk/115, April 5, 2006.
`
`Ex. 1014
`
`Ex. 1016
`
`Ex. 1018
`
`
`
`
`16
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`

`Ex. 1019
`
`Ex. 1020
`
`Ex. 1021
`
`Ex. 1022
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`Application Note, How to Generate Auxiliary Supplies from a
`Positive Buck DC-DC Converter, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20070307120202/http:/www.maxim-
`ic.com/appnotes .cfm/an pk/3740, March 7, 2007.
`Application Note, How to Generate Auxiliary Supplies from a
`Positive Buck DC-DC Converter,
`https://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com/en/an/AN3740.pdf, August 10,
`2022
`MAX5035, Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/
`20040221111948/http:/www.maxim-ic.com:80/quick_view2
`.cfm/qv pk/3991, February 21, 2004
`MAX5035: 1A, 76V, High-Efficiency MAXPower
`Step-Down DC-DC Converter,
`https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX5035.pdf,
`August 10, 2022
`Ex. 1023 Kaplan, Steven M. Wiley Electrical and Electronics Engineering
`Dictionary. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004 (excerpted)
`Ex. 1024 U.S. Patent No. 7,915,858 B2 to Liu et al.
`Ex. 1025 McGraw Hill, Dictionary of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
`2004
`Ex.1027 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0096413 to Partovi et al
`D. Frey, J. L. Schanen, J. Roudet and F. Merienne, “Dealing with
`common mode current in power modules design and
`association,” Conference Record of the 2002 IEEE Industry
`Applications Conference. 37th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat.
`No.02CH37344), 2002, pp. 2603-2608 vol.4, doi:
`10.1109/IAS.2002.1042814
`D. Cochrane, Passive Cancellation of Common-Mode
`Electromagnetic Interference in Switching Power Converters
`(Aug. 10, 2001) (M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic
`Institute and State University) (on file with the Virginia Tech
`Library system)
`Ex. 1030 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0061323 A1 to Cheng et al.
`Ex. 1031 U.S. Patent No. 6,803,744 to Sabo
`Ex. 1032 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0181841 A1 to Azancot et al.
`
`Ex. 1028
`
`Ex. 1029
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`MAX5088/5089, 2.2Hz 2A Buck Converters with an Integrated
`High-Side Switch, Wayback Machine,
`https://web.archive.org/web/20061211200334/
`http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX5088-MAX5089.pdf,
`December 11, 2006
`Ex. 1035 Declaration of Nathaniel E Frank-White (including Exhibits A, B)
`Ex. 1036 Declaration of Nathaniel E Frank-White (including Exhibit B)
`
`Ex. 1033
`
`
`
`IV. Legal Standards
`In forming my opinions and considering the subject matter of the ’537
`19.
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`patent and its claims in light of the prior art, I am relying on certain legal principles
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`that counsel in this case explained to me. My understanding of these concepts is
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`summarized below.
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`20.
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`I understand that the claims define the invention. I also understand
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`that an unpatentability analysis is a two-step process. First, the claims of the patent
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`are construed to determine their meaning and scope. Second, after the claims are
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`construed, the content of the prior art is compared to the construed claims.
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`21.
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`I understand that a claimed invention is only patentable when it is
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`new, useful, and non-obvious in light of the prior art. That is, the invention, as
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`defined by the claims of the patent, must not be anticipated or rendered obvious by
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`the prior art. I have been informed of the following legal standards, which I have
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`applied in forming my opinions.
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`Page 18 of 280
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Declaration of Dr. Regan Zane, PhD
`
`A. Obviousness
`I understand that a patent claim is invalid as obvious if the claimed
`22.
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`invention would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the
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`time the claimed invention was made. This means that even if all of the elements
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`of the claim cannot be found in a single prior art reference that would anticipate the
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`claim, a person of ordinary skill in the field who knew about the prior art would
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`have come up with the claimed invention. I understand that in an obviousness
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`determination, the person of ordinary skill in the art is presumed to have
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`knowledge of all material prior art. I understand that whether a claim is obvious is
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`based upon the determination of several factual issues.
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`23.
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`In considering obviousness, I understand that one must determine the
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`scope and content of the prior art. I understand that, in order to be considered as
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`prior art to a patent being considered, a prior art reference must be reasonably
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`related to the claimed invention of that patent. A reference is