United States Patent
`Rhoads
`
`US005745604A
`[11] Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`5,745,604
`Apr. 28, 1998
`
`[54]
`
`IDENTIFICATION/AUTHENTICATION
`SYSTEM USING ROBUST, DISTRIBUTED
`CODING
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`{75]
`
`Inventor: Geoffrey B. Rhoads. West Linn, Oreg.
`
`[73] Assignee: Digimarc Corporation, Portland, Oreg.
`
`.
`Szepanski. “A Signal Theoretic Method for Creating Forg-
`ery—Proof Documents for Automatic Verification.” Proceed-
`ings 1979 Carnahan Conference on Crime Countermeasures,
`May 16, 1979, pp. 101-109.
`Tanaka et al.. “A Visual Retrieval System with Private
`Information for Image Database,” Proceeding International
`Conference on DSP Applications and Technology, Oct.
`[21] Appl. No.: 614,521
`1991, 00. 415-421.
`.
`Sapwater
`et
`al.,
`“Electronic Copyright Protection.”
`[22] Filed:
`Mar. 15, 1996
`PHOTO>Electronic Imaging, vol. 37. No. 6, 1994, pp.
`Related U.S. Application Data
`16-21.
`[63] Continuation of Ser. No. 215,289, Mar. 17, 1994, aban-|JPEG Group’s JPEG Software (release 4), FTP.CSU-
`doned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 154,866,
`A.BerekeleyEDU
`/PUB/Cypherpunks/Applications/
`Nov. 18, 1993, abandoned.
`ISTEG/JPEG.Announcement.GZ. Jun. 7, 1993, 2 pages.
`[51] Want, CHS aeecccecccssssessscseseseeee GO06K 9/36; HO4L 9/00
`—Caronni, “Assuring Ownership Rights for Digital Images.”
`[82] U.S. C1 onccccssssesecsceccncacenenee 382/232; 380/4; 380/5;
`Published in the Proceedings of ‘Reliable IT Systems.” VIS
`382/100
`°O5, HH. Briiggemann and W. Gerhardt-Hiackl
`(Ed.),
`[58] Field of Search w..sssccssssssuessesee 380/3, 6, 19,23,
` Vieweg Publishing Company. Germany, 1995, Jun. 14.
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`1994, 10 pages.
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`Koch et al., “Copyright Protection for Multimedia Data.”
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`Proc. of the International Conference on Digital Media and
`381/124, 29, 181; 348/460
`Electronic Publishing, Dec. 6-8, 1994. Leeds, U.K.. 15
`pages.
`
`(56]
`
`3,493,674
`3,569,619
`3,585,290
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2/1970 Houghton ...ccsscsscsssesssesserseessee 173/5.6
`.. 1786.8
`3/1971 Simijian ......
`
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`.
`.
`(List continued on next page.)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`es tor hoo Burner por or "uu. HO4B 1/66
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`...... HO4N 1/41;
`441702
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`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`Primary Examiner—Leo Boudreau
`Assistant Examiner—Bhavesh Mechta
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Klarquist Sparkman Campbell
`Leigh & Whinston
`
`[57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`An identification code signal is impressed on a carrier to be
`identified (such as an electronic data signal or a physical
`medium) in a manner that permits the identification signal
`_later to bestatistically discerned and the carrier thereby
`identified. The method and apparatus are characterized by
`robustness despite degradation of the encoded carrier, and
`by holographic permeation of the identification signal
`throughout thecarrier.
`
`MAO FMS NOISE
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`14 Claims, 3 Drawing Sheets
`
`| OATAIN OF CREATE ORIGINALDIGITALS:GHALOAMAGE”
`OAGITAL S:GAALOF MAGE,
`
`———ESTIMATEROUGHOFFSET |
`£
`CHOOSE NGA WAIT
`
`IRENTIRCATION WORD. £.¢ 32]
`GENERATE MBIT
`IDENTIFICATION WORD.
`
`GENERATE OASYNTHESIZE N"RANDOMINDEPENDENT
`SUGRMALSWITH ROUGHLYGAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION
`ABQUTSOME MEAN VALUE, WHERE SIGNALS HAVE
`EQUAL EXTENT AND DIGITAL SPACING OF
`CARGHALDIGTAL BIONALOR IMAGE
`APPLY DIGITAL FILTER WHICH ATTENLATES
`BOTH LOWAND HIGH FREQUENCIES, LEAVING
`MADOLE-RUMGE FREQUENCIESLARGELY INTACT
`CONDENSE N RANDOM S1GNALS TOA LOWEST
`ACCEPTABLE BIT VALLE IF MAEARORY GF
`STORAGE SPACE 15AT A PREMIUM
`‘AODALLRANDOM IMAGES TOGETHER VRHICH HAWE
`‘A CORPESPONDING '1) IM THEDRASSOGATED
`BIT-PLACE-VALUE OF THE NvB(T IDENTIFICATIONWORD,
`CAGL THISTHE BASE COMPOSITE SIGNAL OF (MAGE
`EXPERIMENT VEOLRLLY WITH
`GAINAND GAbNA APPLIED
`TO BASE COMPOSITE SIGMAL CF IMAGE, ADO'NG THiSTD)
`‘OROGIHALDIGI“ALSIGMA. OR MIMIE, AND DETERMINING
`THE ACCEPTAGLE SERCEIVEDNOSE LEVEL,
`APPLY FOUNC GAB! AND GAMATOBABE COMPOSITE,
`ADD TO QAUGINAL, THEN CALL THIS
`THE DISTRIOUTABLE SIGNAL OR MAGE
`—__—___—_ a".
`‘STOREAWAY ANDSECURE OHGINAL S:G¥0AL OF IMAGE
`ALOHO WITHN-BIT IDERTIICATIONWORD AND:
`THEN RADONSIGNALS
`(_SELU OR DISTRIGUTE THE DISTRIBUTABLE SIGNAL OF IMAGE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Sony Exhibit 1018
`Sony Exhibit 1018
`Sony v. MZ Audio
`Sony v. MZ Audio
`
`

`

`5,745,604
`
`Page 2
`
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`
`
`

`

`,
`
`LivA
`
`os
`
`oo
`
`..
`
`”
`
`5,745,604
` Page 3
`
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`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 28, 1998
`
`Sheet 1 of 3
`
`5,745,604
`
`FIG. 4
`
`FIG. 1
`
`COMPUTER
`
`106
`
`104
`
`100
`
`——> EXPOSE AND STEP
`
`DIGITAL
`NUMBER
`(SIGNAL
`LEVEL)
`
`iG°:TTllTENtPorth©
` ~n—ax
`woOo
`zCCH&
`
`THU5
`
`HS
`
`.
`SAMPLE NUMBER(INDEX)
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 28, 1998
`
`Sheet 2 of 3
`
`5,745,604
`
`FIG. 2
`
`OBTAIN OR CREATE ORIGINAL
`DIGITAL SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`ESTIMATE ROUGH OFFSET
`AND RMS NOISE
`
`CHOOSE N OR N-BIT
`IDENTIFICATION WORD,E.G. 32
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`GENERATE OR SYNTHESIZE N "RANDOM® INDEPENDENT
`SIGNALS WITH ROUGHLY GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION
`ABOUT SOME MEAN VALUE, WHERE SIGNALS HAVE
`
`
`EQUAL EXTENT AND DIGITAL SPACING OF
`ORIGINAL DIGITAL SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`
`
`APPLY DIGITAL FILTER WHICH ATTENUATES
`
`
`BOTH LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCIES, LEAVING
`MIDDLE-RANGE FREQUENCIES LARGELYINTACT
`
`
`
`CONDENSE N RANDOM SIGNALS TO A LOWEST
`ACCEPTABLE BIT VALUE IF MEMORY OR
`
`STORAGE SPACE IS AT A PREMIUM
`
`
`ADD ALL RANDOM IMAGES TOGETHER WHICH HAVE
`A CORRESPONDING '1' IN THEIR ASSOCIATED
`
`
`BIT-PLACE-VALUE OF THE N-BIT IDENTIFICATION WORD,
`CALL THIS THE BASE COMPOSITE SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`
`
`EXPERIMENT VISUALLY WITH GAIN AND GAMMA APPLIED
`
`
`TO BASE COMPOSITE SIGNAL OR IMAGE, ADDING THIS TO
`ORIGINAL DIGITAL SIGNAL OR IMAGE, AND DETERMINING
`THE ACCEPTABLE PERCEIVED NOISE LEVEL
`
`
`
`APPLY FOUND GAIN AND GAMMA TO BASE COMPOSITE,
`ADD TO ORIGINAL, THEN CALL THIS
`THE DISTRIBUTABLE SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`
`
`
`
`STORE AWAY AND SECURE ORIGINAL SIGNAL OR IMAGE,
`ALONG WITH N-BIT IDENTIFICATION WORD AND
`
`
`THEN RANDOM SIGNALS
`
`
`SELL OR DISTRIBUTE THE DISTRIBUTABLE SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`GENERATE N-BIT
`IDENTIFICATION WORD
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 28, 1998
`
`Sheet 3 of 3
`
`5,745,604
`
`FIG. 3|OBTAIN DIGITAL OR NON-DIGITAL COPY
`OF SUSPECT SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`DIGITIZE IF NOT ALREADY DIGITAL
`
`
`CUT AND MASK PORTION OF SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`BELIEVED TO BE SUSPECT
`
`
`(ONLYIF ENTIRE SIGNAL OR IMAGE 1S NOT SUSPECT)
`
`
`
`
`
`PROCUREORIGINAL DIGITAL SIGNAL OR
`IMAGE AND CUT AND MASK TO ROUGHLY
`
`
`THE SAME LOCATION OR SEQUENCE
`
`
`
`_ VISUALLY RESCALE AND REGISTER THE CUT-OUT
`SUSPECT SIGNAL TO THE CUT-OUT ORIGINAL SIGNAL
`
`RUN THROUGH SEARCH PROGRAMWITH MEAN
`SQUARED ERRORAS CRITERIA AND X OFFSET, Y OFFSET,
`AND SCALE AS THE THREE VARIABLES
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`APPLY X OFFSET, Y OFFSET, AND SCALE TO CUT-OUT SUSPECT,
`THEN RESAMPLE ONTO EXACT GRID AND CUT-OUT
`
` OF ORIGINAL SIGNAL
`
`
`RUN THROUGH SEARCH PROGRAM WITH MEAN
`
`
`SQUARED ERROR AS CRITERIA AND DC OFFSET, GAIN, AND
`GAMMA AS THE THREE VARIABLES; APPLY TO SUSPECT
`
`
`
`SUBTRACT ORIGINAL FROM SUSPECT,
`GIVING DIFFERENCE SIGNAL OR IMAGE
`
`
`
`STEP THROUGH ALL N RANDOM INDEPENDENTSIGNALS, MASKED
`AS ORIGINAL AND CROSS-CORRELATEDWITH DIFFERENCE SIGNAL
`
`
`IN IMMEDIATE NEIGHBORHOOD OF REGISTRATION POINTS
`
`FIND 0 AND 1 LEVEL BY AVERAGING FIRST FOUR 0101 CODE VALUES
`
`ASSIGN EITHER AO OR A 1 TO EACH CROSS-CORRELATION RESULT|
`DEPENDING ON PROXIMITY TO THE AVERAGES OF PREVIOUS STEP|
`
`CHECK RESULT AGAINST SECURED IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
`
`PROSECUTEIF IT MATCHES? OR AT LEAST SEND
`A NASTY LETTER DEMANDING RECOMPENSE
`
`

`

`1
`IDENTIFICATION/AUTHENTICATION
`SYSTEM USING ROBUST, DISTRIBUTED
`CODING
`
`RELATED APPLICATION DATA
`
`This application is a continuation of application Ser. No.
`08/215.289, filed Mar. 17, 1994, which is a continuation-
`in-part of application Ser. No. 08/154,.866, filed Nov. 18,
`1993, both now abandoned.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates to the embedding of robust
`identification codes in electronic, optical and physical
`media, and the subsequent, objective discernment of such
`codes for identification purposes even after intervening
`distortion or corruption of the media.
`The invention is illustrated with reference to a few
`exemplary applications, including electronic imagery, emul-
`sion film, and paper currency, but is not so limited.
`
`BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE
`INVENTION
`
`“I would never put it in the power of any printer or
`publisher to suppressoralter a work of mine, by making him
`master of the copy” ThomasPaine, Rights of Man, 1792.
`“The printer dares not go beyond his licensed copy”
`Milton, Aeropagetica, 1644.
`Since time immemorial, unauthorized use and outright
`piracy of audio and visual source material has caused lost
`revenues to the owners of such material, and has been a
`source of confusion and corruption of original work.
`With the advent of digitizing data audio signals and
`images, the technology of copying materials and redistrib-
`uting them in an unauthorized manner has reached new
`heights of sophistication, and more importantly, omnipres-
`ence. Lacking objective means for comparing an alleged
`copy of material with the original, owners and possible
`litigation proceedings are left with a subjective opinion of
`whether the alleged copy is stolen, or has been used in an
`unauthorized manner. Furthermore, there is no simple means
`of tracing a path to an original purchaser of the material,
`something which can be valuable in tracing where a possible
`“leak” of the material first occurred.
`
`A variety of methods for protecting commercial material
`have been attempted. One is to scramble signals via an
`encoding method priorto distribution, and descramble prior
`to use. This technique, however, requires that both the
`original and later descrambled signals never leave closed
`and controlled networks,
`lest
`they be intercepted and
`recorded. Furthermore, this arrangementis oflittle use in the
`broad field of mass marketing audio and visual material,
`where even a few dollars extra cost causes a major reduction
`in market, and where the signal must eventually be
`descrambied to be perceived and thus can be easily recorded.
`Another class of techniques relies on modification of
`source audio or video signals to include a subliminal iden-
`tification signal, which can be sensed by electronic means.
`-Examples of such systems are found in U.S. Pat. No.
`4,972,471 and European patent publication EP 441,702, as
`well as in Komatsu et al, “Authentication System Using
`Concealed. Image in Telematics,” Memoirs of the School of
`Science & Engineering, Waseda University, N