`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`_____________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`_____________
`
`SONY GROUP CORPORATION (JAPAN), SONY CORPORATION OF
`AMERICA, SONY INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT LLC, SONY
`PICTURES ENTERTAINMENT INC., SONY ELECTRONICS INC., and
`VERANCE CORPORATION,
`Petitioners,
`
`v.
`
`MZ AUDIO SCIENCE, LLC,
`Patent Owner.
`_____________
`
`Case No. TBD
`Patent No. 7,289,961
`_____________
`
`DECLARATION OF RACHEL J. WATTERS
`RELATING TO EXHIBIT 1006(cid:3)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Sony Exhibit 1009
`Sony v. MZ Audio
`
`

`

`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters on Authentication of Publication
`
`I, Rachel J. Watters, am a librarian, and the Head of Resource Sharing for the
`
`General Library System, Memorial Library, located at 728 State Street, Madison,
`
`Wisconsin, 53706. Part of my job responsibilities include oversight of Wisconsin
`
`TechSearch (“WTS”), an interlibrary loan departmentat the University of Wisconsin-
`
`Madison.
`
`I have workedasa librarian at the University of Wisconsinlibrary system
`
`since 1998, starting as a graduate student employeein the Kurt F. Wendt Engineering
`
`Library and WTS,then asa librarian in Interlibrary Loan at Memorial Library.
`I began
`professional employment at WTSin 2002 and became WwTs Director in 2011. In 2019,
`
`I became of Head of Resource Sharing for UW-Madison’s General Library System.
`
`I
`
`have a master’s degree in Library and Information Studies from the University of
`
`Wisconsin-Madison. Through the course of my studies and employment, I have
`
`become well informed about the operations of the University of Wisconsin library
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`system, whichfollows standard library practices.
`
`This Declaration relates to the dates of receipt and availability of the following:
`
`Cabot, R.C., Mino, M.G., Dorans, D.A., Tackel, I.S., and Breed,
`H.E. (September 1976). Detection of phase shifts in harmonically
`related tones. Journal ofthe Audio Engineering Society, 24(7),
`568-571.
`
`Standard operating procedures for materials at the University of Wisconsin-
`
`Madison Libraries. When an issue wasreceived by the Library, it would be checkedin,
`
`stamped with the date of receipt, addedto library holdings records, and made available
`
`

`

`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters on Authentication of Publication
`
`to readers as soonafter its arrival as possible. The procedure normally took a few days
`
`or at most 2 to 3 weeks.
`
`Exhibit A to this Declaration is a true and accurate copyof the front cover with
`
`library date stamp ofJournalofthe Audio Engineering Society (September 1976), from
`the University of Wisconsin-Madison Library collection. Exhibit A also includes an
`
`~ excerpt of pages 568 to 571 ofthat issue, showing thearticle entitled Detection ofphase
`
`shifts in harmonically related tones (September 1976). Based on this information, the
`
`date stamp on the journal issue cover page indicates Detection ofphase shifts in
`
`harmonically related tones (September 1976) was received by the Engineering Library,
`
`University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries on October 30, 1976.
`
`Based onthe information in Exhibit A,it is clear that the issue was received by
`the library on or before October 30, 1976, catalogued and available to librarypatrons
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`within a few days or at most 2 to 3 weeks after October 30, 1976.
`
`Members ofthe interested public could locate the Journalofthe Audio
`
`Engineering Society (September 1976) publication after it was cataloged by searching
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`the public library catalog or requesting a search through WTS. Thesearch could be
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`donebytitle and/or subject key words. Membersoftheinterested public could access
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`the publicationby locating it on the library’s shelves or requesting it from WTS.
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`I declare that all statements made herein of my own knowledgearetrue and that
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`all statements made on information and belief are believed to be true; and furtherthat
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`2
`
`

`

`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters on Authentication of Publication
`
`these statements were made with the knowledgethat willful false statements and thelike
`
`so madeare punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, under Section1001 ofTitle 18
`
`of the United States Code.
`
`Date: May 24, 2022
`Ra
`J. Watters
`Head of Resource Sharing
`
`Memorial Library
`728 State Street
`Madison, Wisconsin 53706
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`EXHIBIT A
`EXHIBIT A
`
`

`

`
`29 RNAL OF THE
`
`JO ENGINEERING SOCIETY
`vi
`
`UDIO / ACOUSTICS / APPLICATIONS
`
`%
`
`(
`
`IW. MAD! ON, WIS
`
`TAPE TESTING
`
`SUPERDOME
`SOUND SYSTEM
`
`RECORDING HEAD
`MATERIAL
`
`DETECTION OF
`PHASE SHIFTS
`
`ROOM ACOUSTICS
`MODIFICATION
`
`RECORDED
`TEXTBOOKS
`
`WLUME 24 NUMBER7
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
`,
`
`JOURNAL OF THE
`
`AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY
`
`AUDIO / ACOUSTICS / APPLICATIONS
`
`VOLUME 24 NUMBER 7
`er
`
`~ ARTICLES
`
`Twin-Tone Tape Testing
`
`
`G. A. A. A. Hueber, B. Nijholt, and H. Tendeloo 542
`
`
`The Louisiana Superdome Sound System............ J. Jacek Figwer 554
`
`New Wear-Resistant Permalloy Material for Magnetic Recording-Head
`Application .....................-. ‘aun em EER ERB Steven A. Bendson
`
`Detectionof Phase Shifts in Harmonically Related Tones
`Richard C. Cabot, Michael G. Mino, Douglas A. Dorans, Ira S. Tackel, and
`Henry E. Breed 1.1... cent n ee e
`
`
` PROJECT NOTES/ENGINEERING BRIEFS
`Electronic Modification of the Room Acoustics in a ConcertHall
`noha PREUR GWOT wEaw eee em Es E. J. Voelker, C. L. Mueller, and D. Kittler 572
`
`
`
`FORUM
`
`Comments on “Electroacoustic Transducers with Piezoelectric High
`Polymer Films” .................-.-- S. Edelman and A. S. DeReggi 577
`[M. Tamura, T. Yamaguchi, T. Oyaba, and T. Yoshimi, J. Audio Eng. Soc.,
`Vol. 23, pp. 21-26 (Jan./Feb. 1975)]
`
`A Call for Printing of Domestic Papers on Cinema-TV Sound Topics
`ttle ecules caw fo Wi
`8 eee ewe ewe a ea we ie ews tee cer tes ene ene et Bruce Lowell 578
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FEATURES
`New Field for Audio Engineering .................. Richard Rosenthal 594
`Recorded Textbooks for Handicapped Students
`ais gy area wer meawape gdh. om. Jp Clyde R. Keith and William H. Beam, Jr.
`
`DEPARTMENTS
`
`Review of Acoustical Patents 580
`Standards Update: IEC News and
`Activities ................0.. 588
`Electroacoustic Standards List 593
`Newsof the Sections ........ 604
`Sound Track ................ 612
`
`
`
`REVIEW BOARD
`P. W. Klipsch
`J. R. Ashley
`E. J. Foster
`J. H. Kogen
`B. Blesser
`M. B. Gardner
`D. S. McCoy
`R. W. Burhans
`R. C. Heyser
`
`M. Camras J.G. McKnight—E. L. TorickJ. M. Hollywood
`
`D. H. Cooper
`P. Kantrowitz
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`J. T. Muliin
`
`Harry F. Olson Editor Emeritus
`
`Robert O. Fehr Editor
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`
`Journalof the Audio Engineering Society, Volume 24, No. 7, September 1976. Published monthly except January/February and
`July/August when published bi-monthly, by the Audio Engineering Society and supplied to all members in good standing.
`Publication and Executive Offices, Lincoln Building, 60 East 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. Secondclass postagepaid at
`NewYork, N.Y. and at additional mailing offices. Subscription to nonmembers, $35.00 domestic; $45.00 foreign.All material
`published inthis journalis copyrighted © 1976by the Audio Engineering Society andall rights reserved.Inquiries should be sent
`to the Publications Office at the address above.
`The “Journal of the Audio Engineering Society” andits cover design have been registered as a trademark in the United
`States Patent Office.
`
`

`

`Detection of Phase Shifts in Harmonically Related
`Tones*
`
`RICHARD C. CABOT, MICHAELG. MINO, DOUGLASA. DORANS,IRA S. TACKEL, AND HENRYE. BREED
`
`Acoustics Research Laboratory, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181
`
`The results of tests on the audibility of phase shifts in two componentoctave complexesare
`described. The tests were made via headphones with fundamental andthird-harmonic signals.
`The quantitative results were compared with those of previous researchers, and a detailed
`discussion of the responses ofa groupoflisteners is presented.
`
`INTRODUCTION: Theaudibility of phase shifts in har-
`monically related tones has been a topic of discussion for
`many years. Before the advent of electronic instrumenta-
`tion, Helmholtz ran crude experiments to showthat phase
`shifts were not audible. Furthertests of this were made by
`Hansen and Madsen[1], Raiford and Schubert [2], Craig
`and Jeffress [3], and Mathes and Miller [4].
`Mathes andMiller [4] used sinusoidsofslightly different
`than harmonic frequency multiples. The quality or tonal
`character of the sound was judged to change with time as
`the relative phasesof the sinusoidal signals changed. Craig
`and Jeffress [3] investigated the audibility of phase rever-
`sals of the harmonics ofa test signal. Their listeners re-
`quired extensive training sessions, and the resultant accu-
`racy of detection was only slightly better than chance.
`Raiford and Schubert [2] used a specially designed timing
`circuit to controlthe signal presentations. Hansen and Mad-
`sen [1] used an entirely different approach to the generation
`of a test signal, a three-componentsignal, generated by
`
`The testing methodsused by previous experimenters do
`not appearto give the listener the most convenient method
`of comparison. Wefelt it would be more informative to
`allow the listener complete control overall timing of signal
`presentations. In our approach the listener controlled the
`audition intervals of both the reference and comparison
`signals. Careful note was takenof the length and numberof
`audition intervals chosen bylisteners, and someinteresting
`
`* Presented October 31, 1975, at the 52nd Convention ofthe
`Audio Engineering Society, New York.
`
`EQUIPMENT
`
`The apparatus used in the experimentis diagrammed in
`Fig. 1. The Fourier synthesizer producesphase-locked sig-
`nals in multiples of 400 Hz. The 400-Hz and 1200-Hz
`outputs are used, with their levels monitored by a Balantine
`model 320 linear dB-scale voltmeter. The 1200-Hz output
`is fed to an adjustable passive phase shifter. The phase
`difference between input andoutputof the phase shifter is
`monitored with a phase meter. One channel of a Crown
`DC-300-A amplifier is fed a mixture of the fundamental
`(400 Hz) and the third-harmonic (1200 Hz) signals. The
`other channelis fed with a mixture of the fundamental and
`the phase-shifted third-harmonicsignals.
`The outputs of the amplifier are connected via a four-
`position switch, the relay inputselector, toa reed relay. The
`relay operationis controlled bythelistener, allowing him to
`make A—B comparisons. The signals which the listener
`received as A or B are shownin Table I for each position of
`the relay input selector. Fig. 2 shows the appearanceof a
`phase-shifted and unshifted waveform andthe definition of
`the phaseshift 0. The signal from therelay input selectoris
`fed to an oscilloscope and an rms voltmeter for monitoring
`the shape and amplitude of the waveform. The output then
`goes through-the feed switch to a pair of Koss ESP-9
`~ electrostatic headphones.
`level was adjusted to three
`The 400-Hz fundamental
`times the 1200-Hzthird-harmoniclevel. This relationship
`waschosen becauseit is the amplitude ratio of thefirst two
`Fourier components of a square wave. The sound pressure
`level ofthe signal reaching the listener’s ears was 70 dB as
`computed from the manufacturer’s sensitivity specifica-
`tions. The equipmentwastestedin operation with a Hewlett
`JOURNAL OF THE AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY
`
`
`
`

`

`PROCEDURE
`The following procedure for gathering data was chosen |
`for clarity and ease of duplication. The phaseof the adjust-
`able composite signal and the position of the relay input
`selector wereset for the first test item. The signal was then
`applied to the headphones. The listener was allowed to
`comparethe two signal presentations with the A—B switch
`until satisfied that a difference was or was not perceived
`betweenthem. Nolimit was placed on the time available or
`the number of A—B comparisons forthe listener to make his
`decision.
`His response, YES or NO, was recorded by the experi-
`menter who then disconnected the signal source from the
`headphones. The phaseof the adjustable signal as well as
`the position of the relay input selector were thenset for the
`next test item. The composite signal was again connected to
`the headphones. Thus no signal was present between suc-
`cessive trials.
`This procedure was repeatedthirty times per experiment
`for each subject. The range ofthe phase shift 6 was limited
`to 0°—120° in increments of 30° in the first experiment. It
`was reduced to 0°—30° in increments of 7.5° in the second
`experiment. The order of the signal presentations wasran-
`domized to preventbiasing of the results. Total experiment
`time ranged from eightto twenty minutesfor the subjects to
`complete one set of 30 signal pairs.
`Priorto initiating the set oftrials for each subject, a signal
`
`
`
`HEADPHONES—
`
`SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
`
`Fig. 1. Schematic block diagram.
`
`Table I. Function of the relay input selector.
`
`Switch
`Composite Signal Pair
`Position
`A*
`B*
`
`
`400+1200 20°
`400+1200 20°
`1
`400+1200 20°
`400+1200 26°
`2
`400+1200 26°
`400+1200 20°
`3
`
`
`400+1200 26°4 400+1200 26°
`
`* Frequencies in hertz.
`
`SEPTEMBER 1976, VOLUME 24, NUMBER 7
`
`Packard spectrum analyzer and was found to contain less
`than 0.1% intermodulation and harmonic distortion. More
`importantly, the distortion content was independentofthe
`relay inputselectorposition or the phaseshift selected. The
`equipmentwaslocated in a room adjacentto the listener to
`avoid distractions.
`
`RELAY INPUT
`SELECTOR
`
`FEED SWITCH
`
`CROWN DC-300A
`AMPLIFIER
`
`A-B SWITCH
`
`pair with the third harmonic shifted 0° and 120° was pre-
`sented to the subject for comparison. He was simultane-
`ously shown an oscilloscope presentation of the signal he
`had selected. This was intended to acquaint the subject with
`the subtlety of the differences to be detected. The subject
`wasnot allowedto see the oscilloscope during the remain-
`der of the experiment. The subjects tested were college
`students, male and female, ranging in age from 18 to 25
`years.
`
`ANALYSIS
`
`In order to determinetheability of the subjects to discern
`phase distortion and place a measure on the threshold of
`phase discrimination, a means of analyzing the YES and
`NOresponses is needed. The authors chose to use a method
`first used by Blackwell[5].
`It has been found that when subjects are asked to make a
`YES—NOdiscrimination of any test stimulus, they may
`respond YESin the absence of any actual difference. The
`subjectis in effect giving a false positive response or what
`we shall term a false alarm. To obtain a measure of this
`tendency, stimulus pairs of identical composition (equal or
`zero phaseshift in the third harmonic of both signals A and
`B) were included at random in the experiment. These pre-
`sentations are commonly knownas ‘‘blanks’’ or “‘duds”’
`and a YES response to these is termed a false alarm.
`The observed YES responses maythen be due to both a
`perceived difference and the random error represented by
`the false alarm rate. Denoting the probability of a false
`alarm as P;, and the probability of an observed YES re-
`sponse by Py, we may write (see [5])
`
`Po = Pra +P (1 — Pra)
`
`where P is the probability of a perceived difference by a
`
`COMPOSITE SIGNAL
`
`
`UNSHIFTED WAVEFORM
`
`
`
`
`Fig. 2. Appearance of phase-shifted and unshifted waveform.
`a. Unshifted waveform. b. Shifted waveform.
`
`

`

`
`
`RICHARD CABOT, MICHAEL MENO, DOUGLAS DORANS,IRA TACKEL AND HENRY BREED
`
`view the signal on the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope was
`not available to be viewed for the remainderof the experi-
`ment.
`
`Thelisteners had complete controlof the length of time
`each signal in the A—B pair was presented. They weretold
`to operate the A—B switch as often and as long as they
`desired. A pattern seemed to develop whereby the subjects
`listened to the first signal of the pair for a comparatively
`long time, then depressed the A—B switch for a relatively
`short time andreleasedit againtolisten to the original. This
`wasrepeated abouttwicefor each signal pair. This pattern
`correlates with some previous experiments in detecting
`phaseshifts using similar techniques. Craig and Jeffress [3]
`presented their subjects with similar A and B signals for
`relatively long preset durations of each. They reported that
`theirlisteners were unableto detect a 180° phaseshift in this
`same— different test arrangement. Raiford and Schubert [2]
`were able to obtain reliable data by using a special timing
`arrangement. The reference waspresentedfor a relatively
`long time, followed by the secondsignalfor a shorttime,
`and thenthe reference waspresented again. The timing of
`the on-off periods was not underthe listener’s control, but
`was preset by the experimenter.. Nixon, Raiford, and
`Schubert [6] had reportedin an earlier papertheir discovery
`of the optimum timing used in their experiment andits
`usefulness in allowing phaseshift detection. It is interesting
`to note that the timing chosen by our listeners and that
`selected by Raiford and Schubert were very similar.
`The experiment shows phase shifts of harmonic com-
`plexes to be detectable, but judging from the difficulty
`experienced by the subjects, the effect appear to be small.
`Forthe frequencies and level used, the ear is incapable of
`detecting less than about 15° of phase shift. This correlates
`well with the results of Hansen and Madsen for the same
`frequencies and level. Considering different test methods
`used, this fact supports the reliability of both experiments.
`The experiment was performed for phase-shift increments
`of 30°, and it was found that a 30° shift wasstill fairly well
`recognized. The experiment wasthen repeated with phase-
`shift increments of 7.5° ranging from zero to 30°. The data
`
`subject with zerofalse alarm rate. The data are groupedinto
`classes for each particular phase shift. Values of Py were
`computed for each class by dividing the total number of
`YES responses for all subjects in that class by thetotal
`
`The values of P;, for each phase shift were computed by
`dividing the number of YES responses to pairs of equal
`phase shift by the numberofsuch pairs. By rearranging Eq.
`(1) P may be found in terms of Py and Pra:
`
`P = (Po — Pra)l(1 — Pra).
`
`(2)
`
`The values of P, Py, and P;, are given in Table II for each
`value of phase shift. The computedvaluesof the probability
`of a perceived difference are graphed as a function of @ in
`Fig. 3. The P(@) points for @ less than thirty degrees are
`circles to indicate that they were derived in a separate
`
`OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION
`
`The described experimental results were obtained after
`modifications to the test procedure and equipment were
`Initially the experiment was conducted with a
`medium-powerswitching relay usedafter the relay input
`selector. The switching ofthe relay controlled by the sub-
`ject caused an audible transientin the signal perceived anda
`brief interval of silence. This was found to confuse the
`listener and make it impossible to discriminate the intended
`stimulus better than predicted bythe false alarm probability
`calculated. Whetherthis was due to the switchingtransient
`or the silent interval was not determined. This would seem
`to indicate that the listener’s memoryofthefirst presenta-
`tion is either destroyed by thetransient or lost during the
`
`The relay was then replaced with a reed delay and the
`experimentwasrepeated. The problems described with the
`relay were considerably reduced, as was the
`difficulty in making accurate judgments by the listener. The
`subjects, initially, had difficulty in determining what it was
`they were listening for. Thefirst subjects refused to believe
`that there wasa difference until they were shown traces of
`the signals on an oscilloscope. Afterthis it became standard
`practice to present the subject with a 0°— 120° phase-shifted
`pair at the beginning of the experiment and allow him to
`
`Table II. Test data.
`
`False
`Corrected
`Alarm
`Rate Pra
`Rate P
`(%)
`(%)
`
`
`23
`33
`27
`23
`27
`
`55
`52
`63
`58
`
`/
`
`0
`75
`89
`81
`89
`
`0
`2
`46
`60
`
`!00--
`
`75
`
`}—}-—++
`IS
`225
`30
`
`tH
`60
`PHASE DEGREES
`
`90
`
`—
`120
`
`Fig. 3. Computed values of the probability of a perceived
`difference.
`
`JOURNAL OF THE AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY
`
`

`

`
`
`‘DETECTION OF PHASE SHIFTS IN HARMONICALLY RELATED TONES
`
`from the two experiments were then combinedto obtain the
`final graph. Not as many subjects weretested for the second
`experiment because we werealready satisfied that a differ-
`ence could be reliably perceived, and we did notfeel it was
`necessary to use as large a sample. Thefalse alarm rate for
`the second experiment was muchhigherthanthat ofthefirst
`experiment. This may beattributed to a smaller sample and
`confusion of the subject
`in attempting to make a finer-
`discrimination. The signal pairs presented were much more
`alike, and detecting a difference was moredifficult. Thus
`the resulting confusion may have led to more guessing.
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`
`A méasurement of the audibility of phase shifts in har-
`monic complexes has been presented. Theresults, both
`quantitative and qualitative, correlate well with those of
`previous researchers using both similar and very different
`experimental techniques. Although differences were de-
`tectable, they were subtle. This raises the question ofits
`audibility compared to the more familiar forms of distor-
`tion.
`
`ACKNOWLEDGMENT
`
`The authors would like to express their gratitude to
`Crown International Radio and Electronics for their
`generosity in supplying equipmentused in the experiments.
`They wish to thank Dr. G. Kandel of the RPI Psychology
`
`Department for many helpful suggestions on analyzing the
`data. They would also like to thank Dr. A. Bruce Carlson
`and Dr. Thomas Shannon for the loan of equipment from
`their departments.
`
`REFERENCES
`
`[1] V. Hansen and E. R. Madsen, ‘‘On Aural Phase
`Detection: Parts 1 and 2,’’ J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 22, pp.
`10-14 (Jan./Feb. 1974); pp. 783-788 (Dec. 1974).
`[2] C. A. Raiford and E. D. Schuberts, *‘Recognition of
`Phase Changes in Octave Complexes,’’ J. Acous. Soc.
`Am., vol. 50, pp. 559-567, (1971).
`[3] J. H. Craig and L. A. Jeffress, ‘‘Effect of Phase on
`the Quality of a Two Component Tone,”’ J. Acoust. Soc.
`Am., vol. 34, pp. 1752-1760 (1962).
`[4] R. C. Mathes and R. L. Miller, ‘‘Phase Effects in
`Monaural Perception,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 19, pp.
`780-797 (1947).
`[5] H. R. Blackwell, ‘Nerval Theories of Simple Vis-
`ual Discrimination,”’ J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 53, pp. 129-
`160 (1963).
`[6] J. C. Nixon, C. A. Raiford, and E. D. Schubert,
`“*Technique for Investigating Monaural Phase Effects,’’ J.
`Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 48, pp. 554-556 (1970).
`(7] J. H. Craig and L. A. Jeffress, ‘‘Why Helmholtz
`Couldn’t Hear Monaural Phase Effects,’’ J. Acoust. Soc.
`Am., vol. 32, pp. 884-885 (1960).
`[8] R. Plomp and H. J: M. Steeneken,
`Phase on the Timbre of Complex Tones,’” J. Acoust. Soc.
`Am., vol. 46, pp. 409-421 (1969).
`
`THE AUTHORS
`
`and Sigma Xi.
`
`Richard C. Cabot was born in Newark, N.J., in 1955. He
`received the B.S. degree (cum laude) and the M. Eng.
`degree in electrical engineering from Rensselaer
`Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., in 1975.
`In 1976 he
`received the M.S degree in mechanics also from Rensselaer
`Polytechnic Institute. He has completed all course re-
`quirements for a Ph.D. degreein electrical engineering and
`is currently engaged in thesis research for that degree.
`Mr. Cabotis a student memberof the Audio Engineering
`Society, S.B.E., I.S.A., and ].E.E.E. He is a member of
`Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nuand an associate member
`of Sigma Xi. He is currently chairman ofthe Rensselaer
`Polytechnic Institute student section of the I.E.E.E. and
`vice-president of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
`chapter of Eta Kappa Nu.
`
`Michael G. Mino was born in Hamburg, New York, in
`1954 and received the B.S. degree (cum laude) in electrical
`engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,
`N.Y., in 1975. He received the M. Eng. degreein electrical
`engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1976
`and is currently employed by Kodak Corporation in
`Rochester, N.Y.
`Mr. Mino is a memberof Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nu.
`
`Douglas A. Dorans was born in Staten Island, N.Y., in
`1954 and received the B.S. degreein civil engineering from
`Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1976. He
`is pursuing an M. Eng. degree in civil engineering at
`Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
`Mr. Dorans is a memberof Chi Epsilon andis currently
`chairman of the Rensselaer Union Programming Board.
`
`Ira S. Tackel was born in 1954 and received the B.S.
`degree in biomedical engineering from Rensselaer Poly-
`technic Institute, Troy, N.Y.,
`pursuing an M. Eng. degree in biomedical engineering at
`that Institute.
`
`Henry E. Breed received the Ph.D. degree from Rens-
`selaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., in 1955, and has
`since been onthe staff of the Department of Physics there.
`His majorfield of activity has been physical optics, but he
`has beeninterested in acoustics. He has playedcello in the
`Schenectady Symphony Orchestra.
`Dr. Breed is a member of the Audio Engineering Soci-
`ety, the Optical Society of America, the American Institute
`of Physics, the American Association of Physics Teachers,
`
`SEPTEMBER 1976, VOLUME 24, NUMBER 7
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