.
`United States Patent
`Jandrell
`
`19)
`
`IANOANTEAATAA
`US005365516A.
`[11] Patent Number:
`5,365,516
`[45] Date of Patent:
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`
`ST]
`
`6/1987 Kavehradet al. os 379/63
`4,672,658
`[54] COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD
`
`4,701,760 10/1987 Raoux............
`seve 340/993
`FOR DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF A
`4,751,512
`6/1988 Longaker ...scsessncssesecesee 342/357
`TRANSPONDER UNIT
`1Oe wtose er3“— : 340
`Inventor:
`[75]
`Louis H. M. Jandrell, Dallas, Tex.
`799,
`erford,
`Jr. et
`al
`.
`:
`"
`eg
`«ge
`4,884,208 11/1989 Marinelli et al....
`. 340/989
`[73] Assignee:
`PinpointCommunications, Inc.,
`
`
`aS,1EX. 4,891,650 1/1990 Shoffer..........- . 340/990
`
`
`a App'- No.: 746,954 1991
`5,022,047
`6/1991 Dixon etab.
`cccsscsssssssesseessesses 375/1
`
`
`5,081,643
`eeeesncereeseee 3753/1
`1/1992 Schilling oe
`5,142,281
`- 340/991
`8/1992 Park .
`S1TT,T6T
`1/1993 Kato .esesscesecsesssccsesseeseeseersnese 375/1
`5,218,618
`6/1993 Sagey cccssenereon. 375/1
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`2094089
`9/1962 United Kingdom .
`1543910 4/1979 United Kingdom .
`832506
`5/1981 USSR. .
`
`16,
`ug.
`ed:
`Int. Chccs cccssesene GO1S 3/02; HO4K 1/02;
`HO4B 7/17
`[52] US. Ch ceessesssssseccsscsssessnsssssssnene 370/18; 340/991;
`342/457; 375/1; 455/54.1
`[58] Field of Search............... 340/988, 989, 991, 992,
`340/825.08; 342/135, 136, 450, 451, 453, 457,
`463, 378, 50; 455/7, 11.1, 15, 54.1, 56.1; 375/1;
`370/18, 24
`
`[56]
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`eros CUMENTS
`Proceedings of the First Int’l. Elect. Crime Counter-
`U.S. PATENT DOC
`
`measures Conf., Edinburgh, Scotland, “Motor Vehicle
`2,972,742
`2/1961 ROSS .vescsccscsscssecscersereerseeresese 342/457
`
`3,206,751 ~. 342/408—Antijack System,” R. L. French, Jul. 18-20, 1973.9/1965 Knight..
`
`
`
`2/1967 Mahoney..
`-» 342/388
`3,303,501
`1975 Carnaham Conference On Crim Countermeasures,
`
`2/1972 Fuller et al.
`..
`.-. 340/989
`3,646,580
`Lexington, Ky., “Vehicle Position Monitoring And
`7/1972 Andersonetal.
`” 342/or
`3,680,121
`Tracking System,” Belcher et al., May 7-9, 1975.
`shea xa rossman ve
`"34yy%6
`Primary Examiner—Benedict V. Safourek
`
`6/1973, Dunn on.
`"3aaviss
`3,742,498
` Altormey, Agent, or Firm—Arnold, White & Durkee
`
`3,803,610 4/1974 Hastings etal. ..
`w 342/396
`[57]
`ABSTRACT
`
`aea Mors pabinger etal.
`” oa A multilaterating two-way message delivery system for
`
`
`‘al.
`3427394
`3886.554 5/1975 B
`mobile resource management provides efficient two-
`al
`Ode.
`mau @t
`way radio data communication for multitudes of porta-
`3/1976 Westaway....
`«» 342/62
`3,946,384
`bl
`d
`:
`ingle
`fi
`in half-dupl
`
`al.
`3,986,119 10/1976 Hemmer,Jr. et
`transpondersusing a single Irequency in
`hall-duplex
`455/15
`
`3,997,902 12/1976 Nard wesc 342/396|communication. The system includesat least one tran-
`
`4,002,983 .. 455/541|Sponder device which transmits and receives data using1/1977 Kavalir et al.
`
`
`.. 342/135.
`4,053,889 10/1977 Johnson....
`a radio frequency communication link, and an array of
`
`4,083,003 4/1978 Haemmig..
`. 455/111
`at least three base stations which communicate with the
`
`8/1978 Brodeur ....
`4,104,635
`w. 342/389
`transponderdevice using the radio frequency communi-
`
`
`4,117,404 9/1978 Marshall 0...csesesseseeeeeee 455/7 cation link. The radio frequency communication link
`
`4,150,380 4/1979 Brodeur....
`342/389
`employed by each base station and the transponder
`
`7/1979 Anderson..
`w. 342/357
`4,161,730
`device is designed to provide multilateration informa-
`
`7/1980 MacDoran ...
`... 342/139
`4,215,345
`tion and to deliver message data simultaneously. Fur-
`-. 455/54.1_
`4,217,588
`8/1980 Freeny, Jr.
`ther, a control arrangement is coupled to the array of
`
`4,224,596 9/1980 Knickel .....
`~ 340/990
`basestations to coordinate the communication between
`
`4,302,759 11/1981 Mori et al. secoreencvvvene 342/428
`the base stations and the transponder devices. Time-
`4,359,733 11/1982 O'Neill setseeseaneouseseneee
`wee 342/357
`division multiplex and spread spectrum technologyis
`
`aoetos ‘,hone Kacnvatne
`oa 340/590
`employed by the system for communication efficiency
`4,49.4,119
`1/1985 Wimbush ..
`342/457
`and minimizing the effect of multipath interference.
`4,656,476 4/1987 Tavtigian .....i eeeeeee 340/993
`6 Claims, 62 Drawing Sheets
`
`BaseStation’
`!
`
`Antenna Location.
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`€
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 1 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`9G!
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 2 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`An Example of Cab Dispatching
`
`A fare calls for a cab, and the operator enters the call
`details into the Dispatch computer system
`V/
`
`
`
`Dispatch computer requests a poll of all cabs in the area
`group via the dedicated line connection to the ARRAY
`ontrol Center
`
`V/
`
`
`
`ARRAY Control Center schedules a group call. During the
`prearranged time slots, each cabin the group's
`ansponderrespondswith status message, including the
`
`
`ab's availablity to carry a fare.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`e basestations near the cabs receive the signals,
`
`easure the arrival time and send all the status messages
`
`
`
`ith corresponding arrivaltimes to the control center
`
`
`\/
`
`
`
`© control center validatesall the received data &
`
`
`aicuiates the position of each of the respondent cabs.
`
`2 results are formatted and transmitted to the
`
`
`
`ab-dispatching computer via the same dedicated
`landline connection.
`
` e Dispatch Computer determines the cab nearest to
`e fare, and formats a dispatch messagefor the cab
`
`driver. The Dispatch computer requests the ARRAY
`
`
`
`stem to deliver the messageto the specific cab
`
`ia the dedicated line.
`
`7
`.
`
`
`
`
`ARRAY deliver the message to the cab. The status of the
`ab's data terminal changesfrom ‘available’ to
`
`“en-route” whenthedriverrolls on the call.
`
`
`e status changesignals the availability of
`he cab wheneverits polled.
`
`
` hen the cab picks up thefare, is en-route, dropsit off,
`headsfor the depot, etc, the appropriatestatusis
`ignalied by the driver hitting the appropriate button on
`
`his terminal, and the statusis available wheneverthe
`
`cab's transponderis polled.
`
`26
`
`28
`
`30
`
`32
`
`34
`
`36
`
`38
`
`40
`
`Figure
`lb
`
`3
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 3 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`
`
`An example of message pickup trom a mobile & delivery
`to the application end-point using the communication
`protocol of the ARRAY system
`
`V/
`.
`Subsciber enters a message into mobile terminal, or sensors
`& Pushbuittons in the vehicle change the status
`
`
`
`Messageis buffered and formatted in
`1
`the TransModem's data butfer
`/
`
`
`
`TransModem sends a service-request-data-biock to system
`during the service-request portion of the system-cycie,
`indicating the length of the message(in time siots)
`
`measure the time ofifs arrival at the base-station.
`
`Between four and seven base-stations near the
`TransModem receive the service-+equest message and
`
`\/
`
`50
`
`§2
`
`$4
`
`56
`
`The service request message-data and signal arrivai-times|58
`are sent via landline to the Control Center
`
`
`
`
`
`
`NCC validates & processes the data and caiculates the
`
`
`position of the TransModem, determines the Base-station
`closest to the TransModem, schedules the time-siots during
`which the message will be picked-up & sends the schedule
`
`information to the base-station via landline.
`
`
`The scheduling information (polling slot and number of
`reserved response siots) sets up the polling message
`sequencein the base-station
`
`v7
`The “Pick-up’* polling message transmitted from designated
`base-station during the designated timesiot
`\/
`
`The Transmodem receives the polling message and
`responds by transmitting the whole messagein a
`
`60
`
`62
`
`64
`
`66
`
`concatenated series of timeslots 68
`
`\/
`
`"Pick-up" polling message transmitted from designated
`base-station during the designated timeslot
`\/
`
`
`
`Control Center validates & processes the data and
`caiculates the position of the TransModem,determines the
`
`
`destination for the message and sends it to its destination via
`
`
`a dedicated or dial-up landline.
`
`
`68
`
`Figure
`1c
`
`4
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 4 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 5 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 6 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 15, 1994
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`Sheet 8 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`Sheet 9 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov.
`
`15, 1994
`
`Sheet 10 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 11 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 12 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov.15,
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`1994
`
`Sheet 13 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 14 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov.
`
`5,365,516
`
`15
`
`, 1994
`
`Sheet 15 of 62
`
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 16 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`
`
`changesof
`
`
`
`
`venicle status
`
` Randomly select
`oneof availabie
`
`service request
`timesiots
`
`
`Assume
`Transponder
`
`
`
`
`
`
`eroed transmits request
`norrece!
`and waits for
`
`
`
`response
`
`
`
`transactions Any Base-Station
`Process polling
`
`failures?
`
`1318
`Information
`Figure 13a
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Tronsmit
`Respond fo
`
`
`reconfiguration
`polling message
`
`
`
`17
`
`17
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 17 of 62
`
`3,365,516
`
`
`
`iHustration of the three major modesof
`the System Cycle used to regulate the
`
`operation of the ARRAY system's
`
`Communication Protocol
`
`Y
`Potling
`transactions
`
`wv
`Housekeeping
`Transactions
`
`v
`Primary Base-station
`transmits the source
`time- synchronization
`message and signal at
`the beginning of each
`one-second cycle
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 13b
`
`YZ
`
`transactions
`
`a
`When the transponder-modem
`detects a changeofstatus,
`Possibly frorn messages
`teceivedvia the extemal
`
` terminat connection port or via
`
`the extemal sensor port, the
`transponder formulates either a
`status change service response
`packet, or d message
`containing the data received
`from the terminal, and buffersif
`in its own internal, high-speed
`RAM.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Y
`Secondary time-signal
`repeating Base-stations
`re-transmits the
`v
`time-synchronization
`d
`If the position orthe desired
`1
`eae and signal
`=
`:
`——
`ransponder is not known then the
`fing
`the next time-siots
`
`
`near the beginning of Control Center schedules a region|[!oving identified the beginning
`of the service-request period
`wide polling sequence, designed to
`each one-second cycle
`
`
`from the housekeeping
`teach the desired transponder in
`information, the transponder
`J
`the fewest polling transactions
`selects one of the available
`service request timeslot at
`
`randorn.
`v7
`
`When the randomly selected
`
`
`ime-slot arrives, the transponder
`transmits it's service request
`packet, and waits for a response
`
`
`from the system.
`
`Y
`
`If aresponse does netarive
`within the next two system
`cycles, the transponder
`assumes that the message was
`not received bythe systern and
`selects another random
`time-slot from those available
`for service requests and fries
`again.
`
`
`
`Primary & secondary
`Base-stations transmit
`lsystern calibration signals
`to validate integrity of
`operation of complete
`local coverage region
`v7
`
`
`
`Should a primary or
`secondary base-station
`
`
`foil, then dynamic
`
`
`reconfiguration
`
`
`information will be
`
`transmitted to the tertiary
`
`
`base-stations to take up
`
`
`the role and function of
`
`the tailed station during
`
`this system housekeeping
`
`period
`
`V/
`The duration of the
`service request period is
`identified by the time-slot
`
`numberofits start, and it
`
`continues fill the end of
`the cycle.
`
`Yu
`If the position of the desired mobile
`Transponder-mnoderns are
`approximately known, specific
`base-stations, selected by the
`Control Center, transmit polling
`signals and send messages to any
`single or pre-arranged groups of
`obile transponder-modemis in the
`order scheduled by the Control
`Center
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`~
`¥.
`If a Transponder had previously
`requested a particuior service, then
`the Control Center schedules a
`contiguous group of time-siots
`during which the service will be
`pertormed, eg. no other
`base-stations or transponders will be
`active during the time that a
`transponder is polied to send a
`Pending block of data-packets by
`the selected base-station
`
`V
`When requested to do so Polling
`transactions are used fo signal
`transponders to use auxiliary
`addressing schemes, that can
`Pffectively join them into any number
`of groups. Further, each memberof
`a groupis assigned a response
`time-slot during whichit will respond
`when polled via the auxilliary address
`with a specific transaction response
`code.
`
`
`Otherwise, the response is in the
`‘orm of a polling message which
`
`triggers the transponderfo
`
`transmit up to 15packets of the
`message it wants to send.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`18
`
`18
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 18 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`yleinbi4
`
`
`
`JONBI8YJOJUISUDI]
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`19
`
`19
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S, Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 19 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`AVadV
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 20 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`
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`

`

`U.S, Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 21 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 22 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 23 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 24 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 25 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`
`
`ppeilds-Apjeaq|DSIdA|
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`
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`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 26 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`
`
`lojOsjap
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`27
`
`27
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`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 27 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`
`
`
`
`|QAQ]GAHOSIaSsOJD91eq
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`
`28
`
`28
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Noy. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 28 of 62
`
`5,365,516
`
`Quartz Substrate
`
`Figure 28
`
`Input Transducer
`
`SAW During transmission
`
`Output Transducers
`
`
`Figure 29
`
`Output — Spread Spectrum
`[>Sequence A-B @ IF frequency
`to Transmitter
`
`+
`Input — Excitation Pulse
`Burst @ IF frequency
`
`SAW during reception
`
`
`
`
`
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`‘i
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`He I
`fl
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`Input - Received spread spectrum
`sequence A-B @ IF frequency
`
`Figure 30
`
`Output — Correlated
`iF-pulse burst
`
`29
`
`29
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Nov. 15, 1994
`
`Sheet 29 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`O¢cS! OAS|
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`|
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`
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`
`Sheet 30 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`
`|40070ONINLL
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`31
`
`31
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`

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`Noy. 15, 1994
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`Sheet 31 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`|
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`|
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`U.S. Patent
`
`
`"WNOLLN3ANODYHOLO3L30TOSNAS
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`Noy. 15, 1994
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`Noy. 15, 1994
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`Sheet 47 of 62
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`Nov. 15, 1994
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`U.S. Patent
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`Noy. 15, 1994
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`Sheet 52 of 62
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`5,365,516
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`49070
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