Doc Code: TRACK1 .REQ
`Document Description: TrackOne Request
`
`PTO/AIA/424 (04-14)
`
`CERTIFICATION AND REQUEST FOR PRIORITIZED EXAMINATION
`UNDER 37 CFR 1.102(e) (Page 1 of 1)
`
`Ammar Al-Ali
`
`I ~iii~~~isional Application Number (if I Unassigned
`
`ADVANCED PULSE OXIMETRY SENSOR
`
`First Named
`Inventor:
`Title of
`Invention:
`
`APPLICANT HEREBY CERTIFIES THE FOLLOWING AND REQUESTS PRIORITIZED EXAMINATION FOR
`THE ABOVE-IDENTIFIED APPLICATION.
`
`1. The processing fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.17(i)(1) and the prioritized examination fee set forth in
`37 CFR 1.17(c) have been filed with the request. The publication fee requirement is met
`because that fee, set forth in 37 CFR 1.18(d), is currently $0. The basic filing fee, search fee,
`and examination fee are filed with the request or have been already been paid. I understand
`that any required excess claims fees or application size fee must be paid for the application.
`
`2.
`
`I understand that the application may not contain, or be amended to contain, more than four
`independent claims, more than thirty total claims, or any multiple dependent claims, and that
`any request for an extension of time will cause an outstanding Track I request to be dismissed.
`
`3. The applicable box is checked below:
`
`I.
`
`[?] Original Application {Track One) - Prioritized Examination under§ 1.102{e){1)
`
`i.
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`(a) The application is an original nonprovisional utility application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111 (a).
`This certification and request is being filed with the utility application via EFS-Web.
`---OR---
`(b) The application is an original nonprovisional plant application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111 (a).
`This certification and request is being filed with the plant application in paper.
`
`ii. An executed inventor's oath or declaration under 37 CFR 1.63 or 37 CFR 1.64 for each
`inventor, or the application data sheet meeting the conditions specified in 37 CFR 1.53(f)(3)(i) is
`filed with the application.
`II. 0 Request for Continued Examination - Prioritized Examination under§ 1.102{e){2)
`i. A request for continued examination has been filed with, or prior to, this form.
`ii.
`If the application is a utility application, this certification and request is being filed via EFS-Web.
`iii. The application is an original nonprovisional utility application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111 (a), or is
`a national stage entry under 35 U.S.C. 371.
`iv. This certification and request is being filed prior to the mailing of a first Office action responsive
`to the request for continued examination.
`v. No prior request for continued examination has been granted prioritized examination status
`under 37 CFR 1.102(e)(2).
`
`Signature/Aaron S. Johnson/
`~p~~~Typed)Aaron S. Johnson
`
`Date 201 9-08-05
`7 4 1 64
`
`Practitioner
`Registration Number
`
`Note: This form must be signed in accordance with 37 CFR 1.33. See 37 CFR 1.4(d) for signature requirements and certifications.
`Submit multiole forms if more than one sianature is reauired. *
`*Total of 1
`
`forms are submitted.
`
`E]
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`-1-
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`MASIMO 2056
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01466
`
`

`

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`
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`
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`MASIMO 2056
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01466
`
`

`

`MAS.1007C3
`
`PATENT
`
`ADVANCED PULSE OXIMETRY SENSOR
`
`INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
`
`[0001]
`
`The present application is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application
`
`No. 16/226,249 filed December 19, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. Patent
`
`Application No. 15/195, 199 filed June 28, 2016, which claims priority benefit under
`
`35 U.S.C. § 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/188,430, filed July 2,
`
`2015, entitled "Advanced Pulse Oximetry Sensor," which
`
`is
`
`incorporated by
`
`reference herein. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority
`
`claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application
`
`are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1 .57.
`
`FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
`
`[0002]
`
`The present disclosure
`
`relates
`
`to
`
`the
`
`field of non-invasive
`
`optical-based physiological monitoring sensors, and more particularly to systems,
`
`devices and methods for improving the non-invasive measurement accuracy of
`
`oxygen saturation, among other physiological parameters.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`[0003]
`
`Spectroscopy
`
`is a common
`
`technique
`
`for measuring
`
`the
`
`concentration of organic and some inorganic constituents of a solution. The
`
`theoretical basis of this technique is the Beer-Lambert law, which states that the
`
`concentration ci of an absorbent in solution can be determined by the intensity of light
`
`transmitted through the solution, knowing the path length d A, the intensity of the
`
`incident light/ 0
`
`, , , and the extinction coefficient cd at a particular wavelength 'A.
`
`[0004]
`
`In generalized form, the Beer-Lambert law is expressed as:
`
`-d -µ
`I = I e
`A
`a,A
`A
`o,,
`
`n
`
`µa,A =Lei.A. Ci
`
`i=I
`
`-1-
`
`( 1)
`
`(2)
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`IPR2022-01466
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`where µa,;,,
`
`is the bulk absorption coefficient and represents the probability of
`
`absorption per unit length. The minimum number of discrete wavelengths that are
`
`required to solve equations 1 and 2 is the number of significant absorbers that are
`
`present in the solution.
`
`[0005]
`
`A practical application of this technique is pulse oximetry, which
`
`utilizes a noninvasive sensor to measure oxygen saturation and pulse rate, among
`
`other physiological parameters. Pulse oximetry relies on a sensor attached
`
`externally to
`
`the patient to output signals indicative of various physiological
`
`parameters, such as a patient's blood constituents and/or analytes, including for
`
`example a percent value for arterial oxygen saturation, among other physiological
`
`parameters. The sensor has an emitter that transmits optical radiation of one or
`
`more wavelengths into a tissue site and a detector that responds to the intensity of
`
`the optical radiation after absorption by pulsatile arterial blood flowing within the
`
`tissue site. Based upon
`
`this response, a processor determines the relative
`
`concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin
`
`(Hb) in the blood so as to derive oxygen saturation, which can provide early
`
`detection of potentially hazardous decreases in a patient's oxygen supply.
`
`[0006]
`
`A pulse oximetry system generally includes a patient monitor, a
`
`communications medium such as a cable, and/or a physiological sensor having one
`
`or more light emitters and a detector, such as one or more light-emitting diodes
`
`(LEDs) and a photodetector. The sensor is attached to a tissue site, such as a
`
`finger, toe, earlobe, nose, hand, foot, or other site having pulsatile blood flow which
`
`can be penetrated by light from the one or more emitters. The detector is responsive
`
`to the emitted light after attenuation or reflection by pulsatile blood flowing in the
`
`tissue site. The detector outputs a detector signal to
`
`the monitor over the
`
`communication medium. The monitor processes the signal to provide a numerical
`
`readout of physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation (SpO2) and/or pulse
`
`rate. A pulse oximetry sensor is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,088,607 entitled Low
`
`Noise Optical Probe; pulse oximetry signal processing is described in U.S. Patent
`
`Nos. 6,650,917 and 6,699,194 entitled Signal Processing Apparatus and Signal
`
`Processing Apparatus and Method, respectively; a pulse oximeter monitor is
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`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01466
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`

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`described
`
`in U.S. Patent No. 6,584,336 entitled Universal/Upgrading Pulse
`
`Oximeter, all of which are assigned to Masimo Corporation, Irvine, CA, and each is
`
`incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
`
`[0007]
`
`There are many sources of measurement error introduced to pulse
`
`oximetry systems. Some such sources of error include the pulse oximetry system's
`
`electronic components, including emitters and detectors, as well as chemical and
`
`structural physiological differences between patients. Another source of
`
`measurement error is the effect of multiple scattering of photons as the photons
`
`pass through the patient's tissue (arterial blood) and arrive at the sensor's light
`
`detector.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`[0008]
`
`This disclosure describes embodiments of non-invasive methods,
`
`devices, and systems for measuring blood constituents, analytes, and/or substances
`
`such as, by way of non-limiting example, oxygen, carboxyhemoglobin,
`
`methemoglobin, total hemoglobin, glucose, proteins, lipids, a percentage thereof
`
`(e.g., saturation), pulse rate, perfusion index, oxygen content, total hemoglobin,
`
`Oxygen Reserve Index TM (ORI™) or for measuring many other physiologically
`
`relevant patient characteristics. These characteristics can relate to, for example,
`
`pulse rate, hydration, trending information and analysis, and the like.
`
`[0009]
`
`In an embodiment, an optical physiological measurement system
`
`includes an emitter configured to emit light of one or more wavelengths. The system
`
`also includes a diffuser configured to receive the emitted light, to spread the
`
`received light, and to emit the spread light over a larger tissue area than would
`
`otherwise be penetrated by
`
`the emitter directly emitting
`
`light at a
`
`tissue
`
`measurement site. The tissue measurement site can include, such as, for example,
`
`a finger, a wrist, or the like. The system further includes a concentrator configured to
`
`receive the spread light after it has been attenuated by or reflected from the tissue
`
`measurement site. The concentrator is also configured to collect and concentrate
`
`the received light and to emit the concentrated light to a detector. The detector is
`
`configured to detect the concentrated light and to transmit a signal indicative of the
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`IPR2022-01466
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`detected light. The system also includes a processor configured to receive the
`
`transmitted signal indicative of the detected light and to determine, based on an
`
`amount of absorption, an analyte of interest, such as, for example, arterial oxygen
`
`saturation or other parameter, in the tissue measurement site.
`
`[001 0]
`
`In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the diffuser
`
`comprises glass, ground glass, glass beads, opal glass, or a microlens-based,
`
`band-limited, engineered diffuser that can deliver efficient and uniform illumination.
`
`In some embodiments the diffuser is further configured to define a surface area
`
`shape by which the emitted spread light is distributed onto a surface of the tissue
`
`measurement site. The defined surface area shape can include, by way of non(cid:173)
`
`limiting example, a shape that is substantially rectangular, square, circular, oval, or
`
`annular, among others.
`
`[0011]
`
`According
`
`to some embodiments,
`
`the optical physiological
`
`measurement system includes an optical filter having a light-absorbing surface that
`
`faces the tissue measurement site. The optical filter also has an opening that is
`
`configured
`
`to allow
`
`the spread
`
`light, after being attenuated by
`
`the
`
`tissue
`
`measurement site, to be received by the concentrator. In an embodiment, the
`
`opening has dimensions, wherein the dimensions of the opening are similar to the
`
`defined surface area shape by which the emitted spread light is distributed onto the
`
`surface of the tissue measurement site.
`
`In an embodiment, the opening has
`
`dimensions that are larger than the defined surface area shape by which the emitted
`
`spread light is distributed onto the surface of the tissue measurement site. In other
`
`embodiments, the dimensions of the opening in the optical filter are not the same as
`
`the diffuser opening, but the dimensions are larger than the detector package.
`
`[0012]
`
`In other embodiments of the present disclosure, the concentrator
`
`comprises glass, ground glass, glass beads, opal glass, or a compound parabolic
`
`concentrator.
`
`In some embodiments the concentrator comprises a cylindrical
`
`structure having a truncated circular conical structure on top. The truncated section
`
`is adjacent the detector. The light concentrator is structured to receive the emitted
`
`optical radiation, after reflection by the tissue measurement site, and to direct the
`
`reflected light to the detector.
`
`-4-
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`MASIMO 2056
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01466
`
`

`

`[0013]
`
`In accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure,
`
`the processor is configured to determine an average level of the light detected by
`
`the detector. The average level of light is used to determine a physiological
`
`parameter in the tissue measurement site.
`
`[0014]
`
`According to another embodiment, a method to determine a
`
`constituent or analyte in a patient's blood is disclosed. The method includes
`
`emitting, from an emitter, light of at least one wavelength; spreading, with a diffuser,
`
`the emitted light and emitting the spread light from the diffuser to a tissue
`
`measurement site; receiving, by a concentrator, the spread light after the spread
`
`light has been attenuated by the tissue measurement site; concentrating, by the
`
`concentrator, the received light and emitting the concentrated light from
`
`the
`
`concentrator to a detector; detecting, with the detector, the emitted concentrated
`
`light; transmitting, from the detector, a signal responsive to the detected light;
`
`receiving, by a processor, the transmitted signal responsive to the detected light;
`
`and processing, by the processor, the received signal responsive to the detected
`
`light to determine a physiological parameter.
`
`[0015]
`
`In some embodiments, the method to determine a constituent or
`
`analyte in a patient's blood includes filtering, with a light-absorbing detector filter,
`
`scattered portions of the emitted spread light. According to an embodiment, the
`
`light-absorbing detector filter is substantially rectangular in shape and has outer
`
`dimensions in the range of approximately 1-5 cm in width and approximately 2-8 cm
`
`in length, and has an opening through which emitted light may pass, the opening
`
`having dimensions
`
`in
`
`the range of approximately 0.25-3 cm
`
`in width and
`
`approximately 1-7 cm in length. In another embodiment, the light-absorbing detector
`
`filter is substantially square in shape and has outer dimensions in the range of
`
`approximately 0.25-10 cm 2, and has an opening through which emitted light may
`pass, the opening having dimensions in the range of approximately 0.1-8cm 2. In yet
`
`another embodiment, the light-absorbing detector filter is substantially rectangular in
`
`shape and has outer dimensions of approximately 3 cm in width and approximately
`
`6 cm in length, and has an opening through which emitted light may pass, the
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`IPR2022-01466
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`opening having dimensions of approximately 1 .5 cm in width and approximately 4
`
`cm in length.
`
`[0016]
`
`In still other embodiments of the method to determine a constituent
`
`or analyte in a patient's blood, spreading, with a diffuser, the emitted light and
`
`emitting the spread light from the diffuser to a tissue measurement site is performed
`
`by at least one of a glass diffuser, a ground glass diffuser, a glass bead diffuser, an
`
`opal glass diffuser, and an engineered diffuser. In some embodiments the emitted
`
`spread light is emitted with a substantially uniform intensity profile. And in some
`
`embodiments, emitting the spread light from the diffuser to the tissue measurement
`
`site includes spreading the emitted light so as to define a surface area shape by
`
`which
`
`the emitted spread
`
`light
`
`is distributed onto a surface of
`
`the
`
`tissue
`
`measurement site.
`
`[0017]
`
`According
`
`to yet another embodiment, a pulse oximeter
`
`is
`
`disclosed. The pulse oximeter includes an emitter configured to emit light at one or
`
`more wavelengths. The pulse oximeter also includes a diffuser configured to receive
`
`the emitted light, to spread the received light, and to emit the spread light directed at
`
`a tissue measurement sight. The pulse oximeter also includes a detector configured
`
`to detect the emitted spread light after being attenuated by or reflected from the
`
`tissue measurement site and to transmit a signal indicative of the detected light. The
`
`pulse oximeter also includes a processor configured to receive the transmitted
`
`signal and to process the received signal to determine an average absorbance of a
`
`blood constituent or analyte
`
`in
`
`the
`
`tissue measurement site over a larger
`
`measurement site area than can be performed with a point light source or point
`
`detector. In some embodiments, the diffuser is further configured to define a surface
`
`area shape by which the emitted spread light is distributed onto a surface of the
`
`tissue measurement site, and the detector is further configured to have a detection
`
`area corresponding to the defined surface area shape by which the emitted spread
`
`light is distributed onto the surface of the tissue measurement site. According to
`
`some embodiments, the detector comprises an array of detectors configured to
`
`cover the detection area.
`
`In still other embodiments, the processor is further
`
`configured to determine an average of the detected light.
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`IPR2022-01466
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`

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`[0018]
`
`For purposes of summarizing, certain aspects, advantages and
`
`novel features of the disclosure have been described herein. It is to be understood
`
`that not necessarily all such advantages can be achieved in accordance with any
`
`particular embodiment of the systems, devices and/or methods disclosed herein.
`
`Thus, the subject matter of the disclosure herein can be embodied or carried out in
`
`a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as
`
`taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as can be taught or
`
`suggested herein.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`[0019]
`
`Throughout the drawings, reference numbers can be re-used to
`
`indicate correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided
`
`to illustrate embodiments of the disclosure described herein and not to limit the
`
`scope thereof.
`
`[0020]
`
`FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional approach to 2D pulse oximetry in
`
`which the emitter is configured to emit optical radiation as a point optical source.
`
`[0021]
`
`FIG. 2 illustrates the disclosed 3D approach to pulse oximetry in
`
`which the emitted light irradiates a substantially larger volume of tissue as compared
`
`to the point source approach described with respect to FIG. 2A.
`
`[0022]
`
`FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a side view of a 3D pulse oximetry
`
`sensor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
`
`[0023]
`
`FIG. 4A is a top view of a portion of a 3D pulse oximetry sensor
`
`according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
`
`[0024]
`
`FIG. 4B illustrates the top view of a portion of the 3D pulse
`
`oximetry sensor shown in FIG. 4A, with the addition of a tissue measurement site in
`
`operational position.
`
`[0025]
`
`FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of a 3D pulse oximetry sensor
`
`according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
`
`[0026]
`
`FIG. 6 illustrates a conventional 2D approach to reflective pulse
`
`oximetry in which the emitter is configured to emit optical radiation as a point optical
`
`source.
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`[0027]
`
`FIG. 7A is a simplified schematic side view illustration of a reflective
`
`3D pulse oximetry sensor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
`
`[0028]
`
`FIG. 7B is a simplified schematic top view illustration of the 3D
`
`reflective pulse oximetry sensor of FIG. 7A.
`
`[0029]
`
`FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example pulse oximetry
`
`system capable of noninvasively measuring one or more blood analytes in a
`
`monitored patient, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`[0030]
`
`FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a conventional pulse oximetry
`
`sensor having a two-dimensional (2D) approach to pulse oximetry. As illustrated,
`
`the emitter 104 is configured to emit optical radiation as a point optical source, i.e.,
`
`an optical radiation source that has negligible dimensions such that it may be
`
`considered as a point. This approach is referred to herein as "two-dimensional"
`
`pulse oximetry because it applies a two-dimensional analytical model to the three(cid:173)
`
`dimensional space of the tissue measurement site 102 of the patient. Point optical
`
`sources feature a defined, freely selectable, and homogeneous light beam area.
`
`Light beams emitted from LED point sources often exhibit a strong focus which can
`
`produce a usually sharply-defined and evenly-lit illuminated spot often with high
`
`intensity dynamics.
`
`Illustratively, when
`
`looking at
`
`the surface of
`
`the
`
`tissue
`
`measurement site 102 (or "sample tissue"), which in this example is a finger, a small
`
`point-like surface area of tissue 204 is irradiated by a point optical source. In some
`
`embodiments, the irradiated circular area of the point optical source is in the range
`
`between 8 and 150 microns. Illustratively, the emitted point optical source of light
`
`enters the tissue measurement site 102 as a point of light. As the light penetrates
`
`the depth of the tissue 102, it does so as a line or vector, representing a
`
`two-dimensional construct within a three-dimensional structure, namely the patient's
`
`tissue 102.
`
`[0031]
`
`Use of a point optical source is believed to reduce variability in light
`
`pathlength which would lead to more accurate oximetry measurements. However, in
`
`practice, photons do not travel in straight paths. Instead, the light particles scatter,
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`bouncing around between various irregular objects (such as, for example, red blood
`
`cells) in the patient's blood. Accordingly, photon pathlengths vary depending on,
`
`among other things, their particular journeys through and around the tissue at the
`
`measurement site 102. This phenomenon is referred to as "multiple scattering." In a
`
`study, the effects of multiple scattering were examined by comparing the results of
`
`photon diffusion analysis with those obtained using an analysis based on the Beer(cid:173)
`
`Lambert law, which neglects multiple scattering in
`
`the determination of light
`
`pathlength. The study found that that the difference between the average lengths of
`
`the paths traveled by red and infrared photons makes the oximeter's calibration
`
`curve (based on measurements obtained from normal subjects) sensitive to the total
`
`attenuation coefficients of the tissue in the two wavelength bands used for pulse
`
`oximetry, as well as to absorption by the pulsating arterial blood.
`
`[0032]
`
`FIG. 2 illustrates schematically the disclosed systems, devices, and
`
`methods to implement three-dimensional (3D) pulse oximetry in which the emitted
`
`light irradiates a larger volume of tissue at the measurement site 102 as compared
`
`to the 2D point optical source approach described with respect to FIG. 1. In an
`
`embodiment, again looking at the surface of the tissue measurement site 102, the
`
`irradiated surface area 206 of the measurement site 102 is substantially rectangular
`
`in shape with dimensions in the range of approximately 0.25-3 cm in width and
`
`approximately 1-6 cm in length. In another embodiment, the irradiated surface area
`
`206 of the measurement site 102 is substantially rectangular in shape and has
`
`dimensions of approximately 1.5 cm in width and approximately 2 cm in length. In
`
`another embodiment, the irradiated surface area 206 of the measurement site 102
`
`is substantially rectangular in shape and has dimensions of approximately 0.5 cm in
`
`width and approximately 1 cm in length. In another embodiment, the irradiated
`
`surface area 206 of the measurement site 102 is substantially rectangular in shape
`
`has dimensions of approximately 1 cm in width and approximately 1.5 cm in length.
`
`In yet another embodiment, the irradiated surface area 206 of the measurement site
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`102 is substantially square in shape and has dimensions in a range of approximately
`
`0.25-9 cm 2.
`
`In certain embodiments, the irradiated surface area 206 of the
`
`measurement site 102 is within a range of approximately 0.5-2 cm in width, and
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`MASIMO 2056
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01466
`
`

`

`approximately 1-4 cm in length. Of course a skilled artisan will appreciate that many
`
`other shapes and dimensions of irradiated surface area 206 can be used.
`
`Advantageously, by irradiating the tissue measurement site 102 with a surface area
`
`206, the presently disclosed systems, devices, and methods apply a three(cid:173)
`
`dimensional analytical model to the three-dimensional structure being measured,
`
`namely, the patient's sample tissue 102.
`[0033]
`by a substance is proportional to the concentration of the light-absorbing substance
`
`According to the Beer-Lambert law, the amount of light absorbed
`
`in the irradiated solution (i.e., arterial blood). Advantageously, by irradiating a larger
`
`volume of tissue 102, a larger sample size of light attenuated (or reflected) by the
`
`tissue 102 is measured. The larger, 3D sample provides a data set that is more
`
`representative of the complete interaction of the emitted light as it passes through
`
`the patient's blood as compared to the 2D point source approach described above
`
`with respect to FIG. 1. By taking an average of the detected light, as detected over a
`
`surface area substantially larger than a single point, the disclosed pulse oximetry
`
`systems, devices, and methods will yield a more accurate measurement of the
`
`emitted light absorbed by the tissue, which will lead to a more accurate oxygen
`
`saturation measurement.
`[0034]
`sensor 300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the illustrated
`
`FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a side view of a pulse oximetry 3D
`
`embodiment, the 3D sensor 300 irradiates the tissue measurement site 102 and
`
`detects the emitted light, after being attenuated by the tissue measurement site 102.
`
`In other embodiments, for example, as describe below with respect to FIGS. 7 A and
`
`7B, the 3D sensor 300 can be arranged to detect light that is reflected by the tissue
`
`measurement site 102. The 3D sensor 300 includes an emitter 302, a light diffuser
`
`304, a light-absorbing detector filter 306, a light concentrator 308, and a detector
`
`310. In some optional embodiments, the 3D sensor 300 further includes a reflector
`
`305. The reflector 305 can be a metallic reflector or other type of reflector.
`
`Reflector 305 can be a coating, film, layer or other type of reflector. The reflector
`
`305 can serve as a reflector to prevent emitted light from emitting out of a top
`
`portion of the light diffuser 304 such that light from the emitter 302 is directed in the
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`MASIMO 2056
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01466
`
`

`

`tissue rather than escaping out of a side or top of the light diffuser 304. Additionally,
`
`the reflector 305 can prevent ambient light from entering the diffuser 304 which
`
`might ultimately cause errors within the detected light. The reflector 305 also
`
`prevent light piping that might occur if light from the detector 302 is able to escape
`
`from the light diffuser 304 and be pipped around a sensor securement mechanism
`
`to detector 310 without passing through the patient's tissue 102.
`[0035]
`transmitted towards the tissue measurement site 102. The emitter 302 can include
`
`The emitter 302 can serve as the source of optical radiation
`
`one or more sources of optical radiation, such as LEDs, laser diodes, incandescent
`
`bulbs with appropriate frequency-selective filters, combinations of the same, or the
`
`like. In an embodiment, the emitter 302 includes sets of optical sources that are
`
`capable of emitting visible and near-infrared optical
`
`radiation.
`
`In some
`
`embodiments, the emitter 302 transmits optical radiation of red and infrared
`
`wavelengths, at approximately 650 nm and approximately 940 nm, respectively. In
`
`some embodiments, the emitter 302 includes a single source optical radiation.
`[0036]
`emitter 302 and spreads the optical radiation over an area, such as the area 206
`
`The light diffuser 304 receives the optical radiation emitted from the
`
`depicted in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the light diffuser 304 is a beam shaper
`
`that can homogenize the input light beam from the emitter 302, shape the output
`
`intensity profile of the received light, and define the way (e.g., the shape