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`1
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`APPLE 1021
`
`

`

`Polymersandplastic resins are compounds comprised of two or more repeating organic or synthetic base molecules. They
`are widely used as raw materials in plastics molding and fabrication operations.
`
`Polymerization
`
`
`
`1800 +
`
`1600 |
`Chain-growth
`
`Synthetic polymerchains are formedby reacting two or more organic monomer |a)
`molecules together. At the most basic level, polymers can beclassified into
`al
`homopolymers, which consist of long chains of the same monomer, and copolymers,—1000 | 0eal
`which include more than one monomertype. Polymerization can occur by step-growth E soo |
`or chain-growth.
`3 600 |
`=
`aon |
`
`Step-growth
`my
`0
`
`.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Step-growth polymerization involves the reaction between two different monomer
`60
`0
`species. It does not require a separate initiator and molecularlinking occurs
`‘Seconversion
`throughout the molecular matrix. Other characteristics of step-growth reactions include
`a slow increase in molecular weight, the loss of individual monomersearly in the reaction, and the fact that the chain ends
`remain active following the reaction.
`
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`
`Chain-growth polymerization requires aninitiator to form compound carbon bonds,with growth typically occurring at only one
`end of the chain. Chain-growth features several characteristics which are opposite of those in step-growth reactions, including
`an early, rapid increase in molecular weight (shownin the graphat right); the permanent termination of chain endsafter the
`reaction; and presence of monomeric materials late in the reaction time.
`
`Production
`
`Theplastics industry is divided into two broad sectors: raw material suppliers who produce polymersandresins from
`intermediates, and processors who convert these materials into finished items. The raw material suppliers use one of the
`polymerization methods aboveoneither a resin intermediate or monomerin order to produce raw polymers, the products
`describedin this guide.
`
`Raw polymermaterials are typically produced and sold in liquid form in the case of adhesives, sealants, and resins; or as bulk
`pellets, powders, granules, or sheet.
`
`A major source for polymerprecursorsis petroleum, or crudeoil. Processors primarily use cracking techniques to break
`petroleum hydrocarbonsinto alkenes such as ethylene, propylene, and butylene, all of which can be polymerized.
`
`H
`H
`catalyst
`Neen”
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`n= 75,000 of more
`
`TRONOTLeT
`
`polyrner
`
`Chain-growth polymerization of raw ethylene.
`
`Applications
`
`Plastics are versatile materials and are used to fabricate an enormousarray of products. The developmentof plastics
`has replaced nearly every othertraditional material—including wood, stone, leather, glass, and ceramics—in many
`applications. The most commonusesforplastic include:
`
`e Packaging: bottles, food packaging, equipment cases
`
`Privacy - Terms
`
`2
`
`

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`
`4
`
`

`

`strain curve can be plotted to showthe ratio betweenthe two properties. Tensile
`strength and Young's modulus,which are explicitly labeled in the image above,
`are identified by (E) and the shadedarea, respectively.
`
`Tensile strength (E) is the stress required to break a sample. Polymers
`expected to be stretched must have goodtensile strength. This property is
`expressed in Pascals or psi.
`
`
`
`
`Proportionallty limit Maximum or
`
`Elastic limit
`ultimate
`
`Upperyield point
`Cc
`
` D
`
`Fracture or
`E
`breaking strength
` C' Lower yield point
`Plastic zone
`Elastic zone
`
`Araa = modulus of resilience
`
`
`0
`Straln
`
`Percent elongation-to-break represents the strain on a sample atits breaking
`point, expressed as a percent. Elastomers have particularly high elongation-to-break value.
`
`Young's modulus (shaded area) is the slope of a stress-strain curve. Rigid materials typically have high modulus, while
`elastomers havelow values.
`
`Toughnessis the area below the stress-strain curve and represents a measure of the energy a sample can absorb before
`fracturing.
`
`
`
`Neither strong nor tough
`
`Strain
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`
`e Volumetric and calorimetric properties
`e Surface properties
`e Permeability
`e Electrical properties: dielectric strength, dissipation power, magnetic properties
`e Optical properties: refractive index, molar refraction
`e Material stability
`
`"Toughness" and "strength"are different properties. A sample whichis strong but not toughis often
`referred to as brittle and can withstand high stresses underlow strain. A material which is neither
`strong nor tough fractures underlowstressat relatively low strain. See the graphatright for
`illustration of this principle.
`
`Stress
`
`Other Properties
`
`Strong but not tough
`
`
`
`
`Strong and tough
`
`Other polymerproperties are helpful when considering materials for specific applications. Some of these property groups are
`listed below.
`
`Standards
`
`Raw polymers maybe produced, tested, and employed based on published standards and specifications. ASTM
`International, for example, maintains an entire section of standards covering standard property test methods, environmental
`safety, and recycling plastics. Most plastics standards are specific to the polymer makeuplisted in the table above.
`
`Example standardsinclude:
`
`e
`
`ISO 1872-2 Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials: Preparation of test specimens and determination of
`properties
`e ASTM D747Standard test method for apparent bending modulusof plastics by meansof a cantilever beam
`e ASTM D4092 Standard terminology for plastics: Dynamic mechanical properties
`
`References
`
`Privacy - Terms
`
`5
`
`

`

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