`WASHINGTON, D.C.
`
`Before the Honorable Monica Bhattacharyya
`Administrative Law Judge
`
`In the Matter of
`
`CERTAIN LIGHT-BASED PHYSIOLOGICAL
`MEASUREMENT DEVICES AND
`COMPONENTS THEREOF
`
`Inv. No. 337-TA-1276
`
`COMPLAINANTS’ INITIAL POST-HEARING BRIEF
`
`MASIMO 2011
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01465
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Page No.
`
`I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`Procedural History ........................................................................................... 7
`
`The Parties ....................................................................................................... 8
`
`1.
`
`Masimo & Cercacor ............................................................................. 8
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`Masimo Revolutionized Non-Invasive Monitoring ................. 8
`
`Masimo Consumer Products .................................................... 9
`
`Masimo’s Non-Invasive Monitoring Includes Wrist-
`Worn Devices......................................................................... 11
`
`2.
`
`Apple .................................................................................................. 13
`
`Overview of the Technology ......................................................................... 16
`
`The Asserted Patents ...................................................................................... 17
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`U.S. Patent Nos. 10,912,501, 10,912,502, and 10,945,648 ............... 18
`
`U.S. Patent No. 10,687,745................................................................ 20
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,761,127.................................................................. 22
`
`E.
`
`The Products at Issue ..................................................................................... 26
`
`1.
`
`Masimo’s Domestic Industry Products .............................................. 26
`
`a.
`
`Masimo Watch ....................................................................... 27
`
`i.
`
`Masimo and Cercacor’s Wrist Pulse Oximetry
`Development .............................................................. 27
`
`ii.
`
`Masimo’s Patent Practicing Articles .......................... 30
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`(c)
`
`CPX-0021C (
`
` CPX-0029C
`
` CPX-0052C
`
`.............. 30
`
`.............. 31
`
` .......... 32
`
`-i-
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`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01465
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`Page No.
`
`(d)
`
`(e)
`
`CPX-0058C (
`
` ................... 33
`
` CPX-0019C, CPX-0020C, CPX-
`0065C
`
` 34
`
`(f)
`
`Masimo W1 (
`
` ....................... 35
`
`b.
`
`rainbow® Sensors .................................................................. 36
`
`2.
`
`Accused Products ............................................................................... 37
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`Apple Watch Series 6 and 7 ................................................... 37
`
`Future Apple Watch Products ................................................ 39
`
`II. JURISDICTION ................................................................................................................ 39
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`Standing ......................................................................................................... 39
`
`Subject Matter Jurisdiction ............................................................................ 40
`
`Personal Jurisdiction ...................................................................................... 40
`
`In rem Jurisdiction and Importation ............................................................... 40
`
`III. ’501, ’502, AND ’648 PATENTS ................................................................................... 41
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art .................................................................. 41
`
`Claim Construction ........................................................................................ 42
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`“Arranged Over”/“Positioned Over”/“Above” .................................. 42
`
`“Openings”/“Through Holes” ............................................................ 49
`
`C.
`
`Infringement ................................................................................................... 53
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Legal Standard ................................................................................... 53
`
`Apple Infringes ’501 Patent Claim 12 ............................................... 54
`
`a.
`
`Disputed Elements ................................................................. 54
`
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`IPR2022-01465
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`Page No.
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`i.
`
`ii.
`
`Element [1C] .............................................................. 54
`
`Element [1D] .............................................................. 57
`
`b.
`
`Undisputed Elements ............................................................. 59
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`vi.
`
`Element [1PRE] ......................................................... 59
`
`Element [1A] .............................................................. 60
`
`Element [1B] .............................................................. 61
`
`Element [1E] .............................................................. 62
`
`Element [1F] .............................................................. 64
`
`Element [12]............................................................... 65
`
`3.
`
`Apple Infringes ’502 Patent Claim 22 ............................................... 66
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`Disputed Elements ................................................................. 66
`
`i.
`
`Element [19C] ............................................................ 66
`
`Undisputed Elements ............................................................. 67
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`vi.
`
`Element [19PRE] ....................................................... 67
`
`Element [19A] ............................................................ 68
`
`Element [19B] ............................................................ 68
`
`Element [19D] ............................................................ 68
`
`Element [19E] ............................................................ 68
`
`Element [20]............................................................... 68
`
`vii.
`
`Element [21]............................................................... 69
`
`viii.
`
`Element [22]............................................................... 70
`
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`4.
`
`Apple Infringes ’502 Patent Claim 28 ............................................... 71
`
`a.
`
`Disputed Elements ................................................................. 71
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`Element [28E] ............................................................ 71
`
`Element [28F] ............................................................ 71
`
`b.
`
`Undisputed Elements ............................................................. 72
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`vi.
`
`Element [28PRE] ....................................................... 72
`
`Element [28A] ............................................................ 72
`
`Element [28B] ............................................................ 72
`
`Element [28C] ............................................................ 72
`
`Element [28D] ............................................................ 73
`
`Element [28G] ............................................................ 73
`
`vii.
`
`Element [28H] ............................................................ 74
`
`viii. Element [28I] ............................................................. 74
`
`ix.
`
`x.
`
`xi.
`
`Element [28J] ............................................................. 75
`
`Element [28K] ............................................................ 75
`
`Element [28L] ............................................................ 76
`
`xii.
`
`Element [28M] ........................................................... 76
`
`5.
`
`Apple Infringes ’648 Patent Claim 12 ............................................... 77
`
`a.
`
`Disputed Elements ................................................................. 77
`
`i.
`
`Element [8E] .............................................................. 77
`
`b.
`
`Undisputed Elements ............................................................. 77
`
`-iv-
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`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`vi.
`
`Element [8PRE] ......................................................... 77
`
`Element [8A] .............................................................. 78
`
`Element [8B] .............................................................. 78
`
`Element [8C] .............................................................. 78
`
`Element [8D] .............................................................. 78
`
`Element [8F] .............................................................. 78
`
`vii.
`
`Element [8G] .............................................................. 79
`
`viii.
`
`Element [8H] .............................................................. 79
`
`ix.
`
`x.
`
`Element [8I] ............................................................... 80
`
`Element [12]............................................................... 80
`
`6.
`
`Apple Infringes ’648 Patent Claims 24 and 30 .................................. 80
`
`a.
`
`Disputed Elements ................................................................. 80
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`Element [20C] ............................................................ 80
`
`Element [20D] ............................................................ 81
`
`b.
`
`Undisputed Elements ............................................................. 81
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`vi.
`
`Element [20PRE] ....................................................... 81
`
`Element [20A] ............................................................ 82
`
`Element [20B] ............................................................ 82
`
`Element [20E] ............................................................ 82
`
`Element [24]............................................................... 82
`
`Element [30]............................................................... 82
`
`-v-
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`IPR2022-01465
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`D.
`
`Domestic Industry – “Technical Prong” ........................................................ 83
`
`1.
`
`Masimo Watch Products Satisfy ’501 Patent Claim 12 ..................... 85
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`Element [1PRE] ..................................................................... 86
`
`Element [1A] .......................................................................... 89
`
`Element [1B] .......................................................................... 91
`
`Element [1C] .......................................................................... 92
`
`Element [1D] .......................................................................... 93
`
`Element [1E] .......................................................................... 96
`
`Element [1F] .......................................................................... 99
`
`Element [12]......................................................................... 102
`
`2.
`
`Masimo Watch Products Satisfy ’502 Patent Claim 28 ................... 102
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`i.
`
`j.
`
`Element [28PRE] ................................................................. 102
`
`Element [28A] ...................................................................... 103
`
`Element [28B] ...................................................................... 103
`
`Element [28C] ...................................................................... 103
`
`Element [28D] ...................................................................... 104
`
`Element [28E] ...................................................................... 106
`
`Element [28F] ...................................................................... 106
`
`Element [28G] ...................................................................... 106
`
`Element [28H] ...................................................................... 107
`
`Element [28I] ....................................................................... 108
`
`-vi-
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`k.
`
`l.
`
`m.
`
`n.
`
`Element [28J] ....................................................................... 108
`
`Element [28K] ...................................................................... 111
`
`Element [28L] ...................................................................... 111
`
`Element [28M] (Undisputed for W1,
`
`)........................ 112
`
`3.
`
`Masimo Watch Products Satisfy ’648 Patent Claim 12 ................... 112
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`i.
`
`j.
`
`k.
`
`Element [8PRE] ................................................................... 112
`
`Element [8A] ........................................................................ 112
`
`Element [8B] ........................................................................ 113
`
`Element [8C] ........................................................................ 113
`
`Element [8D] ........................................................................ 113
`
`Element [8E] ........................................................................ 113
`
`Element [8F] ........................................................................ 113
`
`Element [8G] ........................................................................ 114
`
`Element [8H] ........................................................................ 114
`
`Element [8I] ......................................................................... 115
`
`Element [12]......................................................................... 115
`
`4.
`
`Masimo Watch Products Satisfy ’648 Patent Claims 24 and 30 ..... 115
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`Element [20PRE] ................................................................. 115
`
`Element [20A] ...................................................................... 115
`
`Element [20B] ...................................................................... 115
`
`Element [20C] ...................................................................... 116
`
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`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`Element [20D] ...................................................................... 116
`
`Element [20E] ...................................................................... 116
`
`Element [24]......................................................................... 117
`
`Element [30]......................................................................... 117
`
`E.
`
`Validity ........................................................................................................ 118
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`Apple’s “State of the Art” Approach Demonstrates Its
`Hindsight Analysis ........................................................................... 119
`
`Legal Standard ................................................................................. 121
`
`Anticipation/Obviousness ................................................................ 122
`
`a.
`
`Ground 1 – Lumidigm Does Not Anticipate or Render
`Obvious Any Asserted Claim .............................................. 123
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`vi.
`
`Lumidigm Does Not Disclose or Render
`Obvious a User-Worn Device Configured to
`Calculate, Determine, or Output Measurements
`of SpO2 or Another Physiological Parameter .......... 124
`
`No Disclosure of Photodiodes or Motivation to
`Include Them ........................................................... 129
`
`No Disclosure or Suggestion of a Protrusion
`Comprising a Convex Surface ................................. 130
`
`No Motivation or Expectation of Success for a
`Protrusion Comprising a Convex Surface................ 133
`
`No Disclosure, Suggestion, or Motivation for a
`Protrusion Over or Above an “Interior Surface” ..... 136
`
`No “Openings”/“Through Holes” in Protrusion,
`or “Windows”/“Optically Transparent
`Material” Therein ..................................................... 138
`
`-viii-
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`vii.
`
`No Disclosure or Motivation for Opaque
`Lateral Surface or Opaque Material Configured
`to Avoid/Reduce Light Piping ................................. 139
`
`viii. No Disclosure or Motivation for a Thermistor
`or Adjusting Device Operation Responsive to
`Temperature Signal .................................................. 140
`
`ix.
`
`x.
`
`xi.
`
`No Disclosure, Suggestion, or Motivation of
`Claimed Cavities ...................................................... 141
`
`Lumidigm Fails to Render Obvious a Network
`Interface, User Interface Comprising a Touch-
`Screen, or Storage Device As Claimed .................... 141
`
`Lumidigm Fails to Disclose or Render Obvious
`“The Protrusion Further Comprising One or
`More Chamfered Edges”.......................................... 142
`
`xii.
`
`Failure to Treat the Asserted Claims as an
`Integrated Whole ...................................................... 143
`
`b.
`
`Ground 2 – Lumidigm + Seiko 131 + Cramer Does
`Not Render Obvious Any Asserted Claim ........................... 144
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`Cramer Does Not Disclose or Suggest the
`Claim Elements For Which It Is Asserted ............... 144
`
`Seiko 131 Does Not Disclose or Suggest the
`Claim Elements For Which It Is Asserted ............... 148
`
`No Motivation to Combine or Reasonable
`Expectation of Success in Combining
`Lumidigm + Seiko 131 + Cramer ............................ 151
`
`c.
`
`Ground 3 – Lumidigm + Webster Does Not Render
`Obvious ’502 Patent Claim 22 ............................................. 153
`
`
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`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`Ground 4 – Lumidigm + Seiko 131 + Cramer +
`Webster Does Not Render Obvious ’502 Patent Claim
`22.......................................................................................... 155
`
`Ground 5 – Lumidigm + Webster + Apple 047 Does
`Not Render Obvious ’502 Patent Claim 28 ......................... 155
`
`Ground 6 – Lumidigm + Seiko 131 + Cramer +
`Webster + Apple 047 Does Not Render Obvious ’502
`Patent Claim 28 .................................................................... 157
`
`Grounds 7-9 – Kansas State 6D Is No Longer Asserted ...... 158
`
`Objective Indicia of Nonobviousness .................................. 158
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`v.
`
`Legal Standard ......................................................... 158
`
`Apple’s Skepticism of the Protrusions of the
`Multi-Detector Patents ............................................. 160
`
`The Protrusions of the Multi-Detector Patents
`Achieved Unexpected Results ................................. 161
`
`Apple’s Skepticism and Failures Demonstrate
`the Non-Obviousness of the Asserted Claims ......... 165
`
`Apple’s Copying of Masimo’s Patented
`Technology .............................................................. 172
`
`vi.
`
`Commercial Success ................................................ 173
`
`4.
`
`35 U.S.C. § 112 (pre-AIA)............................................................... 175
`
`a.
`
`Written Description .............................................................. 175
`
`i.
`
`Claimed Combinations of LEDs, Photodiodes,
`and Openings with Opaque Surfaces
`(’501 Patent Claim 12; ’502 Patent Claims 22,
`28; ’648 Patent Claim 12) ........................................ 176
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`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`Sets of LEDs Each Emitting at a First
`Wavelength and a Second Wavelength (’502
`Patent Claim 28) ...................................................... 179
`
`“At Least Four Emitters … Wherein Each of
`the Plurality of Emitters Comprises a
`Respective Set of at Least Three LEDs” (’502
`Patent Claim 22) ...................................................... 180
`
`b.
`
`Enablement .......................................................................... 180
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`“Touch-Screen Display” and “Indicia of
`Measurements” (’502 Patent Claim 28) ................... 181
`
`Reducing/Avoiding “Light Piping”
`(’501 Patent Claim 12; ’502 Patent Claim 28;
`’648 Patent Claim 24) .............................................. 182
`
`F.
`
`Enforceability (Prosecution Laches) ............................................................ 183
`
`IV. ’745 PATENT ................................................................................................................ 185
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art ................................................................ 185
`
`Claim Construction ...................................................................................... 185
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`“second shape” ................................................................................. 185
`
`“first shape” ..................................................................................... 186
`
`C.
`
`Infringement ................................................................................................. 188
`
`1.
`
`Claim 9 ............................................................................................. 188
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`Element [1PRE] ................................................................... 188
`
`Element [1A] ........................................................................ 188
`
`Element [1B] ........................................................................ 190
`
`Element [1C] ........................................................................ 196
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`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`Element [1D] ........................................................................ 197
`
`Element [1E] ........................................................................ 198
`
`Element [1F] ........................................................................ 199
`
`Element [9]........................................................................... 199
`
`2.
`
`Claim 27 ........................................................................................... 199
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`Element [20PRE] ................................................................. 201
`
`Elements [20A]-[20F] .......................................................... 201
`
`Element [20G] ...................................................................... 201
`
`Element [27]......................................................................... 202
`
`D.
`
`Domestic Industry – “Technical Prong” ...................................................... 203
`
`1.
`
`Claim 18 ........................................................................................... 203
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`i.
`
`j.
`
`Element [15PRE] ................................................................. 204
`
`Element [15A] ...................................................................... 204
`
`Element [15B] - Disputed .................................................... 205
`
`Element [15C] ...................................................................... 207
`
`Element [15D] ...................................................................... 207
`
`Element [15E] ...................................................................... 208
`
`Element [15F] ...................................................................... 209
`
`Element [15G] ...................................................................... 209
`
`Element [15H] – Disputed ................................................... 209
`
`Element [15I] ....................................................................... 211
`
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`Page No.
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`k.
`
`Element [18]......................................................................... 211
`
`E.
`
`Validity ........................................................................................................ 212
`
`1.
`
`Anticipation/Obviousness ................................................................ 212
`
`a.
`
`Ground 1: Apple Has Not Established that the Series 0
`Renders Obvious Claims 9 and 27 or Anticipates
`Claim 27 ............................................................................... 212
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`Apple Has Not Established that The Series 0 is
`Prior Art to the ’745 Patent ...................................... 212
`
`Apple Has Not Established The Structure and
`Function of The Series 0 .......................................... 213
`
`The Series 0 Does Not Render Obvious Claims
`9 and 27 or Anticipate Claim 27 .............................. 218
`
`b.
`
`Grounds 2 and 3: Claims 9, 18, and 27 Are Not
`Rendered Obvious by Iwamiya Alone or in
`Combination with Sarantos (and Venkatraman for
`Claims 18 and 27) ................................................................ 224
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`iv.
`
`No measurement of “oxygen saturation” ................. 225
`
`No “second wavelength”.......................................... 230
`
`No “surface comprising a dark-colored
`coating” .................................................................... 230
`
`No plurality of photodiodes “arranged in an
`array having a spatial configuration
`corresponding to a shape of the portion of the
`tissue measurement site encircled by the light
`block” ....................................................................... 232
`
`c.
`
`Objective Indicia of Nonobviousness .................................. 233
`
`2.
`
`35 U.S.C. § 112 (AIA) ..................................................................... 235
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`Page No.
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`a.
`
`b.
`
`Claims 9 and 27 Have Written-Description Support ........... 235
`
`Claim 18 Is Definite ............................................................. 236
`
`F.
`
`Enforceability (Prosecution Laches) ............................................................ 238
`
`V. ’127 PATENT ................................................................................................................. 239
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art ................................................................ 239
`
`Claim Construction ...................................................................................... 239
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`“thermal mass” ................................................................................. 240
`
`“bulk temperature” ........................................................................... 244
`
`C.
`
`Infringement ................................................................................................. 248
`
`1.
`
`Claim 9 ............................................................................................. 248
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`e.
`
`f.
`
`g.
`
`h.
`
`Element [7PRE] ................................................................... 254
`
`Element [7A] ........................................................................ 254
`
`Element [7B] ........................................................................ 258
`
`Elements [7C]-[7E] .............................................................. 259
`
`Element [7F] ........................................................................ 262
`
`Element [7G] ........................................................................ 265
`
`Element [7H] ........................................................................ 266
`
`Element [9]........................................................................... 266
`
`D.
`
`Domestic Industry – “Technical Prong” ...................................................... 266
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Element [7PRE] ............................................................................... 266
`
`Element [7A] .................................................................................... 267
`
`-xiv-
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`MASIMO 2011
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01465
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(cont’d)
`
`Page No.
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`c.
`
`Current rainbow® sensors ................................................... 267
`
`Early rainbow® sensors ....................................................... 268
`
`Apple’s arguments based on its new incorrect claim
`construction do not show lack of domestic industry ............ 269
`
`3.
`
`Element [7B] .................................................................................... 269
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`Current rainbow® sensors ................................................... 269
`
`Early rainbow® sensors ....................................................... 270
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`Elements [7C]-[7E] and [9] ............................................................. 271
`
`Element [7F] .................................................................................... 271
`
`Elements [7G] and [7H] ................................................................... 273
`
`E.
`
`Validity ........................................................................................................ 274
`
`1.
`
`Obviousness ..................................................................................... 275
`
`a.
`
`b.
`
`The Examiner allowed Claim 9 over Cheung ...................... 275
`
`Claim 9 would not have been obvious over either
`Apple obviousness ground. .................................................. 277
`
`i.
`
`Ground 1 – Mendelson and Webster ....................... 277
`
`(a) Mendelson does not disclose [7A],
`[7D], [7E], [7F], or [9]. ................................ 277
`
`(b) Mendelson and Webster would not
`make Claim 9 obvious. ................................ 279
`
`ii.
`
`Ground 2 – Yamada and Noguchi ........................... 280
`
`(a)
`
`Yamada does not disclose [7A], [7D],
`[7E], or [7F]. ................................................ 280
`
`-xv-
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`MASIMO 2011
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01465
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(cont’d)
`
`Page No.
`
`(b)
`
`Yamada and Noguchi would not make
`Claim 9 obvious. .......................................... 283
`
`iii.
`
`Additional grounds including Scarlett ..................... 283
`
`No Motivation to Combine or Expectation Of Success ....... 284
`
`Objective Indicia of Nonobviousness .................................. 285
`
`c.
`
`d.
`
`VI. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY – ECONOMIC PRONG ...................................................... 288
`
`A.
`
`Significant Investment in Plant and Equipment........................................... 301
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Masimo Watch ................................................................................. 301
`
`rainbow® Sensors ............................................................................ 302
`
`B.
`
`Significant Employment of Labor or Capital ............................................... 303
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Masimo Watch ................................................................................. 303
`
`rainbow® Sensors ............................................................................ 309
`
`VII. REMEDY AND BONDING ........................................................................................ 310
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`Limited Exclusion Order.............................................................................. 310
`
`Cease and Desist Order ................................................................................ 311
`
`Applicability to Next-Generation Apple Watches ....................................... 311
`
`Bond ............................................................................................................. 312
`
`VIII. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 313
`
`-xvi-
`
`MASIMO 2011
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01465
`
`
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
`Page No(s).
`
`ActiveVideo Networks, Inc. v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc.,
`694 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2012)................................................................................. passim
`
`Adidas AG v. Nike, Inc.,
`963 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1376 (2021) .......... 131, 143, 144
`
`Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc.,
`265 F.3d 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2001)...................................................................................... 241
`
`AK Steel Corp. v. Sollac & Ugine,
`344 F.3d 1234 (Fed. Cir. 2003)...................................................................