`
`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR LETTERS PATENT
`
`EV1883905 3.6
`
`A Wireless Data Packet Communications System
`
`Inventor(s):
`Marcusda Silva
`William J. Crilly, Jr.
`James Brennan
`Robert J. Conley
`Siavash Alamouti
`
`Edward Casas
`
`ATTORNEY'S DOCKET NO. MNI-010USP1
`
`1
`
`AMAZON.COM,INC., et al.
`EXHIBIT 1009
`
`1
`
`

`

`
`
`TECHNICALFIELD
`
`This invention relates to wireless communications and more particularly to
`
`methods and apparatuses for use in wircless data packet communications systems
`
`capable of supporting multiple point-to-point links, packet-by-packetsteering, and
`
`the like.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Conventional wircless local area network (LAN) systems typically employ
`a micro-cellular arrangement, wherein, for cxample, a small base station, often
`
`referred to as an Access Point (AP), is configured to communicate with wireless
`
`devices attached to computing devices, such as, laptops or other portable data
`
`appliances. These APs have a limited range, typically 20 to 200 feet for an IEEE
`
`802.11(b) system. Thus, to covera large area a system may require a plurality of
`
`APs. This can be costly and tends to complicate the wireless system.
`
`There is a need for improved methods and apparatuses that can provide
`
`wireless communications.
`
`DESCRIPTION
`
`The following description sets forth a specific embodiment of a wireless
`
`communications
`
`system that
`
`incorporates elements
`
`recited in the appended
`
`exemplary claims and others. The embodiments are described herein and in the
`
`attached documentation. However, the description itself is not intended to limit
`
`the scope of this patent. Rather,
`
`the inventors have contemplated that
`
`the
`
`invention might also be embodied in other ways, to include different elements or
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`combinations of elements similar to the ones described in this document,
`
`in
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`conjunction with other present or future technologies.
`
`With this in mind, methods, apparatuses, and systems are provided for a
`
`project code-named “Little Joc” developed by Vivato Incorporated (formally
`
`known as Mabuhay Networks) having research and development offices in
`
`Spokane, WA, and headquarters in San Francisco, CA.
`
`Incorporated herein are the following appendices:
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`E.
`| F,
`
`Document: Little Joe Functional Specification (113 Pages)
`
`Document: Behavior of 802.11 Networks With Mabuhay Access
`
`Points (15 Pages)
`
`Document: Beamforming for Little Joe (25 Pages)
`
`Document: Little Joe Link Budget (15 Pages)
`
`HTML Document: SimpleMAC(1 Page)
`Presentation Slides: Prototype Story Board (17 Pages)
`
`G.
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`Copy of various lab notebook pages 2-3,45-49, 57, 89-93, 106-107
`
`H.
`
`L.
`
`J.
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`(15 Pages)
`
`Drawings: System Diagram (9 Pages)
`
`Document: Quickfacts - DirectedPacket 1 (5 Pages)
`
`Document: Conceptual Proposal for Little Joe Antenna (3 Pages)
`
`Presentation Slides: DirectedPacket™ 1 Logical View (7 Pages)
`
`L.
`
`Presentation Slides: Little Joe Digital Block (5 Pages)
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`EXEMPLARY CLAIMS
`
`1.
`
`A method comprising:
`
`using at least one electronically steerable phase array antenna in a wireless
`
`data packet communications system.
`
`2.
`
`The method as recited in Claim 1, wherein using said at least one
`
`electronically steerable phase array antenna in said wireless data packet
`
`communications system further includes:
`
`using said at least one electronically steerable phase array antenna indoors.
`
`3.
`
`The method as recited in Claim 1, wherein said wireless data packet
`
`communications system uses packet-by-packet steering.
`
`4.
`
`The method as recited in Claim 1, wherein said wireless data packet
`
`communications system implements a CSMA scheme.
`
`5.|The method asrecited in Claim 1, wherein said wireless data packet
`
`communications system includes a scanning recciver.
`
`6.
`
`The method as recited in Claim 1, wherein said wireless data packet
`
`communications system uses array windowing.
`
`7.
`
`The method as recited in Claim |, wherein said wireless data packet
`
`communications system includes a Butler Matrix.
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`8.
`
`The method as recited in Claim 1, wherein said wireless data packet
`
`communications system includes at least one Little Joe device.
`
`9.
`
`A Little Joe device.
`
`10.
`
`A communications system having at least one Little Joc device.
`
`11.
`
`A propagatedsignal from a Little Joc device.
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`
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`Little Joe Functional Specification
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`6
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`

`

`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`
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`Document History
`
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`Contributor(s)
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`
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`Description Date
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`7
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`
`
`Table of Contents
`
`
`
`Contents.
`
`
`Part |: Radio and MAC.
`Introduction... ccc ecccene eee cee neces seen eneeeeeceaaeaenseeeeuscssneeseeeaaeeeceeaaaereseceageseseausaeeeesenane ees 7
`L.
`2.
`System Architecture ........ccc cece sseereeeesrerersreeeeereseessecereeseneeees teeeeceeerteaesneeeenaseeseaeeceea 8
`
`2.1. SYSHOM ooo. ee cececceeceeeeeeneeaneeenseeescaaeeeennaneeeeneeeeeeeneesnseeeeseaasseesesssenennensaaaseseeneeeeee 8
`
`
`Deployment Sccnarios...............
`10
`2.2.
`‘Typical Building Structure....
`12
`2.2.2.
`
`Traffic Load Assumptions ............0...000.cceens cece cece cece e cee cee ce ten vnneeerenecteeeeteneeens 12
`2.2.3.
`2.3.
`Interference effects ........ec e
`i eee ce cee eter nee cece ened nine cte cee seterepeee sneesceaeeesseeeeee 13
`2.4.
`Coverage requirements .................
`13
`2.5.
`Throughput and delay requirements.
`15
`lS
`2.5.1.
`Performance Metrics .............
`
`Performance limiting issues ......0. 0...c cece eee c cece eee e ee ce eee c ata e ena eeceeeeteeeeeseeeeees 15
`2.6.
`2.7.
` Technology.........eeeseesecccecccceee cece econ eee c esate sone saaceee sna sea eens eeepc cn case gas eeeenersereerseneennree 16
`2.8.
`System Block Diagram..
`16
`The Beamforming Network...
`19
`3.1.
`The Butler Matnx..........
`1D
`3.2.
`Ideal BeamPatterns ....... cece cece sence reece see nnee eee e re eennnaeseeeeeeerer nega sea neereesereneegs 20
`3.3.
`Receive WindoOwiIng............ececceeeseeceesecccecencetteeec crete ene cee cor ces eens nen ensteeer tree ceeteeeeceeeees 23
`3.3.1.
`The Hamming Window.........
`23
`
`3.4. Complementary Transmit Beamformiung..........0..eeeeercreeereeeereeeteee 26
`A.csnenssneeeerenesneeteesesseeaasssanecerseseeecerensinaceeees 28Link Budgets ...... eee eececceee cee eee creer ene aee nese
`
`
`
`Link Power Budget... cece cc cece cee cece cree caesar anes ce neee se eane cece ga ave raven reper sneneeeeeeenees 28
`4.1.
`4.2.
`Link Budget Pararmeters......... cece cern creer ener re cnee neenne cape eeerer spree reves se ereeenean ines 30
`we
`4.2.1.
`Panel Transmit Power: FCC EIRP Power Limits...
`
`4.3.|Characteristics of Conventional 802.1 1b Equipment oo...eee 31
`4.3.1,
`Pancl Antemma Gain .......ccccccccceeceenececeneceeenerseeeeeeeeersceeteneneeenenag eve rrregeteneecrees 33
`4.3.2.
`Gain Reduction due to Scattering ..........cccccecceeececeeeeeceeeeeeectnessescerceseeeseeenerees 33
`4.3.3.
`Client Antena Gait... ccc cece cccec cee ceecceeeeceneeeceneeceageuseneesaaeeneepeceeeaesenersneas 34
`Client and Panel Noise Figures
`34
`4.3.4.
`
`Effect of Shadow Fading .0.............ccscecceeeeseseerceeesesensnereeeeeeserseerseevnscaseaeeaseeseees 35
`4.3.5.
`
`4.3.6. Effect of Rayleigh Fading ........0...cccceeececeeeeenereeeenseeeceeeeerseneneeeseeeeseseeeeees 36
`
`
`4.4.—Path Loss Models 0000.00.02... cccccecccceccseececeeeceneneneacerseeeeeceaeeuseeanegensrenesesenesamausaaeaasoeas 36
`44.1.
`Propagation in Free Space (LOS)uo... ccc cess ccseeseeaerseesteeesessesseeesspeerenees 37
`vee
`4.4.2.
`Propagation by Diffraction (NLOS) ....
`
`Propagation by Transmission (OBS) .........0....cce: cescsceececseeeereneeseeensnneeeennnteeees 37
`4.4.3.
`4.4.4,
`Outdoor-Indoor Path Loss... cece ees ee eeerceenseseeecneneesseresrnenseeasreees 38
`445.
`Indoor-Indoor Path LOSS.............c cee ceeeeeeeeeeneneteeeneneeeneneeeeeeeeeresescnees teceecteeerreees 39
`4.5.
`Link Budget Results 200.0000... ecee ccc ce cece sce eeee centr cere eeeeerceeectenesaaeecnaseeaseageees 39
`:
`Transmit Power Control...........
`
`Power Control Requirements..........0.0.0 cece eee eee creer cence esate ceaeseteeeeteaee 42
`5.1.
`5.2.
`Power Control State Transition Diagram........0......cee ccc ceeeeeeeeeeecee centre ete te teeeeaaaae 4B
`5.3.
`Power Control SNR Measurement.....00.......0..00ccccccceeeee cee c cee e eee eee tees ceeeeaaseseeaeaenaees 44
`
`
`
`
`
`3.
`
`5.
`
`8
`
`

`

`a
`
`£
`
`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`
`
`
`
`8.
`
`9.
`
`6. Media Access Control (MAC).o0..... i... cceecce cee cceeceeceeenee cease sees csececsaneesceeecsaeesnieeseneeseeees 44
`6.1.
` ViVATO Panel MACOperation...
`.
`6.1.1.
`MAC Modesof Operation.....
`7, Multi-Radio Transmit Controloe eer ete vpn a ree aae case eneeeesecees 46
`7.4. MultitMAC Control (MMC)... ccc ccccccee cee cee cc ccceeceeeeeeecasacenaseaaaieesseneeeteeeeceseeeenees 47
`7.2.) MMC OVErVICW.L.. eee cccetceee cece cece eee ecreeensneeeerensueennnrereccnterersieeececsrnneesenterensngaess 47
`7.3. MMC Provisioned Parametert.............0......eeeeeeeecceceeeeesecnesaceeeecceeccteeetnaaneceeseneenee 48
`Intra-Panel Roaming.......0000.00.000.
`.
`
`Roaming Requirements. .......0.. cee eee cee nee en edad nee reece renee ae ea tee 49
`8.1.
`8.2.
`Beam-Switching Algorithm ©... eee eee ee eee eceeenae nee sees eeneeesaaaaeeeeeeeaes 49
`8.2.1.
`Beam-Switching State Transition Diagram...ee ee ee eer eeeee eee OO
`8.3.
` IAPP (Seamless Roaming).....0..0.........222::ccccceecceccee eee eeeeeereeecceceereecenecnenaereeeeseeees 52
`.
`Channel Assignment.......0.... 0 ce etereeereees
`
`Channel Assignment Provisioned Parametetrs.............00000000 tees cece eenerrnceteeetes 53
`9.1.
`9.2.
`Channel Assignment Internal Parameters.......0...00.eee eee cent reeees 53
`9.3.
`Channel Assignment Metrics...0...00.0.ccc nee cere eee anette ee tees 53
`9.4.
`Channel Assignment Algorithm 2.00.00... eee e eect eet eeeeeee en tte etna ee eeeetee 55
`9.4.1.
`Channet Assignment Preprocessing......
`
`Block-based Channel Assignment Algonthm 2000.00.00...ee DO
`9.4.2.
`9.4.3.
`Emergency €Xit
`..... 2... ce eeeeeceec cee cere eencee cece ee rennet eee een n net ene e tte e cee enaeeeeeeeeeeenea 60
`
`Downlink Traffic-Shaping .............. 00... ceccceseseec sees cece ee seeeeeee spac cau neeenegeeeteeeeceeeseeeeerpentee 61 10.1.
`
`10.
`
`Traffic-Shaping Requirement.............0..2ccee cece cece eet e tee c cece ecee cee cen tne ecneeesteetdnneenes 61
`Traffic-Shaping Architecture .............
`61
`10.2.
`Traffic-Shaping Functional Description ........0....00..ceee ceeeeeeeceeen ree etree eeeeneeteeeeeee 63
`10.3.
`Leaky Bucket Algorithin........ 2... ce cece cece eee e rece reece erence case eeenerebenereneneneeess 63
`10.3.1.
`64
`10.3.2. Granularity of Operation .............
`
`10.3.3. Dynamic Parameter Update...............
`..64
`
`10.3.4. Operating Point Estimation Algorithm.
`65
`
`Provisioned and Internal Parameters...................ccecceeecceeeeeeeeeeeeer tree ceeteneteecteeetees 66
`10.4.
`1.
`The Scanning Radio ...........ccceeeeeeeeeceeeeecececeeeeeeeeesceececeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeteeereeeseneesiseeesneeenneetees 67
`67
`HH.
`Scan Mode........
`
`
`Roaming ...........
`68
`11.2.
`68
`14.3.
`State Transitions ..
`
`RE PEPeN eS «2... c cece cece cece ec eeneneceeteeeeenereceeaatteneeeeaeassaenetenssaaestsaetteeesageseneasenen eens 69
`12.
`Part 2: Software System Architecture .......eee ccee cease ccccesseeneennevseeseuanesueuseserneneeenneeeees 72
`72
`13.
`Introduction..............: eee
`
`Software Overview .............cceeeceeeeceeeee
`74
`14.
`
`Software not covered by this Document.
`74
`14.1.
`
`Software Module Overview .........ccccccccccececccecsccenecceceeseeenseeeeceeeeceeeesqaeaienenenentneeesnee 75
`14.2.
`Control Plane... ccc ccececccccneeeeceeeean sees ceceeeeeeaa beeeteeeataneseeeeessteneseneae sees ssaaeeeeteainensnns 76
`15.
`16.
`Drivers«0.2.0.0...
`
`Console Driver.....
`16.1.
`
`Ethernet Drivers............
`16.2.
`
`
`Secure Management.................
`16.2.1.
`Backhaul / Daisy-chain for the Next Pancl......... eee ceceeeenereeeneeeeenereeees 78
`16.2.2.
`
`ao
`
`9
`
`

`

`
`
`Source for Wireless Drivers.................:.0 00s sc ceeeseeeee tence cent eee cee ene scte cee cesaesaaeeenenenees 719
`16.3.
`Searcher and Merlin Interfaces and Functions .............00... cece ee ee erence ates 79
`16.4.
`
`Scheduler / Shaper.........0....ceeeseeeeeees
`16.5.
`RRM (Radio Resource Managemen
`16.6.
`
`FLASH 0... ccccececceeeeceeecceeeneeeereveceececeeteseeeeeeetieennneeeneeerttetcteectees
`16.7.
`This table showsinitial estimations of management module resource usage. Need clarification
`of data items in the table. Some of these items are daemons, running all of the time. Others
`are one instance per invocation. Cish is dependent onlots of other elements, such as ipchains,
`bretl and ifconfig. ...........2.. 0 eee cca
`
`17.
`ManagementInterfaces
`- 83
`
`VP HEP ieee ce eee eeeEEE ena e ea eee nese nen enna camer ete eeenaee 85
`17.2
`CISH (COD Looe eee ceecceee ce cece cece eee cenee cere een ctteseacee snes scaaaeensaeseaaseeesseneesneesenneenenes 86
`87
`17.3 User Manager .......... 00. eee eeeec cece eee c cence nee tect teteeeneeaeeneeees
`
`SSHD occe cence ec cnec tesa etenee tae eteneeeeneesreeeereeeecnneees
`87
`17.4
`
`87
`Telnet...
`17.5
`
`SNMPD.... oo. ccccccceeccecececeeceeecesececeaeentneceeeeecesecneeespeesceneecasecasassaaseneastanecseeecaeeciesers 87
`17.6
`18.
`Environmental Control] 20.00.2000... cece eec cece eee eeecen acne cert epee epee ce scene state cnsenseaesseeecnnaseeness 87
`88
`18.1
`Temperature and Fan Control .............00.00...
`
`19, Wireless Control .....0.... 0... cece certs
`..88
`
`88
`19.1 Wireless Bridging.......
`
`19.2 Centralized Bridging .........22....2..ccccceee cece cee erect eee ec eet acca cones canes aeeeeneneceeae 89
`19.4
`Radio Configuration Manager...............ccc cece cece eter er crete cette tenes eee e eee tnnteee ones 90
`19.4
`Inter-card Roaming Manager...................-
`90
`Mabuhay Enhanced Performance System (MEPS)....
`..90
`90
`SOQCUIILY 0c eee ee eet tnee eee eee ce renee nnceeaaeeee reer rerrceeeaeee
`
`19.4 Authentication Managet....... 02... eceeceeccccccee cece cet tee ce ee ees canaaseaeeceeescenecisceseseeereatenenaees 90
`19.4 Authentication ........... cece cece cee cence e tere ten rete eee teeta ne es eeeeecenreneaeeeeeeennnenaeaeee 90
`19.4
`802.1x / EAP Authentication Mechanism.
`
`19,
`Other Control.....
`
`19.4. DHCP Client 2.0.0... cee eset ceseeeesenecneanteeeereeens
`19.
`DHCPServer and Network Address Translation (NAT) .............. es 92
`19.
`Typical Packet Walk (Bridged)... ces ceecscsssecesseeeecree tenes teecenecnceeeciseecaeetesenseeeenees 93
`19,
`Typical Packct Walk (NAT and DHCP Server) .
`.93
`
`
`
`
`
`19. DiagnOsliCs 00.0.0... cece eeeeeceeesseeeecececenaeeencneansneneeeseeneeeregnnsonsireeeesonneeregirecerseressenneees 95
`
`
`19. Out-of-the-Box Power-up SCQUence .........eeciesceeeteeterteertteeeceeeesenee ces eeecneereneeetee 95
`
`19. HERES.ec ccceee een eceee cere reece cece teens cneceseeeereeeesesessmeeesesaesaeuananssaneasanaecrrisssenenes 95
`19.4
`FTP Client (for downloading new Images)... cece cece eeeneenee nee eee centres ieee 95
`FTP Server (for Serving images to otherpanels)..
`19.
`95
`
`19. Data Packet Interfaces 2.0.0.0... ccc cet eece cece beetsreneeeececeee eeneceeeseeseecenneseenecensecersneeeeres: 96
`
`
`Appendix A — PCI / PCI Bridge Support in Linux
`.........:cec eee teeter ere ceree eres ennetenes 97
`19.
`Example PCI Based System oe... cece cere ceeesseeeecneeesensseeescsesceneseeersneeessaeeeees 97
`19.4
`19.4
`PCD Address Spaces 2.0.2... cece cceere cence ce eae scene cenecceeeeseees cng eeaaaeeeeeesenerisnnereneesnes 97
`ven
`19.4
`PCI Configuration Headers..........0......
`
`Layout of the 256 byte PCI configuration header.............cc:ccceeeee tees eete ere reees 99
`19.4
`19.
`Vendor Identification 0.0... cececcece cece ee tee nets ee ae csaae sta cae aesneeeegererenenreess 99
`
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`Little Joe Functional Specification
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`Device Identification... cee cece ete ce ccc a cece tere ceea nee eaaaee ces teaeeeg gas eeeeenpnernpngaees 99
`19.
`SUAS 200 cece cece eneee eee ee neuen eee seen ee ereeeeneeycetessepeuee ges seeeseeteere cen eesteateaeeeeeeeeeeees 99
`19.
`COmmanhhd 00... .cccccceecccesessen cen eeeeeesceneeceee cee ceeceeecesvenseceeeeesseeeceenceveeee gee seeeirecerecereeees 99
`19.
`2299
`Class Code...
`19,
`
`Base Address Registers 20.0.0... cece cee cee ereeesneceeceeeerneecceer tetas ceeeeceentieeeeeeeesenenree 100
`19.4
`Interrupt Pin...ec cece eee cen tee ceeneeneeecsennnsaeessaeesanesseeannanecnenesnegerieeees 100
`19.4
`... 100
`Interrupt Line... ee
`19.4
`
`PCI I/O and PC] Memory Addresses... cece eee cee cece cece cet cece eet nnne tees teeeeees 100
`19.
`PCLISA Bridges ............cccceceescceeeeee cess eee cneneeeeececeecencecaeeseeaseeeesseeestenseseesieasscnaeees 100
`19.
`
`101
`PCE-PCI Bridges .......0.. eee eeece cee ce eee tesseeteneteeeetiees
`19.
`
`PCI-PCI Bridges: PCI /O and PC] Memory Windows........000.000::cectetteeteeeeeee 101
`19.
`PCI-PCI Bridges - PCI Configuration Cycles and PCI Bus Numbering................ 101
`19.
`
`Type 0 PCI Configuration Cycle Figure: 2.0.0... eee ceeeteerneeeretieteiete:
`101
`... 102
`Type | PCI Configuration Cycle Figure: .....
`... 103
`19.
`Linux PCI Initialization 0.0.0.0.
`.. 103
`The Linux Kemel PCI Data Structures ......0.... eee
`.
`19.4.
`
`The PCI Device Driver... ccs cee senentee ee ceeeseererineeeeees
`.. LO4
`19.4
`
`... 105
`19.
`Configuring PCI-PCI Bridges - Assigning PCI Bus Numbers
`
`PCT I/O and PCI Memory Windows 0.0... ce ece ec eeeeceeeeceee cere renee eee eee ete
`... 106
`b.
`
`.. 106
`a.
`PCI-PCI] Bridge Numbering: Step 1 ou... cesses cere rent ceeerreneeeseetenees
`
`b.
`PCI-PCI Bridge Numbering: Step 2...
`... 106
`d.
`PCI-PCI Bridge Numbering: Step 4.0.0.0... cc cece cee cece seen tene tree e terre ere tere eeeeeeen eres 107
`€.
`PCI BIOS Functions 00.0... eeeeeceeecceenseeceseneeeeeeeeesenecereseneenneecengeseneeniensceeeeteneenn es 108
`
`fo
`PCT FIXUp 2... ccc eee ccteseeeeerenseeessenenreesceeeneeesserensceeceerecesenscecssensaeeaaaas
`108
` Hinding Out How Much PCT I/O and PCI Memory Space a Device Needs............... 108
`g.
`PCI Configuration Header: Base Address Registers ............ccceeccceeceerteere ete 109
`a.
`b. Allocating PCI I/O and PCI Memory to PCI-PCI Bridges and Devices................ 109
`
`11
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`11
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`
`
`Part 1: Radio and MAC
`
`Overview
`
`This document describes the LittleJoe 802.11b WiFi switch (WS) from a functional point-of-
`view. The document includes system description, the beamforming functions, radio resource
`management (RRM), and the media access control (MAC)functionality. Higher layer
`functionality, network managementand other functions are described in separate documents M.
`Brewer, D. Lohman,et. al. “Software System Architecture Document’, V1.
`
`The functional descriptions in this document provide details of the functions performed by any
`subsystem. Thefinal architectural design is discussed in separate documents including the
`control and interface functions between the subsystems.
`
`The product concept is discussed in Introduction.
`
`The highlevel system architecture is presented in
`
`System Architecture
`
`. The beamforming network whichis the core technology ofthis product is described in ‘The
`Beamforming Network.
`
`Theradio link budgets are presented in Link Budgets
`
`‘The transmit power control schemeis described in Transmit Power
`Control. The media access contro! (MAC)is described in Media Access
`Control (MAC). The multi-radio transmit control, multi-MAC Control
`(MMC)and roaming are discussed in
`
`Multi-Radio ‘Transmit Control
`
`Multi-MAC Control, and Intra-Panel Roaming respectively. The channel
`assignment and tratfic shaping algorithmsare described in Channel
`
`12
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`12
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`1
`
`Little Joc Functional Specification
`
`
`
`Assignment and Dowrespectively. The scanning radio functions are
`described in
`
`The Scanning Radio
`
`1. Introduction
`
`LittleJoe is ViVATO’s first-generation long-range packet switch built according to the 802.11
`standard. It seamlessly supports 802.11b clients. ‘he LittleJoe Wifi switch features:
`
`linear array of 16 antennas providing up to 29 dBi of gain
`»
`* Butler-matrix beamforming
`= Complementary beamtorming
`*« Multi-MAC controller
`
`« Multi-channel operation
`* a high sensitivity RF front end
`« Agere 802.11b MAC and baseband processor chips
`* Custom logic and software for integration
`+ Security enhancements
`
`There are two configurations:
`
`+ DirectedPacket™ 1 (DP2310) transmits on one channelat a time
`* DirectedPacket™ 3 (DP2330) transmits up to 3 channels at a time
`
`Thesecan befit into two types of antennas/enclosures:
`
`« Indoor half height: Im wide by 0.5 m high
`* Outdoorfull height: 1m wide by Im high
`
`2. System Architecture
`
`In this section we review the ViVATO Packet Switch concept and it’s advantages comparcd to
`existing APs in the market. We also describe ViVA1T0’s high-level system block diagram. The
`details of the subsystems are then described in different sections within the document.
`
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`
`
`17.3
`
`System Concept
`
`Figure 2 A typical deployment for conventional 802.11 APs is shown in Reference deploymentfor
`802.11 networks.. The example deployment scenario assumes a 10,000 m coverage area covered
`by 9 conventional APs each with a celiular coverage radius of 20 m. The assumed coverage cells
`are circular each with a radius of 20 m. The reference LittleJoe deployment is shown in Reference
`LittleJoe indoor deployment.
`
`One LittleJoe panel (with a range of about 140 m)is used (typically at the corner of a building
`indoors or mounted ona tall structure outdoors) to provide service to the whole coverage area. In
`some deployment scenarios, there are regions where LittleJoe cannot provide service due to
`shadowingorsevere scattering. This is represented by the gray shadedcircle in Reference
`LittleJoe indoor deployment.
`
`Such areas will be covered using ViVATO APs. In the above example, 9 regular APs have been
`replaced by one LittleJoe Packet Switch and one ViVATOAP. This reduces the cost of network
`deployment. Ln addition,it is possible to provide outdoor coverage by deploying the unit
`outdoors.
`
`100 m
`
`
`100m
`
`Ls 802.116 AP on channel 1, 2 or 3 (not-to-scale}.
`
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`14
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`

`

`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`
`
`Figure 1 Reference deploymentfor 802.11
`
`
`4 be
`
`100m
`
`networks.
`
`HBLittleJoe WS (not-to-scale).
`Ln 802.11b AP on channe? 1, 2 or 3 (not-te-scale).
`
`Figure 2 Reference LittleJoe indoor deployment.
`
`17.3
`
`Deployment Scenarios
`
`LittleJoe is a long-range WiFi switch and therefore it can support many different applications.
`Nevertheless, there are five reference deployment scenarios identified:
`+
`Indoor Office
`* Indoor Warehouse
`
`+ Outdoor Campus
`* OutdoorHotel
`+ Outdoor ISP
`
`17.1
`
`Typical Mounting Conditions
`
`There are two types of LittlcJoc units: half height indoor and full height outdoor.
`
`A-te
`
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`
`
`2...1.
`
`Indoor Deployment
`
`A LittleJoe WSis placed inside the building to provide coverage throughout the whole building.
`
`Typically a half height LittleJoe panel is installed on a comer wall inside an office building or a
`warehouse. The ceiling height is typically between 3 to 4m for the office building and 4 to 8m in
`a warchousc.
`
`The center of the panel is typically installed at 0.25m below theceiling. The unit should be
`mounted away from nearby scatterers or obstructions.
`
`2...2. Outdoor Deployment
`
`Typically one to four co-located full height LittleJoe panels are installed in a desirable location
`on campus grounds, each panel providing 100° coverage. The typical antenna hcightis 4 to 20m.
`The furthest building to LittheJoe installation site is no more than 200m away. The buildings are
`low-rise (6 stories or less). The scatterers are mostly local to the client and not close to the
`LittleJoe panel.
`
`For the Outdoor Hotel model, the typical antenna heights would be about 4 - 8m and the building
`would be no more than 20m away from the panel.
`
`The typical ranges and mounting conditions for the different deployment scenarios are
`summarized in The range and antenna dimensions and heightsfor different de.
`
`indoor
`office
`
`indoor
`warehouse
`
`outdoor
`office
`
`outdoor
`Hotel
`
`outdoor
`ISP
`
`range 2km < 150m 300m
`
`
`
`antenna
`tm x 0.5m
`Im x lm
`Im x 1m
`size
`
`height
`
`
`
`antenna 4 to 20m|4mto 8m|10 to 50m3 to 4m 4 to 8m
`
`
`
`
`
`A-U
`
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`

`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`
`
`Table 1
`
`The range and antenna
`dimensions and heights for
`different deployment scenarios.
`
`1.1.1
`
`17.1. Typical Building Structure
`
`The exterior walls are typically concrete or other hard construction material.There are usually
`many windows and metal on the exterior of the building.
`
`Theinterior walls are not hard structures. They are typically made of drywall with woodor metal
`studs. The floors are typically made of concrete. The interior of the building has mostly open
`offices with soft enclosed cubicles. There may be some dry-wall enclosedoffices and conference
`rooms with or without interior windows.
`
`The unit is built with sufficient link budget to operate with the assumptions above. However, a
`site may have areas of exceptionally high path loss. These poor coverage areas may be serviced
`using ViVATO APs' connectedto the LittleJoe panel through the backbone network or in-band
`802.11 signalling.
`
`1.1.2
`
`17.1 Traffic Load Assumptions
`
`There may be more than 200 associated users inside the building. Most users are connected to a
`wired network and hence do not generate any traffic unless when they require portable
`connectivity. Nevertheless, they may send probe request frames regularly. The network is
`expected to perform well with a maximum of 50 active users each with a profile of a “typical”
`LANuser. Thetraffic load assumptions for the different deployment scenarios are summarized
`in Traffic load assumptions fordifferent deployment scenarios..
`
`
`outdoor
`indoor
`indoor
`outdoor
`outdoor
`
`
`
`warehouse
`office
`Hotel
`ISP
`office
`
`
`
`
`> 200
`
`
`associated
`> 200
`400 >200 >200
`
`users
`
`
`'A ViVATO AP(also known asthe Pollen8) is an open-source AP whose software has
`been updated to work effectively with the LittleJoe WPS. The details will be described in
`separate documents.
`
`17
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`17
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`

`
`
`
`
`users
`
`profile
`
`office
`LAN
`
`short
`transactions
`
`office
`LAN
`
`home
`LAN
`
`home
`LAN
`
`active | 20 50 40 10 40
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Table 2
`
`Traffic load assumptions for
`different deployment scenarios.
`
`17.3
`
`Interference effects
`
`The following are the major sources of interference to the ViVATO network:
`
`* Microwaveovens: create a coverage hole of 5-10 mwhile they are transmitting.It is
`recommended that the panel be placed as far away as possible from microwave ovens.It is
`also advisuble to shicld the microwave ovens to reduce interference to the network.
`
`Cordless phones: many operate on the same band and can henceinterfere severely with
`both the panel and client transmissions. It is advised that cordless phones in office and
`warehouse deployments not be used. For the ISP deployment scenario, the cordless phones
`will be a significant source of interference and may reduce the networks performance to
`unacceptable levels.
`802.11 private LANs: the ViVATO network shares the frequency resources with other
`802.11 networks.
`
`17.3
`
`Coverage requirements
`
`Coverage is defined as a packet error rate of 10% or better at a specified data rate. LittleJoe
`should have an indoor coverage of 85% coverage at
`|1 Mbits/s and 95% at 5.5 Mbits/sec.
`ViVATO APsare used tofill in large coverage holes in rare places (no more than 10% of the
`coverage area) due to severe deploymentconditions.
`
`The nominal expected coverage for the different deployment scenarios are summarized in
`Coverage for different deployment scenarios..
`indoor
`indoor
`outdoor
`outdoor
`outdoor
`office
`warehouse
`office
`Hotel
`ISP
`
`
`
`85%
`
`1] Mb/s
`coverage
`
`
`85%
`
`85%
`
`85%
`
`TS%
`
`“15
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`18
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`18
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`‘
`
`#
`fad? Hall a
`
`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`B%
`
`95%
`
`95%
`
`95%
`
`5.5 Mb/s
`coverage
`
`coverage
`holes
`
`5-15%
`
`
`
`
`
`$-15%
`
`5-15%
`
`5-15%
`
`19
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`19
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`
`
`Table 3
`
`Coveragefordifferent
`deployment scenarios.
`
`1.2
`
`17.3
`
`Throughput and delay requirements
`
`The user experience should be similar to that of a deployment of multiple low-range access
`points shown in Reference deploymentfor 802.11 networks..
`
`17.1 Performance Metrics
`
`The following performance metrics measure the quality of service provided by LittleJoe
`compared to conventional 802.11 deployments. These are non-real-time traffic measures G.
`Anastasi, et. al., “MAC Protocols for Wideband Wireless Local Access: Ev:
`
`Packet queuing delay: the time elapsed fromthe time a packet is generated until it is ready
`to contend for access to the channel
`
`Packet MAC delay: the time elapsed between the time a packet is ready to contend until the
`beginning ofits successful transmission
`Packet access delay: the sum ofthe queueing delay and MAC delay
`Packet transmission time: the time betweenthe start of a transmission to its successtul
`completion.
`Packet throughput: the numberof bits transmitted in a packet divided by packet
`transmission time.
`
`Packet loss rate: the number of packets whose transmissiontime exceeds TCP time-out.
`
`17.3
`
`Performancelimiting issues
`
`The following effects are the most detrimental to LittleJoe performance:
`
`+ Nearby large scatterers
`« hard structures (hard walls, metal objects, etc.)
`* competing $02.11 networks
`+ high angle spread environment
`* microwave ovens
`
`+ 2.4 GHz cordless phones
`
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`
`
`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`1.3
`
`17.3
`
`Technology
`
`The technologies enabling the increased coverage for LittleJoe are:
`
`« Phased Arrays
`- vertical antenna gain
`- directional receive and transmit patterns using a Butler matrix
`-
`taking advantage of point-to-point power limits
`* Technologies to enable directional antennas with 802.11
`- complementary beamforming
`- Multi-Radio Transmit Control
`- Multi-MACcontrol
`
`Additiona! capacity gain is obtained using:
`
`+ multi-channel operation
`* seamless roamimg
`*
`traffic-shaping
`
`1.4
`
`17.3
`
`System Block Diagram
`
`This section includes the functional block diagram of LittleJoe. The single channel product
`(DP2310) can operate on a single channel at any time. The 3 channel product call DP2330 can
`operate on three different channels simultaneously.
`
`Figure 3 The block diagram for The DP2330 product is shown in The DP2330
`high-level block diagram.
`
`. There are 16 antenna elements each with its own RF front-end. The receive port of each
`circulator is followed by an LNA before the Butler matrix. The circulators ensure that:
`
`* signals arriving at the antenna elements are directed to the receive chain and tsolated from
`the transmit chain
`
`* signals transmitted through the transmit chain are directed to the antenna elements and
`isolated from the receive chain.
`
`21
`
`21
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`

`

`switch
`
`Butter
`matrix
`
`13x3
`crosspoint
`
`
`
`13x3
`crosspoint
`switch
`
`Figure 3. The DP2330 high-level biock diagram.
`
`Each PAis followed by a ceramic bandpassfilter. To allow for simultancous transmit and
`receive on adjacent channels the LNA can handle strong input signal with no distortion and the
`post-PA bandpassfilters have high adjacent-channelrejection.
`
`The PA output powers can be reduced from thcir maximum levels in by least 24 dB (4 steps of 6
`dB).
`
`A single-channel cost-rcduced model (DP2310) may use switches instead ofcirculators and
`eliminate the crosspoint switches andfilters.
`
`7.5
`
`The Butler Matrix described in detail in
`
`The Butler Matrix
`
`22
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`22
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`

`

`
`
`Little Joe Functional Specification
`
`is a networkof passive hybrid power dividers and fixed phase shifters with 16 inputs and 16
`outputs. The Butler matrix produces 16 orthogonal beams eachpointingin a different direction.
`However, since the patternis distorted at the extreme angles, only 13 ports of the Butler matrix
`on the radios side are used.
`
`Figure 3 Each Butler matrix port at the radio side is connected to a splitter which
`splits the signal to a WLAN radio and a 13-way switch whichis connected to a
`scanning radio (not shown in The DP2330high-level block diagram.
`
`Figure 3 ).
`
`1.6 Each WLAN radiois built using the Agere 802.11b chipset’. The
`Agere MAC controller is used and runs AP firmware. See
`
`ViV for more details.
`
`The receive ports of the 13 radios are connected to 13 ports of the receive Butler matrix and the
`transmit ports are cormected te a 13x3 switch that can connecteach radio to any of the 3 PAs.
`The PA outputs are connected to a second 3x13 switch that connects each of the 3 PAs to any of
`the transmit Butler matnx ports.
`
`The beampatterns and