Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`__________________
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`__________________
`
`META PLATFORMS, INC.,
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`THALES VISIONIX, INC.,
`Patent Owner
`__________________
`
`U.S. PATENT NO. 6,922,632
`U.S. PATENT NO. 7,725,253
`
`IPR2022-01304
`IPR2022-01305
`IPR2022-01308
`__________________
`
`DECLARATION OF YOHAN BAILLOT UNDER C.F.R. § 1.68
`IN SUPPORT OF PATENT OWNER’S RESPONSES TO PETITIONS FOR
`INTER PARTES REVIEW OF U.S.
`PATENT NOS. 6,922,632 AND 7,725,253
`
`
`June 14, 2023
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`

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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
`I.
`II. Qualifications ................................................................................................... 2
`A.
`Education Background and Career History ........................................... 2
`B.
`Publications and Patents ........................................................................ 2
`C. Other Relevant Qualifications ............................................................... 4
`III. LEGAL STANDARDS ................................................................................... 4
`IV. THE ’632 AND ’253 PATENTS .................................................................... 6
`V.
`REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 10
`A. Welch 2001 .......................................................................................... 10
`B. Welch 1997 and Welch Thesis ............................................................ 12
`C. Horton .................................................................................................. 12
`D. Kramer ................................................................................................. 14
`E.
`Chen ..................................................................................................... 14
`F.
`Harris ................................................................................................... 15
`G.
`Reitmayr .............................................................................................. 15
`VI. PERSON OF THE ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ............................... 15
`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 16
`A.
`“Estimation Subsystem / Estimation Module,” “Sensor
`Subsystem,” and “Coupling” ............................................................... 16
`“Sensor Module” ................................................................................. 21
`“Configuration Data” / “Configuration Information” ......................... 22
`“Configuring” ...................................................................................... 28
`“Enumerating a set of sensing elements available to a tracking
`system” ................................................................................................ 31
`“Expected Utility of a Measurement” ................................................. 34
`F.
`“Set of sensing elements” .................................................................... 36
`G.
`VIII. SPECIFIC GROUNDS IN PETITION NO. 2022-01304 ............................. 36
`A. Ground I: Welch 2001 and Welch 1997 ............................................ 36
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`
`i
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`1.
`2.
`
`3.
`
`3.
`
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................... 37
`Claim 2 – “The method of claim 1 wherein coupling the
`sensor subsystem to the estimation subsystem includes
`coupling software modules each associated with one or
`more of the sensing elements.” ................................................. 43
`Claim 3 – “The method of claim 2 wherein each of the
`software modules provides a software interface for
`receiving information related to an expected sensor
`measurement and providing measurement information
`that depends on said received information.” ............................. 44
`Claim 11 .................................................................................... 48
`4.
`B. Ground II: Welch 2001, Welch 1997, and Welch Thesis .................. 51
`C. Ground III: Horton .............................................................................. 52
`1.
`Claim 1 ...................................................................................... 52
`2.
`Claim 2 – “The method of claim 1 wherein coupling the
`sensor subsystem to the estimation subsystem includes
`coupling software modules each associated with one or
`more of the sensing elements.” ................................................. 61
`Claim 3 – “The method of claim 2 wherein each of the
`software modules provides a software interface for
`receiving information related to an expected sensor
`measurement and providing measurement information
`that depends on said received information.” ............................. 63
`Claim 6 – “The method of claim 1 wherein the state
`estimate characterizes configuration information for one
`or more sensing elements fixed to the object.” ......................... 66
`Claim 9 - “The method of claim 1 wherein the state
`estimate characterizes configuration information for one
`or more sensing elements fixed in an environment of the
`object.” ...................................................................................... 67
`Claim 11 .................................................................................... 68
`Claims 20-21 – “The method of claim 1 wherein
`repeatedly updating the state further includes: selecting a
`pair of sensing elements for measurement; and providing
`an identification of the selected pair to the sensing
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`7.
`
`ii
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
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`3.
`4.
`
`5.
`
`subsystem” and “The method of claim 20 wherein
`selecting the pair of sensing elements includes selecting
`said elements according to an expected utility of a
`measurement associated with said elements to the
`updating of the state.” ............................................................... 71
`D. Ground IV: Horton and Welch 1997 ................................................... 72
`E.
`Ground V: Kramer and Chen and Ground VI: Kramer, Chen,
`and Welch 1997 ................................................................................... 74
`IX. SPECIFIC GROUNDS IN PETITION NO. 2022-01305 ............................. 77
`A. Ground I: Welch 2001 and Welch 1997 ............................................. 77
`1.
`Claim 30 .................................................................................... 77
`2.
`Claim 32 – “The sensor module of claim 30 wherein the
`received information related to an expected sensor
`measurement includes a predicted pose of a sensing
`element relative to the measurement sensor.” .......................... 82
`Claim 33 .................................................................................... 83
`Claim 34 - “The method of claim 33, further comprising
`selecting a pair of sensing elements from the sequence of
`candidates, the selected pair of sensing elements being
`ready to make a measurement at the time of selection of
`the pair or at a predefined time after the time of selection
`of the pair, the selected pair having highest expected
`utility of a measurement among the sequence of
`candidates.” ............................................................................... 88
`Claim 36 - “The method of claim 35 wherein the target
`comprises a natural feature in an environment.” ...................... 90
`Claim 44 .................................................................................... 92
`Claim 47 .................................................................................... 93
`Claim 59 - “The method of claim 47 wherein providing
`configuration information from the sensor modules
`includes providing information characterizing a type of a
`sensor associated with a sensor module.” ................................. 99
`Claim 60 - “The method of claim 47 wherein providing
`configuration information from the sensor modules
`includes providing information characterizing a position
`iii
`
`
`6.
`7.
`8.
`
`9.
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
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`6.
`
`3.
`4.
`5.
`
`or an orientation of a sensor associated with a sensor
`module.” .................................................................................. 101
`B. Ground III: Welch 2001, Welch 1997, and Harris ............................ 103
`C. Ground IV: Horton ............................................................................ 104
`1.
`Claim 30 .................................................................................. 104
`2.
`Claim 32 - “The sensor module of claim 30 wherein the
`received information related to an expected sensor
`measurement includes a predicted pose of a sensing
`element relative to the measurement sensor.” ........................ 109
`Claim 33 .................................................................................. 110
`Claim 47 .................................................................................. 113
`Claim 50 - “The method of claim 47 wherein providing
`the estimation module includes providing a module that
`is configurable to use different sets of sensor modules
`coupled to it.” .......................................................................... 121
`Claim 59 - “The method of claim 47 wherein providing
`configuration information from the sensor modules
`includes providing information characterizing a type of a
`sensor associated with a sensor module.” ............................... 123
`D. Ground V: Horton and Welch 1997 .................................................. 124
`1.
`Claim 34 - “The method of claim 33, further comprising
`selecting a pair of sensing elements from the sequence of
`candidates, the selected pair of sensing elements being
`ready to make a measurement at the time of selection of
`the pair or at a predefined time after the time of selection
`of the pair, the selected pair having highest expected
`utility of a measurement among the sequence of
`candidates.” ............................................................................. 125
`SPECIFIC GROUNDS IN PETITION NO. 2022-01308 ........................... 127
`A. GROUND I: Welch 2001 and Welch 1997 ....................................... 127
`1.
`Claim 1 .................................................................................... 127
`2.
`Claim 6 .................................................................................... 131
`3.
`Claim 7 - “The method of claim 6, further comprising
`selecting a pair of sensing elements from a sequence of
`
`iv
`
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`X.
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`

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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`4.
`
`candidates of pairs of sensing elements, the selected pair
`of sensing elements being ready to make a measurement
`at the time of selection of the pair or at a predefined time
`after the time of selection of the pair, the selected pair
`having a highest expected utility of a measurement
`among the sequence of candidates.” ....................................... 132
`Claim 9 - “The method of claim 8 wherein the target
`comprises a natural feature in an environment.” .................... 134
`B. GROUND II: Welch 2001, Welch 1997, and Harris ........................ 135
`1. Motivation to Combine ........................................................... 135
`2.
`Claim 5 - “The system of claim 1 further comprising a
`navigation subsystem to navigate the object in an
`environment based on the location estimate for the
`object.” .................................................................................... 138
`C. GROUND III: Welch 2001, Welch 1997, and Reitmayr .................. 139
`1. Motivation to Combine ........................................................... 139
`D. GROUND IV: Horton ....................................................................... 141
`1.
`Claim 1 .................................................................................... 141
`2.
`Claim 2 - “The system of claim 1 wherein the sensor
`subsystem includes one or more sensor modules, each
`providing an interface for interacting with a
`corresponding set of one or more sensing elements.” ............ 148
`Claim 3 - “The system of claim 2 wherein the interface
`enables the sensor module to perform computations
`independently of an implementation of the estimation
`subsystem.” ............................................................................. 150
`Claim 4 - “The system of claim 2 wherein the interface
`enables the estimation subsystem to perform
`computations independently of an implementation of the
`sensor modules.” ..................................................................... 153
`Claim 6 .................................................................................... 154
`Claim 7 - “The method of claim 6, further comprising
`selecting a pair of sensing elements from a sequence of
`candidates of pairs of sensing elements, the selected pair
`of sensing elements being ready to make a measurement
`v
`
`
`5.
`6.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`7.
`
`at the time of selection of the pair or at a predefined time
`after the time of selection of the pair, the selected pair
`having a highest expected utility of a measurement
`among the sequence of candidates.” ....................................... 155
`Claim 8 - “The method of claim 6 wherein the set of
`sensing elements comprises at least one sensor and at
`least one target, the sensor making a measurement with
`respect to the target.” .............................................................. 158
`GROUND V: Horton in View of Welch 1997 .................................. 159
`1.
`Claim 7 - “The method of claim 6, further comprising
`selecting a pair of sensing elements from a sequence of
`candidates of pairs of sensing elements, the selected pair
`of sensing elements being ready to make a measurement
`at the time of selection of the pair or at a predefined time
`after the time of selection of the pair, the selected pair
`having a highest expected utility of a measurement
`among the sequence of candidates.” ....................................... 159
`Claim 8 - “The method of claim 6 wherein the set of
`sensing elements comprises at least one sensor and at
`least one target, the sensor making a measurement with
`respect to the target.” .............................................................. 162
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`vi
`
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`E.
`
`
`
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`

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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
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`
`
`EXHIBIT LIST
`
`Exhibit
`1001
`1002
`1003
`1004
`1005
`(1304/1305)
`1005
`(1308)
`1006
`1007
`
`1008
`
`1009
`
`1010
`1011
`1012
`
`1013
`
`1014
`
`1015
`
`Title
`U.S. Patent No. 6,922,632
`File History of U.S. Patent No. 6,922,632
`U.S. Patent No. 7,725,253
`File History of U.S. Patent No. 7,725,253
`Declaration of Dr. Ulrich Neumann in Support of Inter
`Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 6,922,632
`
`Declaration of Dr. Ulrich Neumann in Support of Inter
`Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 7,725,253
`
`Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Ulrich Neumann
`Welch, G. et al., “High-Performance Wide-Area Optical
`Tracking” (2001)
`Welch, G. et al., “SCAAT: Incremental Tracking with
`Incomplete Information” (1997)
`Welch G. “SCAAT:
`Incremental Tracking with
`Incomplete Information” PhD Thesis, University of North
`Carolina (1996)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,615,132
`U.S. Patent No. 5,307,289
`Infringement
`Preliminary
`Gentex’s
`Amended
`Contentions and corresponding Exhibits 4 and 5 (’632 and
`’253 infringement charts)
`Azuma, R. “Predictive Tracking for Augmented Reality”
`PhD Thesis, University of North Carolina (1995)
`You, S. and Neumann, U. “Orientation Tracking for
`Outdoor Augmented Reality Registration.” (1999)
`Carlson, Neal A. and Berarducci, Michael P. “Federated
`Kalman Filter Simulation Results.” Navigation. Vol. 41,
`Issue 3 at 297-322. (Fall 1994)
`
`vii
`
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
`
`

`

`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`Exhibit
`1016
`
`1017
`
`1018
`
`1019
`
`1020
`
`1021
`
`1022
`1023
`1024
`
`1025
`
`1026
`
`1027
`
`Title
`Reitmayr, Gerhard and Schmalstieg. “An Open Software
`Architecture for Virtual Reality Interaction” VRST ’01
`(November 2001)
`Barfield, W. “Fundamentals of Wearable Computers and
`Augmented Reality” (2001)
`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters regarding Welch, G. et
`al., “High- Performance Wide-Area Optical Tracking”
`(2001)
`Declaration of Scott Delman regarding Welch, G. et al.,
`“SCAAT:
`Incremental Tracking with
`Incomplete
`Information” (1997)
`Declaration of Dr. James L. Mullins regarding Welch G.
`“SCAAT:
`Incremental Tracking with
`Incomplete
`Information” PhD Thesis, University of North Carolina
`(1996)
`Declaration of Scott Delman regarding Reitmayr, Gerhard
`and Schmalstieg. “An Open Software Architecture for
`Virtual Reality Interaction” VRST ’01 (November 2001)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,807,284
`U.S. Patent No. 5,991,085
`Chen, Steven C. and Lee, Kang. “A mixed-mode smart
`transducer interface for sensors and actuators”, Sound &
`Vibration, 32(4), 24-27 (April 1998)
`Hoff, William and Vincent, Tyrone. “Analysis of Head
`Pose Accuracy
`in Augmented Reality”,
`IEEE
`Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,
`Vol. 6, Issue 4, October – December 2000.
`Zetu, Dan et al., “Extended-Range Hybrid Tracker and
`Applications
`to Motion and Camera Tracking
`in
`Manufacturing Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Robotics
`and Automation, Vol. 16, Issue 3, June 2000
`Declaration of Rachel J. Watters regarding Chen, Steven
`C. and Lee, Kang. “A mixed-mode smart transducer
`
`viii
`
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`

`

`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`Exhibit
`
`1028
`
`1029
`
`1030
`1031
`
`1032
`(1304, 1305, 1308)
`
`2001
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`Title
`interface for sensors and actuators.” Sound & Vibration,
`32(4), 24-27 (April 1998)
`Declaration of Gordon MacPherson regarding Hoff,
`William and Vincent, Tyrone. “Analysis of Head Pose
`Accuracy in Augmented Reality”, IEEE Transactions on
`Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 6, Issue 4,
`October – December 2000.
`Declaration of Gordon MacPherson regarding Zetu, Dan
`et al., “Extended-Range Hybrid Tracker and Applications
`to Motion and Camera Tracking in Manufacturing
`Systems,”
`IEEE Transactions on Robotics and
`Automation, Vol. 16, Issue 3, June 2000
`U.S. Patent No. 5,592,401
`Case Management and Pretrial Order, Gentex Corp. v.
`Meta Platforms, Inc., No. 5:22-cv-03892-YGR (N.D. Cal.
`Oct.18, 2022), ECF No. 116
`in Support of
`Declaration of Akshay S. Deoras
`Unopposed Motion for Pro Hac Vice Admission Pursuant
`to 37 C.F.R. § 42.10(c)
`Complaint, Gentex Corp. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., No.
`6:21-cv-00755-ADA (W.D. Tex. July 22, 2021), ECF No.
`1
`Joint Order Regarding Claim Construction and Discovery,
`Gentex Corp. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., No. 5:22-cv-03892-
`YGR (N.D. Cal. Nov. 9, 2022), ECF No. 118
`Gentex Corp. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., No. 5:22-cv-03892-
`YGR (N.D. Cal.), Letter from Laura Ashley Harris to
`Andrew Borrasso (Feb. 3, 2023)
`Gentex Corp. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., No. 5:22-cv-03892-
`YGR (N.D. Cal.), Excerpts of Invalidity Contentions of
`Meta Platforms, Inc. (Dec. 5, 2022)
`
`ix
`
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`Exhibit
`2005
`(1304, 1305, 1308)
`
`2006
`(1304, 1305, 1308)
`
`2009
`
`2010
`
`2011
`2012
`
`2013
`2014
`
`2015
`
`2016
`2017
`2018
`
`Title
`Declaration of Adam D. Harber in Support of Unopposed
`Motion for Pro Hac Vice Admission Pursuant to
`37 C.F.R. § 42.10(c)
`in Support of
`Declaration of Melissa B. Collins
`Unopposed Motion for Pro Hac Vice Admission Pursuant
`to 37 C.F.R. § 42.10(c)
`Transcript of the Deposition of Dr. Ulrich Neumann (June
`1, 2023)
`Excerpt of the Transcript of the Deposition of Dr. Ulrich
`Neumann (May 23, 2023)
`Couple, American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed, 2000)
`Configure, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
`(10th ed. 1999)
`Configure, American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed. 2000)
`Configure, Random House Webster’s Unabridged
`Dictionary (2d ed. 2001)
`Enumerate, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
`(10th ed. 1999)
`Enumerate, American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed. 2000)
`IEEE 1451.4-2004, IEEE SA (last visited June 8, 2023)
`Inertial Motion-Tracking Technology for Virtual 3-D,
`NASA Spinoff (originally published in 2005)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`x
`
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`I, Yohan Baillot, declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`Introduction
`1. My name is Yohan Baillot. I am founder and CEO of ARCortex, Inc.,
`
`a software development and systems integration business supporting the use of
`
`augmented reality (“AR”) solutions. I have been retained by counsel for Thales
`
`Visionix and Real-Party-in-Interest Gentex Corp. (together “Patent Owner”) to
`
`provide my opinions regarding whether the grounds asserted by Petitioner Meta
`
`Platforms, Inc., in IPR Nos. 2022-01304, 2022-01305, and 2022-01308 rendered
`
`obvious the challenged claims in U.S. Patent No. 6,922,632 (“’632 patent”) and/or
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,725,253 (“’253 patent).
`
`2.
`
`For my time spent on this matter, I have been compensated at my
`
`standard billing rate of $225/hour. I am being separately reimbursed for any out-of-
`
`pocket expenses. My compensation does not depend on the content of my opinions
`
`or the outcome of this case.
`
`3.
`
`In forming the opinions expressed in this Declaration, I have also relied
`
`on my academic and professional experience. I also considered the viewpoint of a
`
`person having ordinary skill in the art as of the time of alleged invention of the ’632
`
`and ’253 patents. My opinions are based, at least in part, on the exhibits listed above.
`
`1
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
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`II. Qualifications
`A. Education Background and Career History
`4. My curriculum vitae (“CV”) is attached to this declaration as Exhibit
`
`2008. It provides an accurate identification of my background and experience.
`
`5.
`
`I earned my Master of Sciences degree in electrical engineering in 1996
`
`from Polytech Montpellier in Montpellier, France. In 1999, I earned a second Master
`
`of Science degree in computer science from the University of Central Florida in
`
`Orlando, Florida. My UCF Master’s dissertation focused on the Virtual Dynamic
`
`Anatomy Tool, an AR prototype to show inner anatomy dynamically superimposed
`
`on the patient’s body.
`
`6.
`
`I have specialized in the field of AR for the last 25 years. While
`
`obtaining my Master’s at UCF, I worked in an AR-focused lab. I have since worked
`
`with the United States Army and Navy to develop early prototypes of AR systems
`
`with situation awareness and training capabilities for use by the U.S. military, as
`
`well as with companies in the private sector, including eyewear companies working
`
`on AR visualization.
`
`B.
`7.
`
`Publications and Patents
`I have written or co-written a book chapter and more than 25 journal
`
`and conference papers, many of which focus on tracking and visualization for
`
`augmented reality systems. These publications include:
`
`2
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`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
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`(cid:120) Baillot Y., Julier S., Brown D., Livingston M. (2003) “A General Tracker
`
`Alignment Framework for Augmented Reality,” ISMAR 2003, Tokyo,
`
`October 2003.
`
`(cid:120) Julier S., Lanzargota M., Baillot Y., Brown D. (2002) “Information Filtering
`
`for Mobile Augmented Reality”, 2002, IEEE Computer Graphics &
`
`Applications.
`
`(cid:120) Rolland, J.P., Y. Baillot, and A. Goon (2000); “A survey of tracking
`
`technology for virtual environments,” in Augmented Reality and Wearable
`
`Computers. Ed. Barfield and Caudell (Mahwah, NJ), (2000).
`
`(cid:120) Baillot, Y (1998) “First Implementation of the Virtual Reality Dynamic
`
`Anatomy (VRDA) tool,” Master thesis dissertation, School of Computer
`
`Sciences, University of Central Florida.
`
`A complete list of my publications is contained in my curriculum vitae (Ex. 2008).
`
`8.
`
`I am a named inventor on the following patents:
`
`(cid:120) “Method and system for geo-referencing and visualization of detected
`
`contaminants,” U.S. Patent No. 7,383,129, issued in June 2008.
`
`(cid:120) “Method and system for relative tracking,” U.S. Patent No. 7,538,724, issued
`
`in May 2009.
`
`(cid:120) “Emergency rescue system and method having video and IMU data
`
`synchronization,” U.S. Patent No. 8,296,063, issued in October 2012
`
`3
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`IPR2022-01308
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
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`(cid:120) “Augmented reality-based system and method providing status and control of
`
`unmanned vehicles,” U.S. Patent No. 7,920,071, issued in October 2015
`
`(cid:120) “System and method to display maintenance and operational instructions of
`
`an apparatus using augmented reality,” U.S. Patent No. 9,324,229, issued in
`
`April 2016
`
`C. Other Relevant Qualifications
`9.
`I am a member of the Open AR Cloud Foundation (OARC) and the
`
`Metaverse Standards Consortium.
`
`III. LEGAL STANDARDS
`10. My understanding of the legal framework for claim construction is
`
`attached in Appendix A.
`
`11.
`
`I understand from counsel for Patent Owner that the obviousness of a
`
`patent claim is evaluated from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art
`
`(“POSITA”) as of the effective filing date of the patent application. The provisional
`
`filing date of the ’632 patent and ’253 patents is August 9, 2002, which I understand
`
`to be the effective filing date (or, priority date) of ’632 patent and ’253 patents.
`
`12.
`
`I understand from counsel that a patent claim would have been
`
`“obvious,” and thus invalid, if the differences between the subject matter sought to
`
`be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have
`
`been obvious at the time the invention was made to the POSITA to which said
`
`4
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`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`subject matter pertains. I understand from counsel that analysis of whether a claim
`
`would have been obvious depends on (a) the scope and content of the prior art,
`
`(b) the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art, (c) the level of
`
`ordinary skill in the art, and (d) any objective indicia of non-obviousness. I
`
`understand from counsel that the use of hindsight must be avoided because the
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`obviousness of an invention is evaluated from the perspective of the POSITA at the
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`time the invention was made. Thus, in conducting an obviousness inquiry, one must
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`be aware of the distortion caused by hindsight bias and must be cautious to avoid
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`reading into the prior art the teachings of the claimed invention at issue.
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`13.
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`I understand from counsel that, to show that a patent would have been
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`obvious, the party challenging the patent must demonstrate that a skilled artisan
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`would have been motivated to combine the teachings of the prior art to achieve the
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`claimed invention. As such, the challenger must prove not only that the prior art
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`taught or suggested the invention, but also that the POSITA would have had a reason
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`to combine the teachings of the prior art references to achieve the claimed invention.
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`In other words, there needs to be a reason to combine the known elements in the way
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`claimed by the patent at issue.
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`14.
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`I also understand from counsel that references that “teach away” from
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`the invention—in other words, references that would lead the POSITA in a different
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`direction from that taken by the patentee and that would lead the POSITA to believe
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`5
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
`
`

`

`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`that the direction taken by the patentee was unsuitable—must be considered. In
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`determining whether the invention would have been obvious, one must consider the
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`prior art as a whole.
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`15.
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`I understand from counsel that, in addition to having a motivation to
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`achieve the claimed invention, the POSITA must have had a reasonable expectation
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`of success. I understand from counsel that to have a reasonable expectation of
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`success, one must be motivated to do more than merely vary all parameters or try
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`each of numerous possible choices until one possibly arrived at a successful result,
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`where the prior art gave either no indication of which parameters were critical or no
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`direction as to which of many possible choices is likely to be successful.
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`IV. THE ’632 AND ’253 PATENTS
`16. The ’632 and ’253 patents were invented by Eric Foxlin, founder and
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`Chief Technology Officer at InterSense, Inc., a cutting-edge virtual reality company.
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`InterSense developed and sold inertial motion trackers and motion tracking systems,
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`including to government and private customers. Ex. 2018; Ex.2010, 18:15-19:24.
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`17. At the time the ’632 and ’253 patents were invented, Foxlin was a well-
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`known and well-respected researcher and entrepreneur in the motion tracking field.
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`I understand Petitioner’s expert agrees that Foxlin was a “well-respected” “figure in
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`the field that people who were doing work in the field knew of.” Ex. 2010, 18:15-
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`19:24.
`
`6
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
`
`

`

`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`18. The ’632 and ’253 patents relate to a “navigation or motion tracking
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`system” that “includes components associated with particular sensors, which are
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`decoupled from a tracking component that takes advantage of information in the
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`sensor measurements.” Ex. 1001, Abstract; see also id. 2:21-24.1
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`19. This separation of the sensor component from the tracking component
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`is an important aspect of the invention. As the patents acknowledge, prior art
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`systems were capable of using measurements from sensors to estimate the position
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`and orientation of an object. Ex. 1001, 1:16-21. A variety of different types of
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`sensors were available in the prior art. Id., 1:21-23. Those “[d]ifferent types of
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`sensors measure different aspects of the relative pose of a sensor and a target, such
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`as range, direction, or relative orientation.” Id., 1:27-29. Accordingly, “[d]ifferent
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`sensors may have different measurement characteristics that affect the mapping
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`between the relative pose of a sensor and a target and the measurement values
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`provided by the sensor,” such as “uncertainty or noise characteristics of the
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`measurement values.” Id., 1:30-34. Some methods of tracking in the prior art, such
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`as Kalman filtering techniques, “typically require[d] detailed knowledge of [such]
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`measurement characteristics of the specific sensors used in tracking the object” in
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`
`1 The ’253 patent is a continuation of the application that became the ’632 patent, so
`the two patents contain substantially the same disclosure. Accordingly, when
`referring to the shared specification of the ’632 (Ex. 1001) and ’253 patents
`(Ex. 1003), I may cite to only one of the exhibits for efficiency.
`
`7
`
`IPR2022-01308
`Exhibit 2007
`
`

`

`Ex. 2007 – Declaration of Yohan Baillot
`
`order to estimate the tracked object’s pose. Id., 1:40-43.
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`20. The patents do not claim simply a method for estimating pose that
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`makes use of measurement characteristics of and measurements from sensors—
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`indeed, it expressly recognizes such approaches already existed. Id., 1:16-21.
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`Instead, the patents claim a particular modular approach whereby a sensor
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`component is separate from but connected to an estimation or tracking component.
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`21. As part of this approach, the estimation component must know which
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`sensors it has available to it and sufficient information about those sensors in order
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`to make use of measurements received from them. To achieve this, according to the
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`invention, the sensor portion of the overall system provides information to the
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`tracking portion about the attributes or characteristics of the sensors so that the
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`tracking portion can be configured to take advantage of the information available to
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`it. E.g., id., 2:39-41 (“Configuration data is accepted from the sensor subsystem,
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`and the estimation subsystem is configured according to the a