The
`American
`HeritageDictionary
`of the English Language
`
`FOURTH EDITION
`
`
`
`ws HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
`™Q Boston New York
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`Wordsare included in this Dictionary onthe basis of their usage.
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`shownwith aninitial capital andare also identified as trademarks. No
`investigation has been made of common-law trademarkrights in any
`word,because suchinvestigationis impracticable. The inclusion of any
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`The American Heritage dictionary of the English language.—4th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-395-82517-2 (hardcover) — ISBN 0-618-08230-1
`(hardcover with CD ROM)
`1. English language—Dictionaries
`PE1628 .A623 2000
`423-dc21
`
`00-025369
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
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`

`caecummemantine
`
`Enugu | eon
`
`Eenuegu (a-noo/goo) A city of southeast Nigeria east of the Niger
`-vi/arn-)
`enevieronemenetaleism (én-vi’ran-mén/tl-iz’am,
`River. It developedas a coal-miningcenterin the early 1900s. Population:
`1. Advocacy for or work toward protecting the natural environmen;
`222,600.
`from destruction or pollution. 2. The theory that environment Tathe,
`eenuemereaeble (i-ndo/mar-a-bal, -nyoo!-) adj. Capable of being
`thanheredityis the primaryinfluence onintellectual growth and cultura
`development. —enevi’ronemen/taleist 1.
`,
`put into one-to-one correspondencewiththepositive integers; denumer-
`environmental medicine 1. See clinical ecology.
`able. —eenu/mereaeblyadv.
`eenuemereate (i-ndo/ma-rat’,
`-nyoo/-)
`trv. -ateed,
`-ateing,
`enevierons(én-vi/ranz, -vi/arnz) pl.n. 1. A surrounding area, espe
`-ates 1. To count off or name one byone;list: A spokesperson enumer-
`cially of a city.
`2. Surroundings; environment.
`[{French, from Ok
`atedthe strikers’ demands, 2. To determine the numberof; count. [Latin
`French,pl.of environ,circuit, from environ, round about. See ENVIRON }
`énumerare, énumerat-, to count out : é-, ex-, ex- + mumerus, number; see
`eneviseage (én-viz/ij) tv. -aged, -ageing, -agees 1. To conceiy,
`nem- in Appendix I.| —eenu/merea/tion n. —eenu/merea’tive
`an imageora pictureof, especially as a future possibility: envisaged ,
`(-ma-ra’tiv, -mar-a-) adj. —eenu/merea’tor n.
`worldat peace. 2. To consideror regard in a certain way. {French enyig
`eenunecieate (i-niin/sé-at’)_v. -ateed, -ateing, -ates —tr. 1. To
`ager : Old French en-, in; see EN—' + Old French visage, face; see Visage ]
`pronounce;articulate. 2. To state or set forth precisely or systematically:
`eneviesion (én-vizh’an) tr.v. -sioned,-sioneing,-sionsTopicty;,
`in the mind; imagine.
`enunciate a doctrine. 3. To announce; proclaim. —intr. To pronounce
`enevoi (én/voi’, dn/-) 1. Variant of envoy?.
`words; speak aloud. [Latin éntintidre, éniintidt- : -, ex-, ex- + niintidre,
`to announce(fromniintius, messenger; see neu- in Appendix I).] —ee
`enevoy’(én/voi’, bn/-) n. 1. A representative of a governmentwh;
`nun/cieaeble(-a-bal) adj. —eenun’ciea/tion n. —eenun/ciea’tive
`is sent on a special diplomatic mission. 2. A minister plenipotentiar
`(-sé-a/tiv, -sé-a-tiv) adj. —eenun/ciea’tiveely adj. —eenun/ciea’-
`assigned to a foreign embassy, ranking next below the ambassador, 3, ,
`tor n.
`messenger; an agent. [French envoyé, messenger, from past Participle o
`v. Variant of inure.
`eneure (in-yoor’)
`envoyer, to send, fromOld French envoier, from Late Latin invidre, toh
`on the way: Latin in-, in, on; see EN-' + Latin via, way; see Wegh.;
`eneuereesis (én/ya-ré/sis) n. The uncontrolled or involuntary dis-
`Appendix I.]
`charge of urine. [NewLatin, from Greek enourein, to urinate in : en-, in;
`
`see EN—* + ourein, to urinate.] —en’ueret/ic (-rét/ik) adj.
`enevoy?also enevoi (én/voi’, dn/-) 1. 1. A short closing stanza j
`certain verse forms, such as the ballade orsestina, dedicating the poer
`eneveleop (én-vél/ap) tr.v. -oped, -opeing, -ops 1. To enclose or
`to a patron or summarizing its main ideas. 2. The concludingportio
`encase completely with oras
`if with a covering: “Accompanying the dark-
`of a prose workora play. [Middle English envoie, from Old French,
`ness, a stillness envelops the city” (Curtis Wilkie). 2. To attack (an enemy’s
`sending away, conclusion, from envoier, to send. See ENVOY'.]
`flank). {Middle English envolupen, to be involved in, from Old French
`enevy (én/vé) n., pl. -vies 1a. A feeling of discontent and resentmer
`envoluper, envoloper: en-, in; see EN—'
`+ voloper, to wrap up.] —enevel/-
`aroused byand in conjunction withdesire for the possessionsorqualitic
`opeer n. —enevel/opement n.
`of another. b. The object of such feeling: Their new pool madethemt}
`enevesrlope (én/va-lop’, bn/-) m. 1. A flat paper container,especially
`envy oftheir neighbors. 2. Obsolete Malevolence. *tr.v. -vied, -vyeing
`for a letter, usually having a gummedflap. 2. Something that envelops;
`-vies 1. To feel envy toward. 2. To regard with envy. [Middle Englis
`a wrapping. 3. Biology An enclosing structure or cover, such as a mem-
`envie, from Old French, from Latin invidia, from invidus, envious,fro
`
`braneor the outer coat of a virus. 4. The bag containing the gas in a
`invidére, to look at with envy : in-, in, on; see EN-' + vidére, to see;
`s¢
`balloonorairship. 5. The set of limitations within which a technological
`weid- in AppendixI. V., from Middle English envien, fromOld Fren¢
`system, especiallyanaircraft, can performsafely and effectively. 6. The
`envier, fromLatin invidére.| —en/vieer n. —en/vyeingely adv.
`comaof a comet. 7. Mathematics A curve or surface that is tangent to
`every oneof a family of curves or surfaces. —idiom: push the en-
`Synonymsenvy, begrudge, covet These verbs meantofeelresentful:
`velope 1. To increase the operating capabilities of a technological sys-
`painful desire for another’s advantages or possessions. Envy,
`the mo
`tem. 2. To exceed the existing limits in a certain field; be innovative.
`general, combines discontent, resentment, and desire: “When I peru
`{French enveloppe, from envelopper, to envelop, from Old French envol-
`the conqueredfameof heroes andthe victories of mightygenerals, I don
`oper. See ENVELOP.]
`
`envythe generals” (Walt Whitman). Begrudgestressesill will and relu
`tance to acknowledge another's right or claim: Whybegrudge him }
`Usage Note The word envelope was borrowed into English from
`success? Covet stresses a secret or culpable longing for something
`Frenchduringthe early 18th century, and thefirst syllable acquired the
`which onehas noright: “We hate no people and covet no people's lana
`pronunciation (6n) as an approximationto thenasalized French pronun-
`(Wendell L. Willkie).
`ciation. Gradually the word has becomeanglicized further and is now
`most commonly pronounced (én/va-lop’). The earlier pronunciation is
`enewind (én-wind’) trv. -wound (-wound’), -windeing, -win
`still considered acceptable, however. A recent survey reveals that
`the
`To windaroundor about.
`(6n/-) pronunciation for the wordenvelopeis used by 30 percent of the
`enewomb(én-woom/) tr.v. -wombed, -wombeing, -wombs "
`Usage Panel and is recognized as an acceptable variant by about 20per-
`enclose in or as if in a womb.
`cent of those Panelistswho normallyuse the (&n/-) pronunciation. Other
`enewrap (én-rap’) trv. -wrapped, -wrapeping, -wraps 1a."
`similar words borrowed fromFrenchin the modernperiod include envoy
`wrapup; enclose. b. To envelop. 2. To absorb completely; engross: !
`(17th century), encore, ennui, ensemble, entree (18th century), entourage,
`enwrappedbythe fascinatingtale.
`and entrepreneur(19th century). Most retain their pseudo-French pro-
`
`enewreathe§(én-réth’) trv. -wreathed, -wreathein
`
`
`nunciations, with the exception of envoy, which,like envelope,
`is mainly
`-wreathesTo surround withoras if with a wreath.
`pronouncedwith (én) now.
`enezoroteic (én’z6-dt/ik) adj. Affecting or peculiar to animals 0
`specific geographic area. Used of a disease. n. An enzootic disea
`eneveneom (én-vén/am) tr.v. -omed, -omeing, -oms 1. To make
`
`{EN+ ZO(O)— + -OTIC.]}
`poisonous or noxious. 2. ‘lo embitter. [Middle English envenimen, to
`poison, from Old French envenimer : en-, cover with; see EN-' + venim,
`enezyme(én/zim) n. Any of numerousproteins or conjugated pt
`venom; see VENOM.|
`teins producedbyliving organisms and functioning as biochemical ¢
`alysts. [German Enzym, from Medieval Greek enztimos, leavened: Gre
`enevieaeble (én/vé-a-bal) adj. So desirable as to arouse envy: “the
`en-,
`in; see EN+ Greek ziimé,
`leaven, yeast.] —en/zyematlic (~
`enviable English quality of being able to be mute without unrest” (Henry
`James). —en/vieaebly adv.
`matfik), enezy/mic (-zi/mik, -zim/ik) adj. —en/zyemat/iecal*
`enezy/miecalely adv.
`:
`enevieous(8n/ve-as) adj. 1. Feeling, expressing, or characterized by
`
`enezyemoleoegy (én’za-mol/s-j8)_ 7. The branch ofscience
`envy: “At times he regarded the woundedsoldiers in an envious way.
`... He
`wished thathe, too, had a wound,ared badge of courage”(Stephen Crane).
`deals with the biochemical nature andactivity of enzymes. —enz
`mol/oegist 1.
`See synonymsat jealous. 2. Archaic Eager to emulate; emulous. —en/-
`EO abbr. executive order
`vieousely adv. —en/vieouseness 11.
`@.0. abbr. Latinex officio (byvirtue of office)
`eneviero (én-vi/rd) 1., pl. -ros Informal An environmentalist.
`6s, dawn.
`eo- pref. Most primitive;earliest: eohippus. [From Greek
`enevieron (én-vi/ran, -vi/arn) tr.v. -roned, -roneing, -rons ‘To en-
`on
`aus- in AppendixI.]
`circle; surround. See synonyms at surround.
`[Middle English envi-
`rounen, from Old French environner, fromenviron, roundabout: en-, in;
`adj. Of or belonging to the geologic time
`Eeoecene(é€a-sén’)
`
`
`see EN—' + viron,circle (from virer, to turn; see VEER').]
`series, or sedimentarydeposits of the second epoch ofthe Tertiary :
`enevieronement(én-vi/ran-mant,-vi/arn-) 1. 1. The circumstanc-
`od, characterized by warmclimates andtherise of most moder 7
`malian families. See table at geologic time.
`“+ n. The Eocen€
`P
`es or conditions that surround one; surroundings. 2. The totality of cir-
`orits system of deposits.
`cumstances surrounding an organismorgroupoforganisms, especially:
`EOE abbr. equal opportunity employer
`.
`a. The combinationofexternal physical conditionsthataffect and influ-
`eroehipepus (é8/6-hip/as)
`nm. Hyracotherium. [New Lat
`ence the growth, development, and survivalof organisms: “Weshall never
`Greek hippos, horse; see ekwo- in Appendix I.]
`understand the natural environmentuntil we see it as a living organism”
`Relating
`e°oeliean also aeeoeliean (é-d/lé-an, é-l/yan)
`adi.
`(Paul Brooks). b. The complex ofsocial and cultural conditionsaffecting
`.
`caused by, or carried by the wind. [From AEOLUS.]
`the nature of an individual or community. 3. Computer Science a. The
`e°oelith (e€a-lith’) . A crude stoneartifact, such as a flake.
`eatlti
`entire set of conditions under which oneoperates a computer,asit relates
`to the hardware, operating platform, or operating system. b. An area of
`Eeoelitheic (8’2-lith’ik) adj. Of or relating to the postulates’ s
`a computer's memoryused bythe operating system and some programs
`period of humanculture preceding the LowerPaleolithic. Not
`to store certain variables to which they need frequent access.
`tific use.
`.
`t) highs in
`enevieronemenetal (én-vi’ran-mén/tl, -vi’arn-) adj. 1. Of, relat-
`Eeoelus (é-6/las), Mount A peak, 4,295.3 m(14,083 f
`San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado.
`ing to, or associated with the environment. 2. Relating to or being con-
`ot
`cernedwith the ecological impact of altering the environment. 3. Med-
`eri
`EOM abbr. end of month
`ing
`icine Of orrelating to potentially harmful factors originating in the
`e°onalso aeeon (ée6n’, an) n. 1. An indefinitely lo8 P tw
`*
`"
`cesT Mes
`amewilraneman/talely adv
`time: an age. 2. The longestdivision of geologic time, contal
`
`ns EO
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