CX-0693
`
`Classical Illumination Designs
`
`57
`
`Spherical Reflector
`
`
`The light emitted from a source in the direction away
`from the optical system can be redirected toward the
`optical system by using a spherical mirror with the
`source located at the center of curvature.
`
`source
`
`source
`
`and
`image
`of
`
`--
`;
`
`If the source is solid, it is necessary to place the source
`slightly away from the center of curvature and the image
`just above, below, or alongside the physical source.
`
`— Ignoring
`losses
`on
`a reflection, the image has
`ow
`source, but the effective
`
`1
`
`the same radiance as the
`
`source area (source plus
`image)is doubled.
`
`Sometimes this technique is used to place the image of
`a source in a location where the physical source itself
`could not fit because of an obstruction such as a lamp
`
`envelope or socket.
`
`If the source is not solid, such as a coiled wire tungsten
`filament,
`imaging the source almost directly onto itself
`can help fill in the area between thecoils.
`
`source
`
`image
`
`In this case, the effective area of
`the source is not appreciably
`increased,
`but
`the
`apparent
`:
`radiance is nearly doubled.
`
`
`
`PAGE 71 OF 154
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`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`58
`
`Illumination
`
`Abbe Illumination
`a)
`
`Abbe illumination is characterized by imaging the
`source (or imaging an image of the source) directly onto
`the illuminated area. Since the uniformity of illumination
`is directly related to the uniformity of source radiance,
`Abbe illumination requires an extended source of uniform
`radiance such as a well-controlled arc, a ribbon filament
`lamp,
`the output of a clad rod, a frosted bulb, an
`illuminated diffuser, or
`the output of an integrating
`sphere.
`
`The paraxial layout below shows Abbe illumination used
`in a projection system. The source is
`imaged by a
`condenser onto the film. The projection objective images
`the film and the image of the source onto the screen. The
`purple dotted lines show the marginal and chief rays from
`the source. The black dotted lines show the marginal and
`chief rays from the film (and the image of the source). The
`marginal rays go through the on-axis points on the object
`and image and on the edges of the pupils (which are the
`lenses in this case). The chief rays go through the edges of
`the object and image andthe on-axis points of the pupils.
`
`screen
`
`source
`
`SOUrCE
`image
`ge,
`
`film
`
`projection
`lens
`
`J
`
`
`
`
`
`=. “a. - =
`
`condenser
`
`
`
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`
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Classical Illumination Designs
`
`5g
`
`Kohler Illumination
`
`
`Kohler illumination is used when the source is not
`uniform, such as a coiled tungsten filament. Kohler
`illumination is characterized by imaging the source
`through the film onto the projection lens. The film is
`placed adjacent to the condenser, where the illumination
`is quite uniform, provided the source has a relative
`uniform angular distribution of intensity.
`
`The paraxial layout below shows Kohler illumination used
`in a projection system. The source is
`imaged by a
`condenser onto the projection lens. The projection
`objective images the film onto the screen. The purple
`dotted lines show the marginal and chief rays from the
`source. The black dotted lines show the marginal and
`chief rays from thefilm.
`
`Sou rce
`
`projection
`
`screen
`
`image mes ae mee
`generally depends upon the type of source available.
`
`~~. ~ ~
`
`~— ~
`
`de, ~
`
`condenser,
`film
`
`condenser NAs,
`similar
`sources,
`With similar
`source/condenser étendue as limiting étendue, and
`similar screen sizes, the average screen irradiance
`levels are the same for both Abbe and Kohler
`illumination systems. The choice between the two
`
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`IPR2022-01299
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`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`60
`
`Illumination
`
`Ellipsoidal and Paraboloidal Mirrors
`
`
`Very efficient collection of light from a source can be
`achieved using an ellipsoidal mirror, placing the source
`at one of the foci. The source is imaged at the other focus,
`with light collected over more than a hemisphere.
`
`ellipsoid
`
`source ~*~.
`
`oe
`
`-
`
`-
`
`to use a paraboloidal mirror to
`An alternative is
`collimate the light from a source andalens to reimageit.
`Again, the light from the source is collected over more
`than a hemisphere.
`
`paraboloid
`
`
`
`_--~ - - --------
`
`source
`
`TTS
`
`-
`
`lens
`
`> Binh
`
`we
`
`image
`
`The forward light is usually ignored in both of these types
`of designs.
`
`In both cases, the image of the source may not be good
`quality, but
`image quality may not be important
`in
`illumination systems. Also, obstructions like lamp bases,
`sockets, and mounting hardware can produce directional
`anomalies in the radiance of the image.
`
`If the quality of illumination is important, devices
`such as lenslet arrays or faceted reflectors may be
`
`used.
`
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`
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`PAGE 74 OF 154
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Classical Illumination Designs
`
`61
`
`Spectral Control and Heat Management
`
`
`illumination systems often contain
`for
`Specifications
`spectral requirements. Some of these requirements can be
`partially met by the selection of lamp type, but usually
`some sort of filtering is needed. Also, for visual systems,
`especially those using tungsten lamps, unwanted heat
`from infrared light may need to be removed. Again,
`filtering is needed.
`
`The simplest type of filter is the absorbing filter placed
`in front of the light source. Filter glasses with a wide
`range of spectral characteristics are available from glass
`manufacturers. The primary concern with absorbing glass
`filters is cracking from excessive absorbed heat.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Often a cracked filter will continue to workjustfine.
`
`Interference filters use multilayer thin-film coatings
`that
`either
`transmit
`or
`reflect
`light
`at
`specific
`wavelengths. Cracking is generally not a concern unless
`the filter is made of an absorbing substrate. These filters
`are available with a much wider variety of spectral
`properties
`than absorbing filters,
`including narrow
`bandwidth and sharp cut-off, and can be designed and
`manufactured to achieve specific custom properties. They
`are also available for different angles of illumination,
`typically 0 deg and 45 deg.
`
`Interference filters shift their spectral properties with
`incident angle and therefore may not be suitable for
`uncollimated lhght with a divergence of more than
`about 10 deg from the axis.
`
`
`
`
`
`Hot mirrors and cold mirrors are excellent ways to
`manage heat that must be removed from a light source. A
`hot mirror reflects infrared light and transmits visible
`light. A cold mirror reflects visible light and transmits
`infrared light. The reflector behind the light on a dentist’s
`chair is a cold mirror.
`
`
`
`PAGE 75 OF 154
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`62
`
`Illumination
`
`Illumination in Visual Afocal Systems
`
`
`take the
`such as binoculars,
`Afocal visual systems,
`collimated light
`from an extended distant object and
`present collimated light
`to the eye, but with angular
`magnification. Therefore,
`the object appears
`larger.
`However, the apparent radiance (and therefore perceived
`brightness) of the object is the same as that of the naked
`eye, provided the size of the aperture stop is the same
`with and without the binoculars. Without the binoculars,
`the aperture stop is merely the eye pupil. With the
`binoculars, the aperture stop is the smallerof:
`e
`the pupil of the eye magnified by the angular
`magnification, or
`the aperture of the objective lens.
`e
`In other words, if the collimated ray bundle entering the
`eye from the binoculars is smaller than the eye pupil, the
`apparent radiance of the object will be less with the
`binoculars than with the naked eye. If the pupil of the eye
`is
`the limiting aperture both with and without
`the
`binoculars, the apparent radiance will be the same.
`
`Binoculars are traditionally designated by two numbers,
`the first being the angular magnification, the second the
`diameter of the objective lens in mm.A light-adapted eye
`pupil with a 2-mm diameter would remain the aperture
`stop for all of the following commonsizes of bird-watching
`binoculars: 8 x 42, 8 x 32,10 x 42,6 x 25, and 10 x 25.
`These binoculars are generally used during the day.
`However, marine binoculars, which are used under all
`lighting conditions, are typically 7 x 50 to accommodate a
`7-mm-diameter dark-adapted eye pupil.
`
`Note that a true point source, such as a star, will
`have higher apparent intensity (and therefore appear
`brighter) with binoculars than with the naked eye
`because more light is collected with the binoculars,
`
`but there is no angular magnification.
`
`PAGE 76 OF 154
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Uniform Illumination
`
`68
`
`Searchlight
`
`
`A searchlight can provide uniform irradiance in three
`dimensions that is extremely insensitive to the position of
`the irradiated object.
`
`A searchlight consists of a small circular Lambertian
`source at the focal point of a collimating lens. Anywhere
`inside the shaded area in the figure below,
`the source
`appears as a circular disk at infinity, subtending a full
`angle a. The entire extent of the source is visible, because
`it does not completely fill the collimating lens. Since the
`view of the source is the same anywhere inside this
`region, the irradiance is the same.
`
`Outside this region and beyond point P, the lens restricts
`the area of the source that is visible. The lens itself
`appears as a disk of the same radiance as the source. In
`this region, the irradiance falls off as the square of the
`distance from the lens.
`
`source
`
`lens
`
`region of uniform
`
`[6A
`
`angle o:
`
`angle «
`
`For real searchlights with small sources and_large-
`
`diameter lenses,
`the paraxial description above is not
`exactly valid over the entire shaded region. However, over
`a relatively small portion of this region, the irradianceis
`extremely uniform. This region of irradiance uniformity
`extends not only laterally, but longitudinally as well.
`
`A searchlight provides a volume of uniform irradiance.
`
`
`
`PAGE 77 OF 154
`
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`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`64
`
`Illumination
`
`Source at a Distance
`
`
`A small source at a distance from an object can provide
`reasonably uniform irradiance across the object.
`It
`is
`somewhat counterintuitive that a bare lamp filament, with
`its obviously terrible radiance uniformity, can produce
`excellent
`irradiance uniformity. For example, a small
`(assumed Lambertian) lamp filament at 500 mm from a
`flat object whose largest dimension is 150 mm will provide
`irradiance uniformity across the object of better than 95%
`(considering only cos‘ falloff). The same lamp and object at
`1.0-meter
`distance
`produces
`nearly
`99% irradiance
`uniformity.
`
`
`
`Irradiance uniformity = E,/ E, > 0.95
`
`A source of uniform radiance can be created by
`illuminating a transmission or
`reflection diffuser
`
`with uniform irradiance.
`
`A commoncalibration laboratory method used to realize a
`standard of known radiance is to illuminate a reflection
`diffuser, typically 50 mm in diameter, with a standard of
`knownirradiance, typically a calibrated 1000-W tungsten
`halogen lamp (ANSI type FEL), at a 500-mm distance.
`The irradiance uniformity across the diffuser is better
`than 99.5%. If the reflectance factor of the diffuser is
`uniform, the radiance uniformity of the standard is also
`better than 99.5%.
`
`
`
`PAGE 78 OF 154
`
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`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Uniform Illumination
`
`65
`
`Mixing Rod
`
`
`A mixing rod is a long piece of clear quartz, glass, or
`plastic. Light entering one face of the rod undergoes
`multiple total internal reflections emerging from the other
`
`parallel face.
`
`Dueto the multiple reflections, the irradiance at the exit
`face can be extremely uniform. In a well-designed and
`illuminated rod, the radiance can be quite directionally
`uniform as well. The directional uniformity of radiance
`can be enhanced by placing a diffuser at the exit face of
`the rod or simply frosting the rod-end itself.
`
`Mixing rods can have any shape desired. The rods with
`plane sides do a better mixing job in most cases.
`
`Typically the rods have an aspect ratio (length to largest
`transverse dimension) of about 10:1, and are usually
`about 75- to 150-mm long. They can be clad like an optical
`fiber, but generally are not. Unlike a fiber, the number of
`reflections in a mixing rod is quite small, and losses are
`not a serious problem.
`
`it is
`Rather than using a rod with polished faces,
`possible to achieve a similar effect using a mirrored
`
`tube with a hollow center.
`
`illuminator are
`The combination of a rod and its
`sometimes designed by computer simulation. But
`the
`degree of uniformity required doesn’t always demandthis
`level of complexity,
`so simple trial-and-error is often
`sufficient.
`
`
`PAGE 79 OF 154
`
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`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`66
`
`Illumination
`
`Bent Lightpipes
`
`
`Complex lightpipes made from straight sections, bends,
`and tapers are common in many industries. Bent
`lightpipes are components used to mix or collect light
`from different paths that bend around objects or provide
`light output over an extended region. An example is
`automotive dashboard illuminators that employ lightpipes
`coupled to a small incandescent source or an LED. The
`lightpipe allows the source light to be directed around
`dials and knobs. The bends allow simple packaging and
`lower costs at the expense of design complexity.
`Any cross-sectional shape, bend angle, bend shape, and so
`forth is possible, but the simplest is a single, right-angle
`bend using common-center,
`circular bends
`and an
`arbitrary cross section. A circular cross-section is shown
`here. Two importantslices are called principal sections:
`the vertical (V), which shows the bend of the lightpipe,
`and the horizontal (H), which shows the bend going into
`the page. The vertical slice defines the transmission
`properties of the lightpipe. For normally incident input
`light coupled to the lightpipe, there are no propagation
`losses except Fresnel losses if the bend ratio, R, is
`
`R=n,/r, =1+t/7, <n,
`
`
`
`where ri and re are the two
`bend radii, ¢ is the lightpipe
`
`thickness in the_vertical
`section,
`and
`nn
`is’
`the
`lightpipe index in air. As the
`input angle increases, there
`are losses at the limit of this
`equation, but
`the equation
`is
`transcendental.
`By
`decreasing the thickness of
`the lightpipe, one can increase the acceptance angle such
`that there is no loss.
`including
`More complex parameterization of lightpipes,
`uncommon bend centers, noncircular bends, and arbitrary
`cross sections, can be foundin theliterature.
`
`
`PAGE 80 OF 154
`
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`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Uniform Illumination
`
`67
`
`Integrating Sphere
`
`
`Integrating spheres produce illumination that has
`extremely
`uniform radiance
`and_
`irradiance. An
`integrating sphere is a hollow spherical shell coated on
`the inside with a highly reflecting diffuse coating. The
`projected solid angle from any point on a sphere to any
`element of area on the sphere is the same, regardless of
`location. This fact combined with the diffuse coating and
`the multiple reflections cause any light introduced into
`the sphere to produce uniform irradiance on and radiance
`of the wall of the sphere. A hole or “port” in the sphere
`allows this uniform illumination to be used in an optical
`system.
`
`the exit of an integrating sphere
`The radiance at
`extends to a full hemisphere (x projected steradians).
`The irradiance at the wall of an integrating sphere is
`
`incident from a full hemisphere.
`
`The radiance, L, of the wall of an integrating sphere
`generated by flux, ©,
`introduced into the sphere is
`L=—"_.M,
`
`oe
`where As is the area of the complete sphere wall, and M is
`the “sphere multiplier,” which is equal to the average
`numbersof reflections in the sphere. The multiplier, MW,is
`M = —
`1-p
`where p is the average reflectance of the wall of the
`sphere, counting the holes as areas of zero reflectance.
`
`A good working model of an integrating sphere is to
`consider the port
`to
`
`
`
`,
`Es
`
`PAGE 81 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080461
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`pot=* | port be a hole in a wall,
`
`ae
`
`a
`
`
`
`totally
`at
`and,
`é
`=
`@
`arbitrary
`distance
`it,
`behind
`another
`sphere
`-0o
`wall of infinite extent
`and radiance, L.
`
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`68
`
`Illumination
`
`Lenslet Arrays
`
`
`Imaging illumination systems, whether single- or double-
`lens systems, paraboloidal reflector and lens systems, or
`single ellipsoidal reflector systems, all suffer from possible
`nonuniformities in intensity (and consequently also in
`irradiance). These are due, among other causes,
`to
`possible nonuniformities
`in the
`source
`as well
`as
`obstructions
`such
`as
`filament
`support wires,
`gas
`discharge electrodes, and LED heat-sink structures.
`
`st
`
`1
`
`array
`
`lens
`
`These nonuniformities can be smoothed out by using a
`lenslet array, an array (usually 2D) of small
`lenses.
`Typically, the arrays are used in pairs. In the diagram
`below, the dotted purple lines show the marginal rays for
`one of the lenslets in the first array; the black dotted lines
`show the marginal rays for the corresponding lenslet in
`the second array.
`“
`condensing
`
`id
`
`"4 array
`
`focusing
`lens
`
`illuminated
`
`In this configuration, the source is imaged by each lenslet
`of the first array into the corresponding lenslet of the
`second array. Each lenslet of the first array is imaged
`onto the entire target. This overlaying creates uniform
`illumination of the target. In effect,
`the lenslet arrays
`create multiple Kohler
`illumination systems,
`all
`superimposed on the target.
`
`Lenslet arrays are generally designed using illumin-
`
`ation design software.
`
`MASITC_01080462 MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`PAGE 82 OF 154
`
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Uniform Illumination
`
`69
`
`Small Reflectors, Lenslet Arrays, and Facets
`
`
`Ellipsoidal and paraboloidal reflectors are often “small”
`with respect to the lamp dimensions and the distances
`between the lamp and the reflecting surfaces. In these
`cases,
`in addition to the
`effects of
`lamp support
`structures, the size and structure of the lamp itself can
`produce nonuniformities in illumination.
`
`One method of minimizing these nonuniformities is to
`include a lenslet array in front of the detector. This
`broadens the beam a little, depending on the # of the
`lenslets, but
`it
`can produce much more uniform
`illumination than thereflector alone.
`
`paraboloid
`
`lenslet array
`
`
`design software.
`
`Tandem lenslet arrays also can be used to minimize
`the effects of small reflectors.
`
`Another approach is to break the reflector into small flat
`facets, either radially, circumferentially, or both.
`
`Lenslet arrays and
`faceted reflectors
`are usually designed
`with illumination
`
`PAGE 83 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080463
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`70
`
`Illumination
`
`Source Modeling Overview
`
`
`A system software model, whether a simple paraxial
`design or a detailed design of an illumination system, may
`fail to agree with experimental results due to the lack ofa
`comprehensive source model. For the simplest case,
`where the optics are far away from the source andcollect
`light over a small solid angle, a point source model or a
`simple geometrical model of the source may be sufficient.
`The directional distribution of light from these simple
`models is usually assumed to be isotropic or Lambertian.
`
`For more efficient designs with optics that are close to the
`source and collect light over a large solid angle, a more
`complete model of
`the source is
`required to obtain
`meaningful
`results. These models must
`reflect
`the
`physical size and shape of the source and should contain
`directional distributions that account for factors such as
`filament support wires and lamp envelopes.
`
`Source models are madefor all types of sources, including
`LEDs, incandescent, fluorescent, metal vapor, and high-
`pressure gas discharge sources. The modeling includes
`spectral, radiance or luminance distributions, and lifetime
`aspects. For example, accurate source models for
`the
`following have been developed:
`
`e
`
`The temperature distribution along an incandescent
`filament varies
`from its
`ends
`to
`the
`center.
`Additionally,
`the interior of
`the filament glows
`“hotter” due to the re-incident radiation.
`e Arc emission sources such as metal halide and HID
`lamps change their radiance distribution and power
`output over time due to ablation of the electrodes.
`These lamps have a deposited material to capture this
`ablation, called the “salt lake” in continuous sources
`and the “getter” in a pulsed one.
`
`There are essentially four ways of creating complex source
`models. Three are described on the next page, while the
`fourth, not presented here,
`is based on the physics of
`emission. This method is outside the confines of this text.
`
`
`
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`
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`IPR2022-01299
`
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`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Source Models
`
`71
`
`Source Modeling Methods
`
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`There are three source modeling methods, where the
`accuracy of the model typically increases with number:
`1.
`“Bottom-up”
`(geometrical model):
`the
`source
`geometry starting with the electrodes, supports, and
`envelope; finishes with the packaging. Emission is
`assigned to the radiative components.
`e Benefits: No complex measurements; handles re-
`incident light; provides tolerancing capabilities.
`Limitations: Emission characteristics assumed;
`approximate surface and material properties; can
`include tedious CAD development.
`“Top-down” (radiance model): the optical output of a
`representative sample of
`the lamp. These mea-
`surements are made with a goniometer, which
`moves a detector around a lamp on two axes. A
`camera measures the 2D radiance distribution of the
`lamp from each of many goniometer positions. The
`resulting 4D model represents a complete description
`of the lamp that can be used in a computer optical
`design program.
`e Benefits: Emission is based on physical measure-
`ments.
`Limitations: Does not handle reincident light; is
`limited by the variance of the number of source
`samples measured and aligned; and their complex
`measurement.
`Integrates the
`(system model):
`“Bottom to top’
`bottom-up and top-down approaches to develop a more
`thorough source model.
`e Benefits: Complete geometrical and radiative
`models.
`Limitations: Integration of two submethods.
`e
`There are many hybrid methods and methods based on
`applying the physics of
`the emission process of a
`prescribed source. Loosely,
`the first two methods show
`agreement to within 25% of experimental results, while
`the bottom-to-top method shows agreement within 10%.
`In all cases, rays are assigned, typically in a Monte Carlo
`approach, to the emission areas.
`
`
`e
`
`e
`
`PAGE 85 OF 154
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`MASIMO 2054
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`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`72
`
`Illumination
`
`LED Modeling
`
`
`The components of an LED include the emitting die(s),
`the lens,
`the reflecting dish, wire bond and pad, and
`standoffs. Other components can include phosphors and
`included detectors.
`
`an
`Wire
`“Bond
`Dish
`
`Die
`
`Geometrical modeling is useful to
`develop LED sources; however, it
`is difficult to obtain or measure
`the
`shapes
`and sizes of
`the
`components within
`the
`lens.
`Radiance
`modeling
`suffers
`because of the large amount of
`variance between LED samples of
`one model. The primary issues
`are the die position within the reflecting dish, the axial
`position of the die and dish with respect
`to the lens
`vertex, and the size and shape of the reflecting dish. Four
`distinct methods are available for LED modeling:
`
`Standoffs
`
`1.
`
`2,
`
`Develop a flat object and assign rays to the surface
`based upon the intensity distribution provided by the
`manufacturer. This method ignores spatial variation
`of the emission.
`Develop a geometrical model of the LED and assign
`rays to the emitting surfaces of the die. Optimize the
`dish shape (typically a cone), size, and the axial offset
`of the die-dish to the lens vertex. The lens shape must
`be measured and the die and dish placed at
`the
`transverse center of the lens. The model is complete
`when the intensity pattern from the manufacturer
`agrees with the ray-trace model.
`Same
`as method #2,
`except develop the layer
`structure within the die to generate Monte Carlo rays
`within the active layer(s). This method is tedious for
`ray tracing due to the indexof refraction discontinuity
`between the die (n = 2.5+) and the epoxy lens (n =
`1.454).
`4, Radiance by itself or a system: integrated into #2 or
`#3.
`
`3.
`
`
`
`PAGE 86 OF 154
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`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Source Models
`
`73
`
`Incandescent Lamp Modeling
`
`
`Envelope
`
`The components of an incandescent lamp include the
`base,
`filament(s),
`supports, and the envelope. Other
`components
`can
`include
`coatings and envelope faceting.
`Note that the shapes and sizes
`of components depend on the
`application. Sources developed
`for
`the automotive headlight
`industry provide the highest
`level of
`tolerance from one
`sample to another.
`
`Filament
`
`Supports
`fi
`
`Both geometrical and radiance
`methods are useful
`for
`incandescent source modeling.
`Radiance modeling is better suited to this source since a
`goniometer can be focused on the filament source, while
`the glass envelope supplies little effect on overall optical
`ray paths. Only
`light
`rays
`that
`are
`re-incident
`(approaching grazing incidence) on the envelope show
`adverse effects. Geometric modeling involves breaking the
`glass envelope to gain access to the internal components.
`This process requires the use of calipers to measure the
`coil
`spacing,
`the
`thicknesses
`and lengths
`of
`the
`components,
`and
`the
`number
`of
`coils.
`Provided
`parameters can help with this process:
`e Maximum overall length (MOL): Overall distance
`that includes the base and pins.
`e Light center length (LCL): Distance between the
`center of the emitter and a defined reference plane.
`Filament type: Designated by @-#, where @ is a
`series of letters (e.g., C = coiled, CC = coiled coil, and
`SR = straight ribbon), and # is a number providing an
`arbitrary pattern for the filament supports.
`e Bulb type: Designated by @-#, where @ is the bulb
`shape (e.g., T = tubular), and # is the diameter in
`eighths of an inch.
`no
`have
`that
`types
`e Base
`type:
`Innumerable
`them. Examples
`shorthand notation to describe
`include screw, mogul, bipin, and prong.
`
`
`e
`
`PAGE 87 OF 154
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`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`74
`
`Illumination
`
`Arc and Fluorescent Lamp Modeling
`
`
`The components of an arc lamp include the base(s),
`electrodes, and envelope(s). Other components can include
`coatings, salt lake (continuous)
`or getter (pulsed), and ignition
`wire (flashlamp). The optical
`radiation is represented by a
`virtual object called the arc.
`Note
`that
`the
`aspects
`of
`
`components on_thedepend
`
`application. Automotive head-
`light arcs provide the ighost ll
`level of accuracy from one
`sample to another.
`
`Region
`
`Arc
`
`Envelopes
`
`Radiance modelingis especially suited to this source since
`geometrical modeling cannot effectively represent the arc.
`The arc must be approximated with a cylinder, tube, or
`some other geometric shape. Radiance modeling is also
`suited to this source because a goniometer can be focused
`on the arc. Due to the typical smaller sizes of these
`sources compared to incandescent sources, the effect of re-
`incident
`rays is more pronounced. Thus, methods to
`integrate a simplified measurement of
`the radiance
`distribution into the geometrical model have been
`employed. One such method uses the Abel transform
`based on a single image capture of the arc. The Abel
`transform assumes symmetry of
`the arc shape and
`revolves it around a localized centroid of the arc source.
`Such system models are the most effective way to model
`such sources.
`
`Fluorescent lamps include the tube and base(s). These
`are the simplest sources to model other than the complex
`geometry of compact fluorescent
`lamps now available.
`After the geometry is entered,
`the inner surface of the
`tube acts as the emitter.
`Internally, mercury vapor is
`excited, releasing UV radiation, which is then converted
`into visible light upon being incident on the phosphor.
`Geometrical modeling is better suited to this source due to
`the large size and simplicity of the configurations.
`
`
`PAGE 88 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080468
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
`
`to
`
`Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
`
`
`first
`Nonimaging compound concentrators were
`developed for solar energy collection to concentrate the
`irradiance from the sun. In solar collection, depending
`on the degree of sophistication of the sun tracking system,
`the range of sun input angles can be fairly small. The
`collectors
`(solar
`cells, water
`pipes,
`etc.)
`respond
`essentially to irradiance and can be illuminated at any
`angle. The compound concentrator trades off between
`area and solid angle, presenting a large collection area to
`the sun (collecting over a narrow solid angle) and
`delivering the energy to a smaller area (and over a wider
`solid angle). These devices come close to achieving the
`theoretical maximum concentration (in three dimensions).
`
`input projected
`solid angle(Q))
`¥
`input
`half-
`angle SS Compound)
`
` gytout
`output projected
`pag.
`solid angle(Q.)
`angle
`x
`«~(8,)
`/--\.----
`
`(8))
`
`Nonimaging
`
`Concentrator
`
`input area (a))
`
`output area (a,)
`
`If the output projected solid angle is the maximun, 7,
`(90 = 90 deg), the concentration is maximum:
`
`a;
`
`(max)
`
`sin? 6,
`
`Nonimaging compound concentrators are designed using
`the edge-ray principle, which directs all rays that are
`at the maximum input angle (0; for 8. = 90 deg in the
`drawing above) to the edge of the output aperture. All
`rays at input angles less than this maximum are directed
`inside the output aperture with no concern for image
`quality. Often this angle,
`090i,
`is called the acceptance
`angle, 0a.
`
`
`PAGE 89 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080469
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`76
`
`Illumination
`
`Concentrators as Luminaires
`
`
`Nonimaging compound concentrators are used in
`illumination as luminaires—devices used to direct the
`light from a source for illumination. For illumination,
`they are used in the reverse direction from their
`configuration in solar collection; they collect light from as
`large an angle as possible from a small source and direct
`it over a smaller angle through a larger aperture. For
`solar collection, they collect energy over a large area and a
`small angle, delivering it to a small area.
`
`small source,
`wide solid
`
`angle \
`
`output projected
`solid angle(Q,)
`
`\
`
`output
`
`half-
`
`angle
`
`output area (a,)
`
`e
`
`Nonimaging compound concentrators are efficient
`because:
`e
`They collect light from the source over a very large
`solid angle.
`They are designed using the edge-ray principle,
`keeping all the energy within the intended field.
`
`design boundaries.
`
`Imaging systems are designed to be best on axis, with
`the edges of the field “spilling over.” Nonimaging
`compound concentrators are designed to be best at the
`edges of the field, keeping all the energy inside the
`
`Nonimaging concentrators used as luminaires are usually
`composed of an internal mirror surface with the figure of
`a
`compound
`parabolic
`concentrator
`(CPC),
`compound
`elliptical
`concentrator
`(CEC),
`or
`compound hyperbolic concentrator (CHC). Dielectric
`filled concentrators that employ total internal reflection
`are also used.
`
`
`PAGE 90 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080470
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
`
`oF
`
`Compound Parabolic Concentrators
`SSSSSSSSSae
`
`CX-0693
`
`The compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is a
`common shape of nonimaging concentrator used for
`illumination. A CPC is formed by a parabola with its
`focus at one edge of the entrance (small) aperture, rotated
`around an axis that is perpendicular to and through the
`center of both apertures. CPCs can be quite long.
`
`max.