`
`Filed: May 19, 2023
`
`By:
`
`Filed on behalf of:
`Patent Owner Masimo Corporation
`Irfan A. Lateef (Reg. No. 51,922)
`Ted M. Cannon (Reg. No. 55,036)
`Jarom D. Kesler (Reg. No. 57,046)
`Jacob L. Peterson (Reg. No. 65,096)
`
`
`
`KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP
`2040 Main Street, Fourteenth Floor
`Irvine, CA 92614
`Tel.: (949) 760-0404
`Fax: (949) 760-9502
`E-mail:
`AppleIPR127-1@knobbe.com
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`
`
`
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`
`
`
`APPLE INC.,
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`MASIMO CORPORATION,
`Patent Owner.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Case IPR2022-01299
`U.S. Patent 7,761,127
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PATENT OWNER RESPONSE
`
`
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Page No.
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND .......... 1
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`Pulse Oximetry ............................................................................... 1
`
`Temperature-Induced Wavelength Shift ........................................ 3
`
`The Claimed Invention ................................................................... 7
`
`II.
`
`LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART .................................... 17
`
`III. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ................................................................... 17
`
`A.
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`“thermal mass” (claims 1, 7, 13, 20, 26) ...................................... 17
`
`“bulk temperature for the emitters” (claims 1 and 26) “bulk
`temperature for the thermal mass” (claim 7) “bulk
`temperature of the light emitting sources” (claim 13) “bulk
`temperature for the light emitting sources” (claim 21) ................ 22
`
`Claim 7 interrelates the measured bulk temperature, LED
`operating wavelengths, and physiological parameters. ................ 26
`
`Claim 21 interrelates the measured bulk temperature and
`LED operating wavelengths. ........................................................ 30
`
`IV. ALL CLAIMS ARE PATENTABLE BECAUSE THE PRIOR
`ART DOES NOT DISCLOSE OR MAKE OBVIOUS A
`“THERMAL MASS” ............................................................................. 30
`
`A. Yamada’s substrate lacks a “thermal mass.” ................................ 31
`
`B.
`
`Chadwick’s metal core is not a “thermal mass.” ......................... 33
`
`1.
`
`Chadwick’s cooling function is different from
`resisting temperature change on a scale relevant to
`estimating LED wavelengths. ............................................ 35
`
`-i-
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(cont’d)
`
`Page No.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`Apple’s “bulk temperature” argument fails to show
`Chadwick has a “thermal mass.” ....................................... 37
`
`Apple conducted no structural analysis showing
`Chadwick discloses the required temperature-change
`resistance. ........................................................................... 38
`
`Apple conducted no testing, simulations, or
`assessment showing Chadwick discloses the required
`temperature-change resistance. .......................................... 41
`
`C. Apple does not propose any modification to Yamada’s
`substrate or Chadwick’s metal core that would make either
`a “thermal mass.” ......................................................................... 42
`
`V.
`
`CLAIMS 1-19, 21, 22, AND 25-30 ARE PATENTABLE
`BECAUSE THE PRIOR ART DOES NOT DISCLOSE OR
`MAKE OBVIOUS A “TEMPERATURE SENSOR” THAT
`MEASURES A “BULK TEMPERATURE” TO DETERMINE
`LED WAVELENGTHS ......................................................................... 44
`
`A. Yamada and Chadwick do not disclose or suggest the “bulk
`temperature” limitations of claims 7-12. ...................................... 45
`
`B. Yamada, Chadwick, and Cheung do not disclose or suggest
`the “bulk temperature” limitations of claims 13-19, 21, 22,
`and 25. .......................................................................................... 47
`
`C. Yamada, Chadwick, and Noguchi do not disclose or suggest
`the “bulk temperature” limitations of claims 1-12 and 26-
`30. ................................................................................................. 49
`
`VI. ALL CLAIMS ARE PATENTABLE BECAUSE APPLE DID
`NOT PROVE A MOTIVATION TO COMBINE ................................. 50
`
`-ii-
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(cont’d)
`
`Page No.
`
`A.
`
`The prior art teaches away from the invention............................. 51
`
`B. A POSITA would not have been motivated to combine
`Yamada and Chadwick in a manner that yields the claimed
`invention. ...................................................................................... 57
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`Adding Chadwick’s core to Yamada as a heat sink
`would not have motivated any combination yielding
`the invention. ...................................................................... 57
`
`Adding Chadwick’s core to Yamada to reduce
`wavelength shift would have discouraged a POSITA
`from using the core’s temperature to estimate LED
`wavelengths. ....................................................................... 58
`
`Adding Chadwick’s core to Yamada would not have
`allowed measurement of an average LED
`temperature nor motivated any combination yielding
`the invention. ...................................................................... 59
`
`Adding Chadwick’s core to Yamada to draw heat
`away from the LEDs would not have motivated any
`combination yielding the invention. .................................. 62
`
`Apple’s generic known-techniques argument is
`inadequate to show a motivation to combine. ................... 62
`
`A POSITA would not have reasonably expected
`success. ............................................................................... 63
`
`C. A POSITA would not have been motivated to combine
`Yamada, Chadwick, and Cheung in a manner that yields
`claims 13-25. ................................................................................ 63
`
`-iii-
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(cont’d)
`
`Page No.
`
`D. A POSITA would not have been motivated to combine
`Yamada, Chadwick, and Noguchi in a manner that yields
`claims 1-12 or 26-30..................................................................... 64
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`A desire to compensate for wavelength shift would
`not have motivated any combination yielding the
`invention. ............................................................................ 64
`
`A desire to improve accuracy would not have
`motivated any combination yielding the invention. .......... 66
`
`A POSITA would not reasonably have expected
`success. ............................................................................... 66
`
`VII. CLAIMS 4-5, 11-12, 18-19, 24-25, AND 28-29 WOULD NOT
`HAVE BEEN OBVIOUS OVER APPLE’S GROUNDS 1B, 1D,
`AND 1F ADDING LEIBOWITZ’S MULTI-LAYER CIRCUIT
`BOARD .................................................................................................. 67
`
`VIII. THE CHALLENGED CLAIMS WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
`OBVIOUS OVER APPLE’S GROUNDS 2A-2F. ................................. 69
`
`IX. OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE SUPPORTS NON-OBVIOUSNESS .......... 70
`
`A. Masimo’s rainbow® sensors embody the invention. ................... 70
`
`B.
`
`C.
`
`D.
`
`The rainbow® sensors are commercially successful. .................. 77
`
`The rainbow® sensors have received significant industry
`praise. ............................................................................................ 78
`
`There is a nexus between the commercial success and
`industry praise and the invention. ................................................ 79
`
`X.
`
`CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 79
`
`-iv-
`
`
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
`Page No(s).
`
`ActiveVideo Networks v. Verizon Comms.,
`694 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2012) ............................................................. 61, 62
`Adidas AG v. Nike, Inc.,
`963 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2020) ................................................................... 62
`Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co.,
`839 F.3d 1034 (Fed. Cir. 2016) ................................................................... 69
`Ex parte Burns,
`No. Appeal 2016-000351, 2017 WL 2132361
`(PTAB Apr. 28, 2017) ................................................................................. 57
`Chef Am., Inc. v. Lamb-Weston, Inc.,
`358 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2004) ................................................................... 28
`Chemours Co. FC, LLC v. Daikin Indus.,
`4 F.4th 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2021) ...................................................................... 77
`CommScope Techs. LLC v. Dali Wireless Inc.,
`10 F.4th 1289 (Fed. Cir. 2021) .............................................................. 28, 41
`Edwards Lifesciences LLC v. Cook Inc.,
`582 F.3d 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2009) ............................................................. 21, 25
`In re Gordon,
`733 F.2d 900 (Fed. Cir. 1984) ..................................................................... 52
`Muniauction, Inc. v. Thomson Corp.,
`532 F.3d 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ................................................................... 69
`New Hampshire v. Maine,
`532 U.S. 742 (2001) ............................................................................... 28, 41
`Nystrom v. TREX Co.,
`424 F.3d 1136 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ................................................................... 21
`
`-v-
`
`
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`(cont’d)
`
`Page No(s).
`
`SAS Inst. v. Iancu,
`138 S. Ct. 1348 (2018) ........................................................................... 36, 37
`Unigene Labs., Inc. v. Apotex, Inc.,
`655 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2011) ................................................................... 41
`Wellman, Inc. v. Eastman Chem. Co.,
`642 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2011) ................................................................... 29
`OTHER AUTHORITIES
`35 U.S.C. § 312 ................................................................................................. 36
`
`
`
`-vi-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`EXHIBIT LIST
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2001
`
`2002
`
`Declaration of Jeremiah S. Helm in Support of Pro Hac Vice
`Motion
`
`Declaration of Mohamed Diab (Withdrawn) (Confidential
`Version Expunged)
`
`2003-2004 Expunged
`
`2005
`
`“Rad-57 Signal Extraction Pulse CO-Oximeter Operator’s
`Manual,” Masimo, 2018
`
`2006-2007 Expunged
`
`2008
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., June 6-10, 2022 Public
`Hearing Transcript, ITC Inv. No 337-TA-1276
`
`2009-2010 Expunged
`
`2011
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., Masimo’s June 27, 2022 Public
`Initial Post-Hearing Brief, ITC Inv. No 337-TA-1276
`
`2012-2016 Expunged
`
`2017
`
`“Material Qualification Henkel 84-1LMISR4 Die Attach
`Adhesive,” Masimo
`
`2018-2021 Expunged
`
`2022
`
`2023
`
`2024
`
`2025
`
`September 22, 2019 Masimo “Awards” Webpage
`
`“Masimo Honored with FDNY ‘Flag of Heroes’,” EMS1, 2008
`
`Photograph of “Flag of Heroes”
`
`Photograph of Masimo CEO Joe Kiani with “Flag of Heroes”
`
`Exhibit List, Page 1
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2026
`
`U.S. Patent No. 5,758,644
`
`2027-2028 Expunged
`
`2029
`
`2030
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Finger Assembly Photograph, Top Side
`(current rainbow®)
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Finger Assembly Photograph, Bottom
`Side (current rainbow®)
`
`2031-2033 Expunged
`
`2034 – 2050 RESERVED
`
`2051
`
`Declaration of Jack Goldberg (Withdrawn) (Confidential Version
`Expunged)
`
`2052
`
`Curriculum Vitae of Jack Goldberg
`
`2053
`
`2054
`
`2055
`
`2056
`
`Design of Pulse Oximeters, J.G. Webster; Institution of Physics
`Publishing, 1997
`
`Field Guide to Illumination, A. Arecchi et al., SPIE Press, 2007
`
`Fairchild Semiconductor Datasheet, 2001
`
`OSRAM BioMon Sensor Datasheet, 2016
`
`2057-2058 Expunged
`
`2059
`
`“Fine Ceramics for Electronics,” Kyocera, 2021
`
`2060
`
`“Thermal Properties of Metals, Conductivity, Thermal
`Expansion, Specific Heat,” Engineers Edge, available at
`https://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm
`
`Exhibit List, Page 2
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2061
`
`2062
`
`2063
`
`2064
`
`2065
`
`2066
`
`“Thermal Properties of Non-Metals,” Engineers Edge, available
`at https://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal_
`properties_of_nonmetals_13967.htm
`
`“Metals – Specific Heats,” The Engineering ToolBox, available
`at https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-metals-
`d_152.html
`
`“Heat Capacities for Some Select Substances,” University of
`Texas, available at https://gchem.cm.utexas.edu/data/
`section2.php?target=heat-capacities.php
`
`“FR-4,” Wikipedia, available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
`FR-4
`
`“Talk:FR-4,” Wikipedia, available at
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:FR-4
`
`“Thermal Conductivity of Solders,” Electronics Cooling,
`available at https://www.electronics-
`cooling.com/2006/08/thermal-conductivity-of-solders/
`
`2067
`
`PCT Pub. No. WO 03/068060 (“Huiku”)
`
`2068 – 2080 RESERVED
`
`2081
`
`Declaration of Micah Young (Withdrawn) (Confidential Version
`Expunged)
`
`2082
`
`Expunged
`
`2083
`
`2084
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., August 18, 2021 Protective
`Order, ITC Inv. No. 337-TA-1276
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., January 10, 2022 Order
`Granting Motion to Amend the Protective Order, ITC Inv. No.
`337-TA-1276
`
`Exhibit List, Page 3
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2085
`
`2086
`
`2087
`
`2088
`
`2089
`
`2090
`
`2091
`
`2092
`
`November 3, 2022 Email from Dan Smith to Ted Cannon, et al.
`re: Motions to Seal and Protective Order
`
`Proposed Protective Order
`
`Proposed Protective Order (redlined version)
`
`Masimo Corporation, et al. v. Apple Inc., June 30, 2020
`Protective Order, Case No. 8:20-cv-00048-JVS (JDEx) (C.D.
`Cal.)
`
`Order on Motion to Amend Protective Order, ITC Inv. No. 337-
`TA-371
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., Complainants’ Objection to
`Respondent’s Proposed Expert Brian Anthony, Ph.D. and Motion
`for Protective Order to Preclude Access by Brian Anthony to
`Complainants’ Confidential Business Information [Public
`Version], ITC Inv. No. 337-TA-1276
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., Respondent Apple Inc.’s
`Opposition to Complainants’ Motion for Protective Order to
`Preclude Access by Brian Anthony to Complainants’ Confidential
`Business Information [Public Version], ITC Inv. No. 337-TA-
`1276
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., January 18, 2022 Letter from
`Frazier to Hon. Lisa R. Barton, Secretary, U.S. International
`Trade Commission, regarding enclosed Agreement to be Bound
`by Protective Order signed by Brian Anthony, ITC Inv. No. 337-
`TA-1276
`
`2093
`
`Masimo Corp. et al. v. Apple Inc., Final Initial Determination on
`Violation of Section 337, ITC Inv. No. 337-TA-1276
`
`2094
`
`Protective Order
`
`Exhibit List, Page 4
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2095 – 2101 RESERVED
`
`2102
`
`2103
`
`2104
`
`Declaration of Mohamed Diab (Confidential)
`
`December 15, 2005 Rainbow Sensor Simulations (Confidential)
`
` “Signal Extraction & Rainbow Technology,” Masimo, 2005
`(Confidential)
`
`2105
`
`RESERVED
`
`2106
`
`2107
`
`2108
`
`2109
`
`2110
`
`2111
`
`2112
`
`2113
`
`2114
`
`2115
`
`2116
`
`October 22, 2004 Masimo Rainbow Sensor Drawing (early
`rainbow®) (Confidential)
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Drawing (early rainbow®)
`(Confidential)
`
`RESERVED
`
`December 16, 2016 Kyocera Substrate Drawing (Confidential)
`
`November 8, 2018 Rainbow Flex Circuit Drawing (Confidential)
`
`February 9, 2006 Rainbow Flex Circuit Drawing (Confidential)
`
`2007 Masimo MX-3 Board System Design (Confidential)
`
`2007 Masimo MX-3 Board Product Design Requirements,
`Revision A (Confidential)
`
`2010 Masimo MX-3 Board Product Design Requirements,
`Revision B (Confidential)
`
`2015 Masimo MX-3 Board Product Design Requirements,
`Revision F (Confidential)
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Substrate, Exploded View
`(Confidential)
`
`Exhibit List, Page 5
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2117
`
`2118
`
`2119
`
`2120
`
`2121
`
`“Material Qualification Henkel 84-1LMISR4 Die Attach
`Adhesive,” Masimo
`
`PVIC ACE34560 Electrically Conductive Oven Cure Die Attach
`Adhesive Technical Data Sheet, Protavic Korea Co., Ltd.
`(Confidential)
`
`April 22, 2021 Masimo Rainbow Sensor Photographs (current
`rainbow ®) (Confidential)
`
`March 30, 2009 Masimo Rainbow Sensor Solder Drawing
`(Confidential)
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Photograph (early rainbow ®)
`(Confidential)
`
`2122-2126 RESERVED
`
`2127
`
`December 5, 2008 Masimo Rainbow Sensor Substrate Drawing
`(current rainbow®) (Confidential)
`
`2128
`
`Characterization Station Results (Confidential)
`
`2129
`
`2130
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Finger Assembly Photograph, Top Side
`(current rainbow®)
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Finger Assembly Photograph, Bottom
`Side (current rainbow®)
`
`2131
`
`Masimo Rainbow Research File, 2003 (Confidential)
`
`2132
`
`2133
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Thermal Mass Drawing (current
`rainbow®) (Confidential)
`
`January 30, 2006 Masimo Rainbow Products System Design
`(Confidential)
`
`2134
`
`Excerpt of Masimo source code (Confidential)
`
`Exhibit List, Page 6
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2135
`
`2136
`
`2137
`
`2138
`
`2139
`
`2140
`
`Simulation output for early rainbow® sensor – transient
`temperature
`
`Simulation output for early rainbow® sensor – steady-state
`temperature-distribution map – cross-section
`
`Simulation output for early rainbow® sensor – steady-state
`temperature-distribution map – top surface
`
`Simulation output for early rainbow® sensor – transient
`temperature
`
`Simulation output for early rainbow® sensor – steady-state
`temperature-distribution map – cross-section
`
`Simulation output for early rainbow® sensor – steady-state
`temperature-distribution map – top surface
`
`2141-2150 RESERVED
`
`2151
`
`2152
`
`Declaration of William P. King, Ph.D. (Confidential)
`
`Curriculum Vitae of William P. King, Ph.D.
`
`2053-2056 RESERVED
`
`2157
`
`2158
`
`2159
`
`2160
`
`’127 Patent Claim Coverage Chart – Current Rainbow® Sensors
`(Confidential)
`
`’127 Patent Claim Coverage Chart – Early Rainbow® Sensors
`(Confidential)
`
`Excerpts from Heat Transfer, 2nd ed., A.F. Mills; Prentice Hall,
`1999
`
`Excerpts from Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed.,
`F.P. Incropera & D.P. DeWitt; John Wiley & Sons, 1990
`
`Exhibit List, Page 7
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`Exhibit No.
`
`Description
`
`2161
`
`Excerpts from Design and Analysis of Heat Sinks, A.D. Kraus &
`A.B. Cohen; John Wiley & Sons, 1995
`
`2162
`
`May 5, 2023 Transcript of Deposition of Brian Anthony, Ph.D.
`
`2163
`
`Excerpt from February 18, 2022 Transcript of ITC Deposition of
`Yassir Abdul-Hafiz
`
`2164-2180 RESERVED
`
`2181
`
`Declaration of Micah Young (Confidential)
`
`2182
`
`Masimo Rainbow Sensor Revenue Excel Spreadsheet
`(Confidential)
`
`
`
`
`
`Exhibit List, Page 8
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`Masimo submits this Patent Owner Response to Apple’s IPR Petition of U.S.
`
`Patent No. 7,761,127 (“the ’127 patent”). Masimo withdraws the declarations filed
`
`with the Patent Owner Preliminary Response (EX2002, 2051, and 2081).
`
`I.
`INTRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
`A.
`Pulse Oximetry
`Masimo is the industry leader in pulse oximetry, a technology for
`
`noninvasively measuring physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation
`
`(“SpO2”). Figure 1 of the ’127 patent depicts a pulse oximeter with a sensor on a
`
`patient’s finger.
`
`EX2102 ¶6; EX1001, Fig. 1. In a typical pulse oximeter, the assembly that attaches
`
`to a patient’s finger contains a sensor with: (1) two light sources, generally LEDs,
`
`and (2) a light detector:
`
`
`
`-1-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`
`
`
`
`Top of sensor
`
`Bottom of sensor
`
`EX2102 ¶7.
`
`For a pulse oximetry oxygen-saturation measurement, a sensor’s LEDs
`
`typically transmit red and infrared light into the patient’s finger. Id. ¶8. Some of
`
`the transmitted light is absorbed by the tissue and pulsating blood in the finger. Id.
`
`Bright red oxygenated blood absorbs light differently than dark red deoxygenated
`
`blood. Id. After the light passes through the tissue, a light detector in the sensor
`
`measures the light intensity (i.e, amplitude) from both wavelengths. Id. The picture
`
`below generally illustrates the amplitudes of detected red and infrared signals over
`
`time.
`
`-2-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`
`
`EX2151 ¶28. The ratio of the amplitudes of the detected red signal to the detected
`
`infrared signal indicates the oxygen-saturation level. EX2102 ¶8. Pulse oximeters
`
`typically have a “calibration curve” that correlates the red-to-infrared signal ratios
`
`to SpO2 values. Id. This curve reflects empirical data of ratios to invasively
`
`measured oxygen-saturation values from a blood draw. Id. Accurate measurements
`
`require an accurate calibration curve based on the actual LED wavelengths during
`
`operation of the sensor. Id.
`
`B.
`Temperature-Induced Wavelength Shift
`An LED’s wavelength can shift during operation due to an internal LED’s
`
`“p-n junction temperature” change. EX2053, 83; EX2067, 19:1-3.1 Masimo’s
`
`expert, Dr. William P. King, explains the physics of how the LED wavelengths vary
`
`with the p-n junction temperature. EX2151 ¶¶31-33. Temperature-induced
`
`
`1 All emphasis added unless noted.
`
`-3-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`wavelength shift can introduce significant error into pulse-oximetry measurements.
`
`Id. ¶34.
`
`Because temperature-induced wavelength shift could be a problem, the prior
`
`art proposes solutions. Id. ¶36. One solution was placing a temperature sensor near
`
`the LEDs and using the measured ambient temperature to approximate LED junction
`
`temperatures and estimate the LED operating wavelengths. See, e.g., id. ¶¶42-43
`
`(discussing Cheung). Because junction temperature changes cause wavelength shift,
`
`a POSITA would have expected the ambient temperature right next to an LED to
`
`approximate the LED’s junction temperature. See id. Consistent with this
`
`expectation, both of Apple’s cited prior art references that use a temperature sensor
`
`to address wavelength shift place it very near the LEDs so that it measures the LED
`
`temperature or the nearby ambient temperature. See, e.g., id. ¶¶42-46 (discussing
`
`Cheung and Noguchi). Noguchi discloses a control system that uses the temperature
`
`measured by a single temperature sensor near a single LED to adjust the LED drive
`
`current to control the LED’s wavelength and prevent or reduce wavelength shift. Id.
`
`¶¶44-46. Noguchi’s Figure 2 shows the temperature sensor 12 placed near the LED
`
`11.
`
`-4-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`
`EX1008, Fig. 2 (annotated). Because Noguchi’s temperature sensor is very near the
`
`LED, it measures the “temperature of the LED itself or the surrounding ambient
`
`temperature.” Id., 2:2-4.
`
`Cheung also discloses using a temperature sensor 50 placed near its two LEDs
`
`40 and 42 to compensate for wavelength shift. EX2151 ¶¶42-43.
`
`-5-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`
`EX1007, Fig. 11 (annotated). Cheung’s “temperature sensor 50 indicates a change
`
`in the ambient temperature.” Id., 19:31-33. But unlike Noguchi, Cheung does not
`
`attempt to keep wavelengths constant to reduce wavelength shift. EX2151 ¶¶42-43.
`
`
`
`Instead, Cheung uses an approach that is generally called wavelength-shift
`
`compensation. Id. Wavelength-shift compensation recognizes that LED-junction
`
`temperatures change LED wavelengths. Id.; see also id. ¶38. Wavelength-shift
`
`compensation estimates the shifted LED wavelengths based on estimates of junction
`
`temperatures. Id. Cheung estimated LED wavelength shift based on ambient
`
`temperature and then determined physiological parameters. Id.
`
`-6-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`Despite these teachings, multiple prior-art references, including Webster
`
`(describing Cheung) and Huiku, discouraged the use of temperature sensors as
`
`unreliable and encouraged the use of alternative methods. EX2151 ¶¶47-51.
`
`C. The Claimed Invention
`The invention of the ’127 patent uses a different form of wavelength-shift
`
`compensation. The invention does not attempt to directly measure LED
`
`temperatures or the ambient temperature near the LEDs. EX2151 ¶56. Rather, it
`
`measures a temperature at one location of a thermal mass formed from multiple
`
`metallized layers thermally coupled to the LEDs. EX1001, 10:62-11:15, claim 7. It
`
`uses that one measured temperature to correlate to temperatures for multiple LEDs
`
`and to estimate multiple LED wavelengths. Id., see also id., 10:32-39; EX2102 ¶47.
`
`No pre-’127-patent evidence suggests measuring the temperature of a thermal mass
`
`or using that one measured temperature of the thermal mass to estimate multiple
`
`LED wavelengths. See, e.g., EX2151 ¶177.
`
`The invention arose from Masimo’s years of research on the feasibility of non-
`
`invasively measuring carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO). EX2102 ¶¶16-21. After
`
`extensive experimentation, Masimo concluded it was feasible to measure
`
`carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and total hemoglobin. Id. ¶17. To measure
`
`these parameters, Masimo used eight or more wavelengths of light, rather than the
`
`two wavelengths used for oxygen saturation. Id. ¶18. The technology is called
`
`-7-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`rainbow® because the sensors use many colors or wavelengths of light. Id. But
`
`using additional wavelengths alone was not enough to achieve the desired accuracy.
`
`Id. ¶¶19-22.
`
`In 2003, Masimo could measure HbCO with an error of about six percent but
`
`needed better accuracy before offering it commercially. Id. Diab discovered that
`
`temperature-induced wavelength shift contributed to the error. Id. ¶¶24-30. Masimo
`
`considered using multiple
`
`thermistors
`
`to directly measure LED
`
`junction
`
`temperatures to calculate the wavelength shift of each LED. Id. ¶¶32-34. While that
`
`seemed to be a solution, it proved to be impractical. Id. ¶¶35. Indeed, it is difficult
`
`to accurately measure the junction temperature of even a single LED. Id. A multi-
`
`LED sensor greatly compounds this difficulty because each LED will have a
`
`different junction temperature. Id.
`
`Masimo engineer Mohamed Diab hypothesized a novel approach: estimating
`
`all wavelengths of the multiple LEDs by using a single temperature sensor to
`
`measure a single temperature of a thermal mass formed of metal layers thermally
`
`coupled to the LEDs and the temperature sensor. Id. ¶36. Despite it being his idea,
`
`Diab was skeptical it would work because he knew each LED would have a different
`
`junction temperature and thus a different wavelength shift. Id. ¶38. He knew a single
`
`temperature measurement could not match all junction temperatures and suspected
`
`-8-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`it may be impossible to estimate all LED wavelengths using a single temperature.
`
`Id.
`
`Diab persevered, conducting hundreds of computer simulations before finding
`
`a configuration of metal layers, LEDs, and thermistor that provided estimates of the
`
`LED operating wavelengths within 0.1 nanometer. Id. ¶¶40, 54. The simulations
`
`produced temperature-distribution maps such as the following:
`
`
`Id. ¶41; EX2003, 1 (annotated). This map shows good thermal conductivity between
`
`the thermal mass and the LEDs. EX2151 ¶58.
`
`Masimo also used the simulations to find a design that correlated real-time
`
`LED and thermistor temperatures. EX2102 ¶¶43-53. Diab recently conducted
`
`simulations showing such correlation between the thermistor temperature and
`
`multiple LED temperatures:
`
`-9-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`EX2135 (early rainbow® sensor model); EX2102 ¶44.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`-10-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`
`
`EX2138 (current rainbow® sensor model); EX2102 ¶51. These graphs show that
`
`the thermal mass temperature and the LED temperatures rise at substantially the
`
`same rate. EX2102 ¶¶44-49, 51-52. For each LED, the difference between the
`
`thermistor temperature and the LED temperature is relatively constant. Id. But the
`
`thermal mass temperature does not indicate exact or average LED temperatures. Id.
`
`It indicates a temperature correlated with the LED temperatures. Id. The thermal
`
`mass temperature needs to change to track the changing LED temperatures and to
`
`maintain this correlation. Id.
`
`-11-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`The simulations established the surprising result that a single temperature of
`
`the thermal mass—which will not match any of the LED junction temperatures—
`
`was usable to estimate the wavelengths of the multiple LEDs. Id. ¶¶37-38. Masimo
`
`verified these simulations with tests on physical sensors. Id. ¶¶54-55. The tests
`
`measured actual LED operating wavelengths with a spectrophotometer and the
`
`estimated wavelengths based on the thermal mass temperature. Id. Masimo
`
`confirmed its algorithm’s estimated wavelengths matched the actual wavelengths
`
`within 0.1 nanometers. Id. Thus, in 2005, Masimo launched the first and still only
`
`light-based medical sensor that noninvasively measures carboxyhemoglobin,
`
`thereby allowing early detection of carbon monoxide poisoning. Id. ¶¶11-15.
`
`Masimo tests every production rainbow® sensor to insure it accurately
`
`estimates the wavelengths. The below output plot shows the accuracy of the sensor’s
`
`wavelength estimation as a function of temperature.
`
`-12-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`
`
`
`Id. ¶55. The plot compares the actual LED wavelengths emitted by an LED, as
`
`measured by a spectrophotometer, with wavelengths estimated by Masimo’s
`
`algorithm for that LED at different temperatures intentionally induced while
`
`calibrating the sensor. Id. The closeness of the data points to the diagonal identity
`
`line shows that the estimated wavelengths are very accurate. Id. The tests are done
`
`for each sensor LED so the accuracy of wavelength estimation is verified for each
`
`LED. Id.
`
`Masimo’s invention cut the measurement error in the rainbow® sensors in
`
`half, to nearly three percent. Id. ¶56. This improvement allowed Masimo to
`
`commercially launch the rainbow® technology to measure carboxyhemoglobin,
`
`-13-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`methemoglobin, and total hemoglobin and has driven the commercial success the
`
`rainbow® sensors have achieved. Id.
`
`The ’127 patent’s Figure 12 illustrates simplified aspects of the invention.
`
`
`EX1001, Fig. 12 (simplified, annotated); EX2102 ¶62; EX2151 ¶60. The light
`
`emitters (yellow) on the substrate emit optical radiation (light) and transfer thermal
`
`energy (heat) to the thermal mass of the substrate (orange). EX2102 ¶62. A
`
`temperature sensor (green) on the substrate is also connected to the thermal mass of
`
`the substrate. Id. The temperature sensor measures a “bulk temperature” (“T = Tb”).
`
`Id. The sensor uses the bulk temperature to estimate all LED wavelengths. EX1001,
`
`10:22-48. The ’127 patent explains the thermal mass stabilizes the bulk temperature
`
`so it is “meaningful” for estimating LED wavelengths. Id., 10:67-11:4. The Board
`
`found, in view of this intrinsic record, that “a ‘meaningful’ temperature reading in
`
`-14-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
`Apple Inc. v. Masimo Corporation
`the context of the ’127 patent [is] one on a scale relevant to estimating LED
`
`wavelengths.” Inst. Dec., 18.
`
`Figure 12 conceptually depicts aspects of the invention while abstracting out
`
`a great deal of intricacy involved in the temperature changes of the mass. To
`
`function as a “thermal mass,” a mass achieves a sufficiently optimal combination of
`
`at least: (1) thermal conductivity, (2) heat capacity, and (3) mass. EX2151 ¶124;
`
`EX2162, 150:7-21. Changing one attribute will affect the others, so there is no easily
`
`predictable way to change just one attribute to achieve the appropriate temperature-
`
`change resistance. EX2151 ¶124. Even external factors, such as relative placement
`
`of the thermistor and LEDs, can affect whether the mass functions as a “thermal
`
`mass.” Id.
`
`Conceptually, the thermal mass performs a complex function. Id. ¶94. The
`
`inputs to the thermal mass are the heat from multiple LEDs. Id. The thermal mass
`
`distributes the heat based on complex heat flow dynamics. Id. The output is a single
`
`bulk temperature. Id. The figure below attempts to capture these concepts:
`
`-15-
`
`
`
`IPR2022-01299
Accessing this document will incur an additional charge of $.
After purchase, you can access this document again without charge.
Accept $ Charge
Still Working On It
This document is taking longer than usual to download. This can happen if we need to contact the court directly to obtain the document and their servers are running slowly.
Give it another minute or two to complete, and then try the refresh button.
A few More Minutes ... Still Working
It can take up to 5 minutes for us to download a document if the court servers are running slowly.
Thank you for your continued patience.
This document could not be displayed.
We could not find this document within its docket. Please go back to the docket page and check the link. If that does not work, go back to the docket and refresh it to pull the newest information.
Your account does not support viewing this document.
You need a Paid Account to view this document. Click here to change your account type.
Your account does not support viewing this document.
Set your membership
status to view this document.
With a Docket Alarm membership, you'll
get a whole lot more, including:
- Up-to-date information for this case.
- Email alerts whenever there is an update.
- Full text search for other cases.
- Get email alerts whenever a new case matches your search.
One Moment Please
The filing “” is large (MB) and is being downloaded.
Please refresh this page in a few minutes to see if the filing has been downloaded. The filing will also be emailed to you when the download completes.
Your document is on its way!
If you do not receive the document in five minutes, contact support at support@docketalarm.com.
Sealed Document
We are unable to display this document, it may be under a court ordered seal.
If you have proper credentials to access the file, you may proceed directly to the court's system using your government issued username and password.
Access Government Site
