USOO7613504B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`ROWe
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,613,504 B2
`Nov. 3, 2009
`
`(54) SPECTROSCOPICCROSS-CHANNEL
`METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED
`OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF TISSUE
`(75) Inventor: Robert K. Rowe, Corrales, NM (US)
`(73) Assignee: Lumidigm, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 928 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/262,403
`
`(22) Filed:
`(65)
`
`Sep. 30, 2002
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2003/OO78504 A1
`Apr. 24, 2003
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/874,740,
`filed on Jun. 5, 2001.
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`3:08:
`38th ge
`(52) U.S. Cl. ........................ 600/476; 600/310; 600/473
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................. 600/476,
`600/310; 356/432; 250/341.7,345; 382/115
`See application file for complete search history.
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`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner Eric F Winakur
`Assistant Examiner—Katherine L. Fernandez
`attorne, Agent, or Firm Townsend, Townsend & Crew
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`According to the invention, a sampling system for spectro
`scopic measurements of a biological sample is disclosed. The
`sampling system includes a plurality of illumination points, a
`plurality of detection points, a memory, and a processor. Each
`of the plurality of illumination points is involved in at least
`two measurements of illumination through the biological
`sample. Each of the plurality of detection points is involved in
`at least two measurements of illumination through the bio
`logical sample. The memory stores a plurality of measure
`ments. The processor determines a value from the plurality of
`measurements that is related to the biological sample.
`
`40 Claims, 8 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`120
`
`130
`
`140
`
`10
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1026
`
`

`

`US 7,613,504 B2
`Page 2
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`US 7,613,504 B2
`
`1.
`SPECTROSCOPC CROSS-CHANNEL
`METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED
`OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF TISSUE
`
`This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
`application Ser. No. 09/874,740, filed Jun. 5, 2001, entitled
`Apparatus And Method Of Biometric Determination Using
`Specialized Optical Spectroscopy Systems.” which is incor
`porated by reference in its entirety.
`This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser.
`No. 09/415,594, filed Oct. 8, 1999, entitled “Apparatus and
`Method for Identification of Individuals by Near-Infrared
`Spectrum”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/832,534,
`filed Apr. 11, 2001, entitled “Apparatus and Method of Bio
`metric Identification or Verification of Individuals Using
`Optical Spectroscopy”; which are all incorporated by refer
`ence in their entirety.
`
`10
`
`15
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention generally relates to the field of optical mea
`Surements of tissue for applications including spectral bio
`metrics and noninvasive analyte measurements.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Optical systems are applied to measure biological media
`for a variety of purposes. Some of these systems are used for
`biometric purposes, for example, to read fingerprints or per
`form retinal scans. There are also medical uses for optical
`systems such as measuring the pulse or blood oxygenation of
`a patient. Biological media is difficult to measure accurately.
`Some of the optical systems attempt to mitigate the adverse
`effects of various artifacts at the optical interface to more
`accurately measure the biological media. Artifacts in biomet
`ric applications can result in false positive or negative results.
`Medical applications may have unacceptable error margins
`where the artifacts cannot be overcome.
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`40
`
`The present invention is described in conjunction with the
`appended figures:
`FIG. 1 is a diagram of a side view of an embodiment of a
`cross-channel spectroscopic sampling system;
`45
`FIG. 2 is a drawing of the top plan view of an embodiment
`of a cross-channel sampler configuration for a single wave
`length;
`FIG. 3 is a graph of results of an embodiment of a simula
`tion of various spectroscopic Sampler arrangements used for
`biometric verification;
`FIG. 4 is a graph of results of an embodiment of a simula
`tion of various spectroscopic Sampler arrangements used for
`quantitative determinations;
`FIG. 5 is a graph of performance of the quantitative simu
`lation data as a function of the condition number of the path
`length matrix of one embodiment;
`FIG. 6 is a layout of a top plan view of an embodiment of
`a cross-channel sampler including 32 LED die and 4 detector
`elements;
`FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a cross
`channel sampler implemented with optical fibers; and
`FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a sampling
`system.
`In the appended figures, similar components and/or fea
`tures may have the same reference label. Further, various
`components of the same type may be distinguished by fol
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`2
`lowing the reference label by a dash and a second label that
`distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first
`reference label is used in the specification, the description is
`applicable to any one of the similar components having the
`same first reference label irrespective of the second reference
`label.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
`EMBODIMENT
`
`The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary
`embodiment(s) only, and is not intended to limit the Scope,
`applicability or configuration of the invention. Rather, the
`ensuing description of the preferred exemplary embodiment
`(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling
`description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodi
`ment of the invention. It being understood that various
`changes may be made in the function and arrangement of
`elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the
`invention as set forth in the appended claims.
`In some embodiments, optical systems are applied to mea
`Sure biological media for a variety of purposes. Optical spec
`trometers are used to make a variety of measurements on skin
`and underlying tissue. Spectroscopic systems are used for
`performing in vivo noninvasive measurements of a variety of
`analytes Such as glucose, alcohol, blood gases, oxygen Satu
`ration and tissue hemoglobin, as well as the use of similar
`technology for disease screening and determination for can
`cer, diabetes and other Such medical conditions.
`In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
`method and apparatus that reduce the effects of artifacts from,
`for example, tissue heterogeneity, tissue topology, topical
`contamination, and sampler defects. Reducing these effects
`may result in: improved spectroscopic measurements of bio
`logical media for applications such as noninvasive analyte
`measurements, for example, glucose, oxygen Saturation, tis
`Sue hemoglobin, alcohol, blood gases etc.; improved disease
`screening for medical conditions such as cancer and diabetes;
`and improved performance of spectral biometric systems car
`rying out biometric tasks such as identification, identity veri
`fication, and determination of age, gender, liveness and/or
`authenticity of the sample of biological media.
`In one embodiment, the present invention includes illumi
`nation points and detection points. The illumination and
`detection points are arranged to provide a well-conditioned
`pathlength distribution matrix through the sample, and a
`means to measure the intensity of each wavelength of light for
`each of source-detector pair.
`An embodiment of a method for improved spectroscopic
`sampling of biological media according to the present inven
`tion includes acquiring data from a sampler with illumination
`points and detection points. The illumination and detection
`points are arranged to provide a well-conditioned pathlength
`distribution matrix through the sample. The intensity of each
`wavelength of light is measured for each of the Source-detec
`tor pairs and record the resulting data. Operations are pre
`formed on the resulting data with a mathematical algorithm
`that can compensate for artifacts in the optical interface with
`the biological media.
`In one embodiment, the present invention provides a sam
`pling system for spectroscopic measurements of a biological
`sample. The sampling system includes a plurality of illumi
`nation points, a plurality of detection points, a memory, and a
`processor. Each of the plurality of illumination points is
`involved in at least two measurements of illumination through
`the biological sample. Each of the plurality of detection
`points is involved in at least two measurements of illumina
`
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`3
`tion through the biological sample. The memory stores a
`plurality of measurements. The processor determines a value
`from the plurality of measurements that is related to the
`biological sample.
`In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
`method of performing spectroscopic determinations on a bio
`logical sample. Included in a sampling system are a