MONTHOUDULLUMOTLULU
`
`US009820658B2
`
`( 12 ) United States Patent
`Tran
`
`( 10 ) Patent No . :
`( 45 ) Date of Patent :
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`( 54 ) SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVIDING
`INTEROPERABILITY AMONG
`HEALTHCARE DEVICES
`Inventor : Bao Q . Tran , San Jose , CA ( US )
`( 76 )
`Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this
`( * ) Notice :
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 2483 days .
`( 21 ) Appl . No . : 11 / 512 , 630
`Aug . 30 , 2006
`( 22 ) Filed :
`Prior Publication Data
`( 65 )
`US 2008 / 0004904 A1 Jan . 3 , 2008
`Related U . S . Application Data
`( 60 ) Provisional application No . 60 / 818 , 260 , filed on Jun .
`30 , 2006 .
`
`Int . Cl .
`G060 10 / 00
`G060 50 / 00
`A61B 5 / 0205
`A61B 5 / 00
`A61B 5 / 0404
`A61B 5 / 0492
`
`( 51 )
`
`( 52 )
`
`( 2012 . 01 )
`( 2012 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( Continued )
`
`U . S . CI .
`CPC . . . . . . . . A61B 5 / 02055 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 0006
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 0022 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`5 / 0404 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 0492 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`A61B 5 / 1112 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 1117
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 411 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`5 / 4818 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 4839 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`A61B 5 / 681 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 6804
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 7225 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 8 / 56
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 8 / 565 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; G06F
`19 / 327 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; G06F 19 / 3418 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`G06Q 50 / 22 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 021 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`
`A61B 5 / 02438 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 0476
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 0496 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`5 / 0537 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 0816 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`A61B 5 / 11 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 1135 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`A61B 5 / 145 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 14532
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 4023 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`5 / 721 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 726 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`5 / 7214 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 7232 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`A61B 5 / 7257 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 7267
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 5 / 7275 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`7 / 003 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 8 / 06 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B
`8 / 0808 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 8 / 4472 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`A61B 2503 / 08 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61B 2560 / 0214
`( 2013 . 01 )
`( 58 ) Field of Classification Search
`. . . . . . . . 703 / 2 , 3
`USPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`See application file for complete search history .
`References Cited
`U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4 , 234 , 926 A
`11 / 1980 Wallace et al .
`4 , 275 , 742 A
`6 / 1981 Faisandier
`( Continued )
`
`( 56 )
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Building the Foundation for Medical Device Plug - and - play Interop
`erability , Schrenker et al . , Apr . 1 , 2001 . *
`( Continued )
`Primary Examiner — Neha Patel
`( 74 ) Attorney , Agent , or Firm — Tran & Associates
`( 57 )
`ABSTRACT
`A medical system includes a network ; one or more medical
`data collection appliances coupled to the network , each
`appliance transmitting data conforming to an interoperable
`format ; and a server coupled to the network to store data for
`each individual in accordance with the interoperable format .
`21 Claims , 24 Drawing Sheets
`
`REMOTE SERVER 200
`
`Inlernet
`100
`
`POTS
`101
`
`AUTHORIZED THIRD
`PARTY DOCTOR
`FAMILY , EMERGENCY
`SERVICES
`CAREGIVER , HOSPITAL ,
`NURSING HOME , CALL
`CENTER , ETC . ) 21D
`
`sonov
`e um
`
`BASE STATION
`LOCAL SERVER 20
`
`46
`
`ZL
`
`Mean Network
`Appliances :
`
`10
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1020
`
`

`

`( 51 )
`
`( 56 )
`
`Int . Cl .
`GOOF 19 / 00
`G06Q 50 / 22
`A61B 5 / 021
`A61B 5 / 024
`A61B 5 / 0476
`A61B 5 / 0496
`A61B 5 / 053
`A61B 5 / 08
`A61B 5 / 11
`A61B 5 / 113
`A61B 5 / 145
`A61B 7 / 00
`A61B 8 / 06
`A61B 8 / 00
`A61B 8 / 08
`
`( 2011 . 01 )
`( 2012 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
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`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`Page 2
`
`. . . . . .
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`607 / 32
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`2
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`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`Page 3
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`( 56 )
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`
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`www . zigbee . org web site .
`* cited by examiner
`
`600 / 504
`
`600 / 437
`
`607 / 60
`
`455 / 404 . 1
`
`3
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 1 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`AUTHORIZED THIRD
`PARTY ( DOCTOR ,
`FAMILY , EMERGENCY
`SERVICES ,
`CAREGIVER , HOSPITAL ,
`NURSING HOME , CALL
`CENTER , ETC . ) 210
`
`REMOTE SERVER 200
`
`POTS
`101
`
`90
`
`Internet
`100
`
`50 50
`
`BASE STATION -
`LOCAL SERVER 20
`64 64
`80 80
`B 62
`
`Mesh Network
`Appliances 8
`
`<
`
`FIG . 1
`
`4
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 2 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET HI - FI STREAMING DIGITAL MULTI - CHANNEL
`aple
`VIDEO
`VIDEO
`VIDEO
`
`LAN LAN
`
`PAN PAN
`
`P : = . . . -
`
`SHORT < RANGE > LONG
`
`ZigBee
`
`C
`
`: : : : . . . .
`
`.
`
`LOW < DATA RATE > HIGH
`
`FIG . 1B
`
`5
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 3 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`Agent Application Process ( es )
`
`MDIB
`
`Channel
`Channel
`NU
`IVAD ]
`NU RT . ) [ AL ] NU IAL ]
`| VMD
`MDS
`Channel - * * MDS
`
`CMIDISË
`
`
`
`Presentation Layer
`
`
`
`Session Layer
`
`
`
`Transport System
`
`con
`
`cuina
`
`NU
`
`VMD
`[ VMD
`
`Channel @ @
`CMDISE
`Channel @ @
`
`SA
`
`NU
`
`
`
`con Process ( es )
`
`MDS
`
`MDIB
`
`
`
`Presentation Layer
`
`
`
`Session Layer
`
`
`
`Transport System
`
`FIG . IC
`
`6
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 4 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Place a calibration sheet with known dots at a known distance
`and perpendicular to a camera view
`
`Take snap shot of the sheet , and correlate the position of the
`dots to the camera image
`
`Place a different calibration sheet that contains known dots at
`another different known distance and perpendicular to camera
`view .
`
`Take snap shot of the sheet and correlate the position of the
`dots to the camera image
`
`Smooth the dots to the pixels to minimize digitization errors
`
`For each pixel , draw a line from Dotl ( x , y , z ) to Dot2 ( x , y , z )
`defining a cone center where the camera can view
`
`FIG . 2
`
`7
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 5 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Find floor space area
`
`Define camera view background 3D scene
`
`Calculate patient ' s key features res
`
`Detect fall
`
`FIG . 3
`
`8
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 6 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Hind floor space area
`Define camera view background 3D scene
`Calculate patient ' s key features
`Extract facial objects
`Detect facial orientation
`Detedt facial expression
`
`FIG . 4
`
`FIG . 8
`
`-
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`vw 4
`
`+ * VW1 * *
`
`136
`
`138
`
`132
`
`9
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 7 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Set up mesh network appliances ( 1000 )
`Determine patient position using in - door positioning system ( 1002 )
`Determine patient movement using accelerometer output ( 1004 )
`Determine vital parameter including patient heart rate ( 1006 )
`Determine if patient needs assistance based on in - door position , fall
`detection and vital parameter ( 1008 )
`Confirm prior to calling third party ( 1010 )
`If confirmed or non - responsive , make connection with third party and
`send voice over mesh network to appliance worn by the patient ( 1012 )
`If needed , call emergency personnel to get medical care ( 1014 )
`FIG . 5
`
`10
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 8 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`1374
`
`1380
`
`1381
`
`1392
`
`1394
`
`11390
`
`1383
`
`1378
`
`1384
`
`1386
`
`1388
`
`FIG . 6A
`
`11
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 9 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`HDTV REMOTE
`CONTROL 1399
`
`LIGHTING
`CONTROL 1398
`
`ROOM
`THERMOSTAT
`CONTROL 1396
`
`HOME SECURITY
`MONITOR 1394
`
`FIRE ALARMS
`1393
`
`HOME
`APPLIANCE ( S )
`1392
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`000000
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`HEAD BAND OR HEAD CAP
`1402
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`PATCH
`1400
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`1182
`
`MEDICINE
`CONTAINER ( S )
`1391
`
`BASE STATION
`OR PERSONAL
`SERVER 1390
`
`POTS / PSTN OR THE
`INTERNET
`
`AUTHORIZED THIRD PARTY ( FRIEND , FAMILY , COMMUNITY , EMERGENCY SERVICES ,
`HOSPITAL , CAREGIVER , OR MONITORING CALL CENTER , AMONG OTHERS ) 1194
`
`FIG . 6B
`
`12
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 10 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`* * * *
`
`PAN Coordinator ( FFD )
`Router Node ( FFD )
`End Device ( RFD or FFD )
`
`Star
`
`Mesh
`
`Cluster Tree
`
`FIG . 7
`
`13
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 11 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`report abo
`when
`
`FIG . 9
`
`14
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 12 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`1 - 144
`
`frente 145
`
`Antent
`
`146
`with
`46
`147
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`148
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`1 .
`
`149
`
`
`
`beste herramientas
`
`FIG . 10
`
`15
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 13 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`162
`
`172
`
`160
`
`164
`
`166
`
`1168
`
`Sttt170
`
`+ 170
`
`FIG . 11
`
`16
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 14 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`7172
`
`FIG . 12
`
`.
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`312
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`310
`314
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`FIG . 13
`
`FIG . 14B
`
`17
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 15 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`190
`
`Thellent that want to hold
`
`soith
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`the
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`FIG . 14A
`
`18
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 16 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`
`
`NETWORK CLIENT ( eg . NURSE ' S STATION )
`
`NURSES COMPUTER
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`NURSES COMPUTER
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`PATIENT # 2 TRANSMITTER
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`FIG . 15A
`
`19
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 17 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`-
`
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`FIG . 15B
`
`20
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 18 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Patient A
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`21
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 19 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`* * w
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`22
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 20 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Generate a blood pressure model of a patient ( 2002 )
`
`Determine a blood flow velocity using a piezoelectric transducer ( 2004 )
`
`Provide the blood flow velocity to the blood pressure model to
`continuously estimate blood pressure ( 2006 )
`
`FIG . 16A
`
`23
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 21 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Attach monitoring device and calibration device to patient ( 2010 )
`Determine blood flow velocity from the monitoring device and actual
`blood pressure from the calibration device ( 2012 )
`Generate a blood pressure model based on the blood flow velocity and the
`actual blood pressure ( 2014 )
`Remove calibration device ( 2016 )
`Determine blood flow velocity ( 2018 )
`Provide blood flow velocity to the blood pressure model to estimate blood
`pressure ( 2020 )
`
`FIG . 16B
`Detect weakness in left half and right half of patient body - arms , legs ,
`face ( 3000 )
`Detect walking pattern for loss of balance or coordination ( 3002 )
`Ask user to move hands / feet in a predetermined pattern ( 3004 )
`Read accelerometer output in accordance with predetermined pattern
`movement ( 3006 )
`Provide accelerometer output to a pattern classifier ( 3008 )
`Check whether patient is experiencing dizziness or sudden , severe
`headache with no known cause ( 3010 )
`Display a text image and ask the patient to read back the text image ,
`one eye at a time ( 3012 )
`Use speech recognizer to detect confusion , trouble speaking or
`understanding ( 3014 )
`Ask patient if they feel numbness in the body - arms , legs , face ( 3016 )
`Ask patient to squeeze gauge / force sensor to determine force applied
`during squeeze ( 3018 )
`
`wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
`
`FIG . 16C
`
`24
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 22 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Left
`upper
`arm
`
`Left
`lower
`arm
`
`Torso
`
`LH
`
`Left
`thigh
`
`(
`LK
`
`Left
`calf
`
`FIG . 16D
`
`RH
`
`Right
`thigh
`
`RK
`
`Right
`calf
`
`RS
`
`Right
`upper
`arn?
`
`RE
`
`Right
`lower
`arm
`
`25
`
`

`

`atent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 23 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`Compare historical left shoulder ( LS ) strength against current LS
`strength ( 3200 )
`
`Compare historical right shoulder ( RS ) strength against current
`RS strength ( 3202 )
`
`Compare historical left hip ( LH ) strength against current LH
`strength ( 3204 )
`
`Compare historical right hip ( RH ) strength against current RH
`strength ( 3206 )
`
`If variance between historical and current strength exceeds
`threshold , generate warning ( 3208 )
`
`FIG . 16E
`
`26
`
`

`

`U . S . Patent
`
`Nov . 21 , 2017
`
`Sheet 24 of 24
`
`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`,
`
`10 mm
`
`Muscle site
`
`Voit =
`
`- 12
`
`Hotel
`
`10 mm
`
`1 om
`
`zabiti
`
`Reference
`
`FIG . 17A
`
`HISTORICAL MEASUREMENT
`
`RECENT MEASUREMENT
`
`alandanmemmes
`
`inion
`Mbahet
`
`comprenapuramento pe
`
`. pharet
`
`r a mapangan
`
`FIG . 17B
`
`FIG . 170
`
`27
`
`

`

`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVIDING
`The system can also provide predictive alerts for high - risk
`conditions . The system can perform initial triage utilizing
`INTEROPERABILITY AMONG
`biosensors , images , e - mail / chat / video .
`HEALTHCARE DEVICES
`Advantages of the system may include one or more of the
`This application claims priority to Provisional Applica - 5 following . The system empowers people with the informa
`tion Ser . No . 60 / 818 , 260 filed Jun . 30 , 2006 , the content of
`tion they need to better manage their health and the health
`which is incorporated by reference .
`of their loved ones . The interoperability enables disparate
`industries to work together to combine their products and
`BACKGROUND
`services through connectivity standards and provide mil
`lions of people with the tools they need to better manage
`This invention relates generally to methods and systems
`their health and the health of their families . The system can
`for monitoring a person . The present invention relates to
`perform chronic disease management , monitoring the health
`interoperability of medical devices .
`and healthcare needs of aging people and proactive health
`Medical devices are essential to the practice of modern
`and fitness . The interoperable system can address the data
`medicine . Physiologic measurements like blood pressure 15 a storage requirements for health and wellness management ,
`and temperature , X - ray and ultrasound imaging , administra
`chronic disease management or patient recovery , medication
`tion of intravenous medications , and support of critical life
`management , and fitness and workout tracking . For
`functions are all routine procedures that use medical devices .
`However , at present , each device is designed to stand alone
`example , using a blood pressure sensor , a weight scale or a
`as an island . It is difficult to bring together multiple devices 20 cholesterol monitor , the user regularly collects health data
`into interoperable ( inter - connected ) systems to improve
`that is then reviewed by the patient ' s caregiver for remote
`monitoring and health management of the patient . The
`patient care and avoid unnecessary accidents .
`To address this issue , the Institute of Electrical and
`system can provide remote monitoring of multiple patients ,
`Electronics Engineers Inc . ( IEEE ) is developing two new
`seamless device replacement and support for clinical trials .
`point - of - care medical device standards . IEEE P1073 . 2 . 2 . 0
`25 The Medical Device Profile will be compliant with the US
`Health Informatics — Point - of - Care Medical Device Com -
`Health
`Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
`munication Application
`Profile - Association
`Control
`( HIPAA ) and other international data privacy requirements .
`Function — will provide for the establishment , release and
`By enabling a network of readily connected health and
`disconnection of an association between a medical device
`medical devices , people with diabetes or other chronic
`agent and a system acting as a manager . In medical device 30 diseases will be able to share vital sign information such as
`communications , manager systems indicate a set of desired
`blood pressure and glucose level with their doctors . Adult
`capabilities when requesting an association . Agent systems
`children will be able to remotely watch over their aging
`respond by stating the capabilities they support across the
`parents and proactively help them manage safely in their
`connection . Once an association is established , mechanisms
`own homes . Diet and fitness conscious individuals will also
`must be in place to break the link . IEEE P1073 . 2 . 2 . 0 is 35 be able to seamlessly share their weight and exercise data
`referenced by other application - profile mode standards
`with fitness consultants through the Internet .
`within the ISO / IEEE 11073 family . The second standards
`The above system forms an interoperable health - care
`project , IEEE P1073 . 2 . 2 . 1 — Health Informatics - Point - Of
`system with a network ; a first medical appliance to capture
`Care Medical Device Communication Application Pro -
`a first vital information and coupled to the network , the first
`file - Polling Mode — will define a method for retrieving 40 medical appliance transmitting the first vital information
`application data with medical devices that communicate
`conforming to an interoperable format ; and a second medi
`through polling protocols . IEEE P1073 . 2 . 2 . 1 will enable
`cal appliance to capture a second vital information and
`" plug - and - play ” interoperability for simple medical devices
`coupled to the network , the second medical appliance con
`that use polling protocols for management systems to query
`verting the first vital information in accordance with the
`45 interoperable format and processing the first and second
`devices for all information to be communicated .
`vital information , the second medical appliance providing an
`SUMMARY
`output conforming to the interoperable format .
`The appliances can communicate data conforming to the
`An interoperable health - care system includes a network ;
`interoperable format over one of : cellular protocol , ZigBee
`one or more medical data collection appliances coupled to 50 protocol , Bluetooth protocol , WiFi protocol , WiMAX pro
`the network , each appliance transmitting data conforming to
`tocol , USB protocol , ultrawideband protocol . The appli
`an interoperable format ; and a computer coupled to the
`ances can communicate over two or more protocols . The
`network to store data for each individual in accordance with
`first medical appliance can transmit the first vital informa
`tion over a first protocol ( such as Bluetooth protocol ) to a
`the interoperable format .
`The user can take his / her weight , blood pressure , and 55 computer , wherein the computer transmits the first vital
`information to the second medical appliance over a second
`cholesterol measurement daily , and the data is sent from a
`health base station to a monitoring service at his doctor ' s
`protocol ( such as ZigBee prototocol ) . The computer can then
`office . Periodically , the user gets an automated health sum -
`transmit to a hospital or physician office using broadband
`mary generated by a service at his doctor ' s office as well as
`such as WiMAX protocol or cellular protocol . The computer
`information to help him maintain a healthy lifestyle . The 60 can perform the interoperable format conversion for the
`health information can be stored in an external HIPAA
`appliances or devices , or alternatively each appliance or
`compliant health storage database so that the user and his
`device can perform the format conversion . Regardless of
`doctor can access his health information over the web . The
`which device performs the protocol conversion and format
`system extends health care system into the home and can
`conversion , the user does not need to know about the
`record personal health data on a systematic periodic basis . 65 underlying format or protocol in order to use the appliances .
`Appointments can be automatically scheduled with provid -
`The user only needs to plug an appliance into the network ,
`ers . Long - term data for medical baseline can be collected
`the data transfer is done automatically so that the electronic
`
`28
`
`

`

`US 9 , 820 , 658 B2
`
`5
`
`phone dialing . The processor can execute code to store and
`" plumbing ” is not apparent to the user . In this way , the use