`
`General Packet Radio Service - Wikipedia
`
`General Packet Radio Service
`
`General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented
`mobile data standard on the 2G cellular communication network's
`global system for mobile communications (GSM).[1] GPRS was
`established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute
`(ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-
`switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd
`Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).[2][3]
`
`GPRS is typically sold according to the total volume of data
`transferred during the billing cycle, in contrast with circuit
`switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection
`time, or sometimes by one-third minute increments. Usage above
`the GPRS bundled data cap may be charged per MB of data, speed
`limited, or disallowed.
`
`GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and
`latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the
`service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a
`is guaranteed during the
`certain quality of service (QoS)
`connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–
`114 kbit/s.[4] 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is
`sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the
`second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony.[5] It
`provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time-division multiple access (TDMA)
`channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer
`releases. Mobile devices with GPRS started to roll out around the year 2001.[6]
`Technical overview
`
`Sony Ericsson K310a showing
`Wikipedia homepage via internet
`GPRS.
`
`The GPRS core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to
`external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network
`switching subsystem.[7][8][9]
`
`Services offered
`
`GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services
`possible:
`
`SMS messaging and broadcasting
`"Always on" internet access
`Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
`Push-to-talk over cellular (PoC)
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`Instant messaging and presence—wireless village
`Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP)
`Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP)
`Point-to-multipoint (P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group calls
`
`If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be
`achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed
`is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.
`
`Frequencies
`
`As the GPRS standard is an extension of GSM capabilities, the service operates on the 2G and 3G
`cellular communication GSM frequencies.[8][10] GPRS devices can typically use (one or more) of the
`frequencies within one of the frequency bands the radio supports (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz).
`Depending on the device, location and intended use, regulations may be imposed either restricting or
`explicitly specifying authorised frequency bands.[10][11][12]
`
`GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are used in the United States, Canada, and many other countries in the
`Americas. GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in: Europe, Middle East, Africa and most of Asia. In
`South Americas these bands are used in Costa Rica (GSM-1800), Brazil (GSM-850, 900 and 1800),
`Guatemala (GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900), El Salvador (GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900). There is a
`more comprehensive record of international cellular service frequency assignments (https://docs.cell
`mapper.net/mw/Mobile_Spectrum_Assignments_by_Country)
`
`Protocols supported
`
`GPRS supports the following protocols:
`
`Internet Protocol (IP). In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 before IPv6 is widespread.
`Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is typically not supported by mobile phone operators but if a cellular
`phone is used as a modem for a connected computer, PPP may be used to tunnel IP to the
`phone. This allows an IP address to be dynamically assigned (using IPCP rather than DHCP) to
`the mobile equipment.
`X.25 connections are typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it
`has been removed from the standard. X.25 can still be supported over PPP, or even over IP, but
`this requires either a network-based router to perform encapsulation or software built into the end-
`device/terminal; e.g., user equipment (UE).
`
`When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and
`forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP restores any packets lost (e.g. due
`to a radio noise induced pause).
`
`Hardware
`
`Devices supporting GPRS are grouped into three classes:
`Class A
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`Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS) simultaneously. Such
`devices are now available.
`Class B
`Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), but using only one at a
`time. During GSM service (voice call or SMS), GPRS service is suspended and resumed
`automatically after the GSM service (voice call or SMS) has concluded. Most GPRS mobile
`devices are Class B.
`Class C
`Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service (voice, SMS) and must be switched
`manually between one service and the other.
`
`Because a Class A device must service GPRS and GSM networks together, it effectively needs two
`radios. To avoid this hardware requirement, a GPRS mobile device may implement the dual transfer
`mode (DTM) feature. A DTM-capable mobile can handle both GSM packets and GPRS packets with
`network coordination to ensure both types are not transmitted at the same time. Such devices are
`considered pseudo-Class A, sometimes referred to as "simple class A". Some networks have supported
`DTM since 2007.
`
`USB 3G/GPRS modems have a terminal-like interface over USB
`with V.42bis, and RFC 1144 (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/htm
`l/rfc1144) data formats. Some models include an external antenna
`connector. Modem cards for laptop PCs, or external USB modems
`are available, similar in shape and size to a computer mouse, or a
`pendrive.
`
`Addressing
`
`A GPRS connection is established by reference to its access point
`name (APN). The APN defines the services such as wireless
`application protocol (WAP) access, short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service
`(MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.
`
`Huawei E220 3G/GPRS Modem
`
`In order to set up a GPRS connection for a wireless modem, a user must specify an APN, optionally a
`user name and password, and very rarely an IP address, provided by the network operator.
`
`GPRS modems and modules
`
`GSM module or GPRS modules are similar to modems, but there's one difference: the modem is an
`external piece of equipment, whereas the GSM module or GPRS module can be integrated within an
`electrical or electronic equipment. It is an embedded piece of hardware. A GSM mobile, on the other
`hand, is a complete embedded system in itself. It comes with embedded processors dedicated to
`provide a functional interface between the user and the mobile network.
`
`Coding schemes and speeds
`
`The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in GPRS depend on a number of factors such
`as:
`
`the number of BTS TDMA time slots assigned by the operator
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`the channel encoding used.
`the maximum capability of the mobile device expressed as a GPRS multislot class
`
`General Packet Radio Service - Wikipedia
`
`Multiple access schemes
`
`The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS are based on frequency-division duplex (FDD)
`and TDMA. During a session, a user is assigned to one pair of up-link and down-link frequency
`channels. This is combined with time domain statistical multiplexing which makes it possible for
`several users to share the same frequency channel. The packets have constant length, corresponding
`to a GSM time slot. The down-link uses first-come first-served packet scheduling, while the up-link
`uses a scheme very similar to reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA). This means that slotted ALOHA (S-
`ALOHA) is used for reservation inquiries during a contention phase, and then the actual data is
`transferred using dynamic TDMA with first-come first-served.
`
`Channel encoding
`
`The channel encoding process in GPRS consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity
`bits, which are also referred to as the Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly
`punctured convolutional code.[13] The Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity bits
`generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate of the convolutional code.[13] In Coding Schemes
`CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. each input bit is converted into two coded
`bits.[13] In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the convolutional code is punctured to
`achieve the desired code rate.[13] In Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied.[13] The
`following table summarises the options.
`
`GPRS
`Coding
`scheme
`
`CS-1
`CS-2
`CS-3
`CS-4
`
`Bitrate including RLC/MAC
`overhead[a][b]
`(kbit/s/slot)
`9.20
`13.55
`15.75
`21.55
`
`Bitrate excluding RLC/MAC
`overhead[c]
`(kbit/s/slot)
`8.00
`12.00
`14.40
`20.00
`
`Modulation
`
`GMSK
`GMSK
`GMSK
`GMSK
`
`Code
`rate
`
`1/2
`≈2/3
`≈3/4
`1
`
`a. This is rate at which the RLC/MAC layer protocol data unit (PDU) (called a radio block) is
`transmitted. As shown in TS 44.060 section 10.0a.1,[14] a radio block consists of MAC header,
`RLC header, RLC data unit and spare bits. The RLC data unit represents the payload, the rest is
`overhead. The radio block is coded by the convolutional code specified for a particular Coding
`Scheme, which yields the same PHY layer data rate for all Coding Schemes.
`b. Cited in various sources, e.g. in TS 45.001 table 1.[13] is the bitrate including the RLC/MAC
`headers, but excluding the uplink state flag (USF), which is part of the MAC header,[15] yielding a
`bitrate that is 0.15 kbit/s lower.
`c. The net bitrate here is the rate at which the RLC/MAC layer payload (the RLC data unit) is
`transmitted. As such, this bit rate excludes the header overhead from the RLC/MAC layers.
`
`The least robust, but fastest, coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a base transceiver station (BTS),
`while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away
`from a BTS.
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`Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this
`scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time
`slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed
`automatically depending on the mobile location.
`
`In addition to GPRS, there are two other GSM technologies which deliver data services: circuit-
`switched data (CSD) and high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD). In contrast to the shared nature
`of GPRS, these instead establish a dedicated circuit (usually billed per minute). Some applications
`such as video calling may prefer HSCSD, especially when there is a continuous flow of data between
`the endpoints.
`
`The following table summarises some possible configurations of GPRS and circuit switched data
`services.
`
`Technology
`CSD
`HSCSD
`HSCSD
`GPRS
`GPRS
`EGPRS (EDGE)
`EGPRS (EDGE)
`
`Download (kbit/s)
`9.6
`28.8
`43.2
`85.6
`64.2
`236.8
`177.6
`
`Upload (kbit/s)
`9.6
`14.4
`14.4
`21.4 (Class 8 & 10 and CS-4)
`42.8 (Class 10 and CS-4)
`59.2 (Class 8, 10 and MCS-9)
`118.4 (Class 10 and MCS-9)
`
`TDMA timeslots allocated (DL+UL)
`1+1
`2+1
`3+1
`4+1
`3+2
`4+1
`3+2
`
`Multislot Class
`
`The multislot class determines the speed of data transfer available in the Uplink and Downlink
`directions. It is a value between 1 and 45 which the network uses to allocate radio channels in the
`uplink and downlink direction. Multislot class with values greater than 31 are referred to as high
`multislot classes.
`
`A multislot allocation is represented as, for example, 5+2. The first number is the number of downlink
`timeslots and the second is the number of uplink timeslots allocated for use by the mobile station. A
`commonly used value is class 10 for many GPRS/EGPRS mobiles which uses a maximum of 4
`timeslots in downlink direction and 2 timeslots in uplink direction. However simultaneously a
`maximum number of 5 simultaneous timeslots can be used in both uplink and downlink. The network
`will automatically configure for either 3+2 or 4+1 operation depending on the nature of data transfer.
`
`Some high end mobiles, usually also supporting UMTS, also support GPRS/EDGE multislot class 32.
`According to 3GPP TS 45.002 (Release 12), Table B.1,[16] mobile stations of this class support 5
`timeslots in downlink and 3 timeslots in uplink with a maximum number of 6 simultaneously used
`timeslots. If data traffic is concentrated in downlink direction the network will configure the
`connection for 5+1 operation. When more data is transferred in the uplink the network can at any
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`time change the constellation to 4+2 or 3+3. Under the best reception conditions, i.e. when the best
`EDGE modulation and coding scheme can be used, 5 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 5*59.2 kbit/s
`= 296 kbit/s. In uplink direction, 3 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 3*59.2 kbit/s = 177.6 kbit/s.[17]
`
`Multislot Classes for GPRS/EGPRS
`
`Multislot Class Downlink TS Uplink TS Active TS
`1
`1
`1
`2
`2
`2
`1
`3
`3
`2
`2
`3
`4
`3
`1
`4
`5
`2
`2
`4
`6
`3
`2
`4
`7
`3
`3
`4
`8
`4
`1
`5
`9
`3
`2
`5
`10
`4
`2
`5
`11
`4
`3
`5
`12
`4
`4
`5
`30
`5
`1
`6
`31
`5
`2
`6
`32
`5
`3
`6
`33
`5
`4
`6
`34
`5
`5
`6
`
`Attributes of a multislot class
`
`Each multislot class identifies the following:
`
`the maximum number of Timeslots that can be allocated on uplink
`the maximum number of Timeslots that can be allocated on downlink
`the total number of timeslots which can be allocated by the network to the mobile
`the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to
`transmit
`the time needed for the MS to get ready to transmit
`the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to
`receive
`the time needed for the MS to get ready to receive.
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`The different multislot class specification is detailed in the Annex B of the 3GPP Technical
`Specification 45.002 (Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path)
`Usability
`
`The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was similar to a modem connection in an
`analog wire telephone network, about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Latency is very
`high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600–700 ms and often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically
`prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly.
`
`Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are
`generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With
`these enhancements the active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in
`application-level throughput speeds.
`History
`
`GPRS opened in 2000[18] as a packet-switched data service embedded in the channel-switched
`cellular radio network GSM. GPRS extends the reach of the fixed Internet by connecting mobile
`terminals worldwide.
`
`The CELLPAC[19] protocol developed 1991–1993 was the trigger point for starting in 1993 the
`specification of standard GPRS by ETSI SMG (http://www.gsma.com/aboutus/history). Especially,
`the CELLPAC Voice & Data functions introduced in a 1993 ETSI Workshop contribution[20] anticipate
`what was later known to be the roots of GPRS. This workshop contribution is referenced in 22 GPRS-
`related US patents.[21] Successor systems to GSM/GPRS like W-CDMA (UMTS) and LTE rely on key
`GPRS functions for mobile Internet access as introduced by CELLPAC.
`
`According to a study on history of GPRS development,[22] Bernhard Walke and his student Peter
`Decker are the inventors of GPRS — the first system providing worldwide mobile Internet access.
`Enhanced GPRS
`
`Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS
`(EGPRS), IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced Data rates for Global
`Evolution, is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data
`transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is
`considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition.[23]
`EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular
`(now AT&T) in the United States.[24]
`
`EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. A variant, so
`called Compact-EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of Digital AMPS
`network spectrum.[25]
`
`EDGE sign shown
`in notification bar
`on an Android-
`based
`smartphone.
`
`Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers
`higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance
`compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection.
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`EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection.
`
`Evolved EDGE continues in release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than
`doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Peak bit-rates of up to 1
`Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400 kbit/s can be expected.
`See also
`
`Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
`GPRS core network
`High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA)
`IP Multimedia Subsystem
`List of interface bit rates
`Sub-network dependent convergence protocol (SNDCP)
`UMTS
`
`References
`1. "Is General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 2G, 3G or 4G? – Commsbrief" (https://commsbrief.co
`m/is-general-packet-radio-service-gprs-in-gsm-2g-3g-or-4g/). Retrieved 2023-07-16.
`2. "Welcome to the World of Standards!" (https://www.etsi.org/index.php). ETSI.
`3. "3GPP – The Mobile Broadband Standard" (https://www.3gpp.org/). 3GPP.
`4. "General packet radio service from Qkport" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100128100744/http://a
`bout.qkport.com/g/general_packet_radio_service). Archived from the original (http://about.qkport.c
`om/g/general_packet_radio_service) on 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
`5. "Mobile Phone Generations from" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100611210121/http://www.funs
`ms.net/mobile_phone_generations.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.funsms.net/mobile
`_phone_generations.htm) on 2010-06-11.
`6. "Q&A: GPRS phones" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1338172.stm). 2001-05-18. Retrieved
`2023-07-16.
`7. "What Is GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)? Meaning, Working, Advantages, and
`Applications" (https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/networking/articles/what-is-gprs/). Spiceworks.
`Retrieved 2023-05-01.
`8. Sandeep Bhandari (2021-09-17). "Difference Between GSM and GPRS" (https://askanydifference.
`com/difference-between-gsm-and-gprs-with-table/). askanydifference.com. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
`9. "4G vs GPRS: What is the difference between 4G LTE and GPRS?" (https://commsbrief.com/4g-v
`s-gprs-what-is-the-difference-between-4g-lte-and-gprs/). Commsbrief. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
`10. "Ofcom UK Frequency Allocation (UKFAT) Page" (http://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/spectrum/fat.ht
`ml). static.ofcom.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
`11. "What frequency does the data traffic use in GPRS?" (https://web.archive.org/web/202305010414
`08/https://support.honeywellaidc.com/s/article/What-frequency-does-the-data-traffic-use-in-GPR
`S). Honeywell AIDC. Honeywell. 2014-10-07. Archived from the original (https://support.honeywell
`aidc.com/s/article/What-frequency-does-the-data-traffic-use-in-GPRS) on 2023-05-01. Retrieved
`2023-05-01.
`12. "Mobile Spectrum Assignments by Country" (https://docs.cellmapper.net/mw/Mobile_Spectrum_As
`signments_by_Country). CellMapper Wiki. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
`
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`13. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (November 2014). "3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specification
`Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Physical layer on the radio path; General description"
`(http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/45001.htm). 12.1.0. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
`14. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (June 2015). "3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specification Group
`GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface;
`Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol; section 10.0a.1 - GPRS
`RLC/MAC block for data transfer" (http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/45001.htm). 12.5.0.
`Retrieved 2015-12-05.
`15. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (June 2015). "3GGP TS45.001: Technical Specification Group
`GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface;
`Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol; section 10.2.1 - Downlink RLC
`data block" (http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/45001.htm). 12.5.0. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
`16. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (March 2015). "3GGP TS45.002: Technical Specification
`Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path
`(Release 12)" (http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/45002.htm). 12.4.0. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
`17. "GPRS and EDGE Multislot Classes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153600/http://mobiles
`ociety.typepad.com/mobile_life/2007/04/gprs_and_edge_m.html). Archived from the original (htt
`p://mobilesociety.typepad.com/mobile_life/2007/04/gprs_and_edge_m.html) on 2010-11-27.
`Retrieved 2010-06-21.
`18. Haynes, John D. (July 2001). Internet Management Issues: A Global Perspective: A Global
`Perspective (https://books.google.com/books?id=1UW7Y6zj17wC&dq=gprs+2000&pg=PA32).
`ISBN 9781591400158.
`19. Walke, Bernhard H.; Mende, Wolf; Hatziliadis, Georgios (19–22 May 1991). CELLPAC: A Packet
`Radio Protocol Applied to the Cellular GSM Mobile Radio Network (http://www.comnets.rwth-aach
`en.de/downloads/publications/1991WaMeHacellpac.pdf) (PDF). Proceedings of 41st IEEE
`Vehicular Technology Conference. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: IEEE. pp. 408–413.
`doi:10.1109/VETEC.1991.140520 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FVETEC.1991.140520). ISBN 0-
`87942-582-2. ISSN 1090-3038 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1090-3038). Archived (https://web.a
`rchive.org/web/20211117195241/http://www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/downloads/publications/199
`1WaMeHacellpac.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-27. (6 pages)
`20. Decker, Peter; Walke, Bernhard H. (1993-10-13). A General Packet Radio Service proposed for
`GSM (http://www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/downloads/publications/DeWaETSIHelsinki93.pdf)
`(PDF). ETSI SMG Workshop "GSM in a Future Competitive Environment". Helsinki, Finland.
`pp. 1–20. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210918230645/http://www.comnets.rwth-aache
`n.de/downloads/publications/DeWaETSIHelsinki93.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-18.
`Retrieved 2021-11-15. (11 pages)
`21. Program “Publish or Perish”, see [1] (http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm) returns to a search for P.
`Decker, B. Walke, their most cited paper that unveils US patents referencing that paper.
`22. Walke, Bernhard H. (October 2013). "The Roots of GPRS: The First System for Mobile Packet-
`Based Global Internet Access" (http://www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de/downloads/publications/Root
`s_of_GPRS_final.pdf) (PDF). IEEE Wireless Communications. Aachen, Germany: ComNets
`Research Group: 12–23. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210918230659/http://www.com
`nets.rwth-aachen.de/downloads/publications/Roots_of_GPRS_final.pdf) (PDF) from the original
`on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2021-11-15. (19 pages)
`23. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090306095648/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/
`DocumentsIMT2000/IMT-2000.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-
`2000/DocumentsIMT2000/IMT-2000.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service
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`General Packet Radio Service - Wikipedia
`24. (PDF) http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/MiscDocuments/IMT-Deployments-Rev3.pdf (http://www.it
`u.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/MiscDocuments/IMT-Deployments-Rev3.pdf). Retrieved 2008-04-16. {{cite
`web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
`25. ETSI SMG2 99/872
`
`External links
`
`3GPP AT command set for user equipment (UE) (https://www.3gpp.org/FTP/Specs/archive/27_ser
`ies/27.007/27007-841.zip)
`GPRS security information (https://web.archive.org/web/20080209213430/http://www.gprssecurity.
`com/) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 9, 2008)
`Free GPRS resources (http://www.telecomspace.com/datatech-gprs.html) Archived (https://web.ar
`chive.org/web/20100607080912/http://www.telecomspace.com/datatech-gprs.html) 2010-06-07 at
`the Wayback Machine
`GSM World, the trade association for GSM and GPRS network operators (https://web.archive.org/
`web/20050207090121/http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/gprs/intro.shtml).
`Palowireless GPRS resource center (https://web.archive.org/web/20010608033941/http://www.pal
`owireless.com/gprs/)
`GPRS attach and PDP context activation sequence diagram (http://www.eventhelix.com/Realtime
`Mantra/Telecom/gprs_attach_pdp_sequence_diagram.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
`20100101083737/http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/Telecom/gprs_attach_pdp_sequenc
`e_diagram.pdf) 2010-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Packet_Radio_Service&oldid=1171226045"
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`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service
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