a2, United States Patent
`US 6,366,622 B1
`(10) Patent No.:
`Apr.2, 2002
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Brownetal.
`
`US006366622B1
`
`(75)
`
`(54) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR WIRELESS
`COMMUNICATIONS
`Inventors: Stephen Joseph Brown; Andrew
`Xavier Estrada, both of San Diego;
`Terrance R. Bourk, La Jolla; Steven
`R. Norsworthy, Solana Beach; Patrick
`J. Murphy; Christopher Dennis Hull,
`both of San Diego; Glenn Chang,
`Laguna Niguel; Mark Vernon Lane,
`San Diego; Jorge A. Grilo, Foothill
`Ranch,all of CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Silicon Wave, Inc., San Diego, CA
`(US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`US.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/305,330
`(22)
`Filed:
`May4, 1999
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/216,040,filed on
`Dec. 18, 1998, now abandoned.
`
`Int. C1?eee HO04B 1/30; HO4L 27/18
`(S51)
`(52) US. Ch. eee 375/322; 375/133; 375/222;
`375/281; 375/345; 329/304
`(58) Field of Search oo... eee 375/132, 133,
`375/136, 219, 222, 259, 279, 281, 316,
`326, 327, 329, 332, 345; 329/304, 306,
`307, 308; 455/234.1, 257, 276.1
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`9/1992 Norsworthy ...........00 341/131
`5,144,308 A
`(List continued on next page.)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`JP
`
`6053422 A
`
`2/1994 eee HO11/27/06
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`nology Overview”, “Radio”, “Baseband”, “Link Manage-
`ment”, “Software Framework”, “PC General”, “Telephone”,
`“Others”; Date Unknown; pp. 1-10.
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`Primary Examiner—Young T. Tse
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Martin J. Jaquez, Esq.;
`Jaquez & Associates
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`An apparatus for receiving signals includes a low noise
`amplifier (LNA) configured to receive a radio frequency
`(RF) signal. An I/Q direct down converter is coupled to the
`LNA.The I/Q direct down converter is configured to split
`the RF signal into real and imaginary components and to
`down convert the real and imaginary components directly to
`baseband signals. A local oscillator (LO) is coupled to the
`1/Q direct down converter and is configured to drive the I/Q
`direct down converter. First and secondfilters are coupled to
`the I/Q direct down converter. Thefirst and secondfilters are
`configured to filter the down converted real and imaginary
`components,respectively. First and second analog-to-digital
`converters (ADCs)are coupled to the first and secondfilters,
`respectively. The first and second ADCsare configured to
`convert
`the real and imaginary components into digital
`signals. The first and second ADCs have a dynamic range
`that is wide enough to convert the filtered, down converted
`real and imaginary components to digital signals without
`using variable gain on the filtered and down converted real
`and imaginary components. An apparatus for use in wireless
`communications includes a radio, a modem and a controller
`integrated onto a single integrated circuit (IC). The radio
`includes a receiver for receiving data and a transmitter for
`transmitting data. The modem is coupledto the radio and is
`configured to demodulate received data and modulate data
`for transmission. The controller is coupled to the modem and
`includes a digital
`interface for external communications
`through which received data and data for transmission is
`sent, a connection state machine configured to accept com-
`mands through the digital interface and to respond to the
`commandsby initiating a sequence, and a receive/transmit
`state machine configured to perform state control of the
`radio in response to the initiated sequence.
`
`Bluetooth Special Interest Group website http:/Avww.blue-
`tooth.com; “Bluetooth—Document Page”, including ““Tech-
`
`38 Claims, 45 Drawing Sheets-
`
`1
`
`I
`216 4.215
`352
`222
`
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`bc
`wx
`>|
`'
`Cancel
`x
`ra Data_l
`|
`Vref
`p> Data_Q
`224
`i
`~
`DE
`''
`Cancel!
`AG
`ADC
`Severe
`
`Power
`
`
`245
`Po eee
`i
`1
`an
`1
`a ___]
`\
`TL
`
`t
`1
`S234
`1
`' Up-converter
`
`1
`1
`'
`24a!
`236
`x
`x
`351we
`1
`Woe
`(2407 4
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`354
`
`
`.
`
`ADC
`226
`228°
`
`DAC
`230
`232
`DAC
`
`
`
`1
`
`“+— Data_l
`1
`I
`
`'
`\
`
`Data_Q
`
`SAMSUNG 1017
`
`111\1iT'
`
`
`
`x1Nxt
`
`108
`
`
`
`206
`
`SAMSUNG 1017
`
`1
`
`

`

`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`1/1994 See etal. we 437/34
`5,279,978 A
`3/1994 Eklund et al.
`.
`... 257/370
`5,294,823 A
`
`8/1994 Loper ...........00.
`.... 329/358
`5,339,040 A
`6/1995 Norsworthyetal. ......... 341/143
`5,424,739 A
`
`7/1995 Onaiet al. cess.
`... 257/347
`5,430,317 A
`
`9/1995 Nathansonetal.
`.. 257/728
`5,449,953 A
`3/1996 Deen etal. .......
`.. 257/139
`5,498,885 A
`
`11/1996 Nguyen et al... 331/75
`5,578,970 A
`
`4/1997 Ohta etal. .....
`-- 257/692
`5,619,069 A
`yjoo mae ctal isreeeeneeeseees.oe10
`een A
`iramoto et a
`wee
`661,
`
`vee 341/144
`11/1997 Galton ........
`5,684,482 A
`1/1998 Dent wc.
`w 455/383
`5,708,971 A *
`3/1998 Bakeretal. ......
`... 455/296
`5,724,653 A *
`
`
`4/1998 Norsworthyetal. ........ 341/131
`5,745,061 A
`5/1998 Okanobu et al.
`........... 380/38
`5,757,921 A
`6/1998 Kumauchietal. ........... 438/234
`5,773,340 A
`
`8/1998 Lompetal. ......
`.. 370/335
`5,799,010 A *
`sees. 380/34
`5,825,887 A : 10/1998 Lennen «2...
`F/1999 Walley .....ccceesecece 375/140
`5,930,286 A
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`WO
`WO
`wo
`
`WO 9625790
`WO 97/02602
`WO 98/49779
`
`8/1996
`V/1997 a. HO1L/27/12
`11/1998 eee H04B/1/38
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`.
`.
`Durec, Jeff, “An Integrated Silicon Bipolar Receiver Sub-
`system for 900—Mhz ISM Band Applications” IEEE Journal
`of Solid State Circuits 33(9):1352-1372 (Sep. 1998).
`Hashimoto etal., “A 6— m7 biplolar transistor using 0.25—u
`m process technology for high-speed applications” IEEE
`Proceedings of the Bipolar BiCMOS Circuits and Technol-
`os
`_
`ogering re bs Gep. 8).
`3 AWirel
`;
`ersona’ Conimumications,
`“rigure
`9.
`ireless~en
`hanced scenario for PCCAs”, Dec. 1998,p. 1.
`Kikuchiet al., “A 0.354m ECL—CMOSProcess Technology
`on SOI for Ins Mega—bits SRAM’s with 40ps Gate Array”
`International Electronic Devices Meeting Technical Digest
`95:923-926 (Dec. 1995).
`Sze, S.M., Semiconductor Devices, Physics and Technology,
`NewJersey, John Wiley & Sons, 1985., p. 468-472. ISBN
`0-471-87424-8.
`
`JP
`
`8241999
`
`9/1996
`
`eases HO1L/29/786
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`2
`
`

`

`Sheet 1 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 2 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 3 of 45
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`US 6,366,622 B1
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`US 6,366,622 B1
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 5 of 45
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 6 of 45
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 7 of 45
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 8 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Silicon Substrate
`
`320
`
`322
`
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`300
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`200
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 9 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`324
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`Process
`
`326
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`Idle Period?
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`330
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`332
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`Correct the DC Offset based on
`the Measured DC Offset
`
`FIG. 9
`
`11
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`11
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 10 of 45
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 11 of 45
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`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 12 of 45
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`US 6,366,622 B1
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 13 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 14 of 45
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`US 6,366,622 B1
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`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 22 of 45
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 23 of 45
`
`aoejaquy |eubiq
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 24 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`yOLLne
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`26
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 25 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`OOCL
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`Asuenba4
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`SHO
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 26 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`9OLL
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 27 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`(0:4)WLVGd
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`29
`
`29
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 28 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`(0:4)WLlWdd
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`
`30
`
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`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 29 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Lasay
`
`JleDIA
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`31
`
`31
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 30 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Switch on regulator and reference oscillator. Wait for referenceto settle.
`(if just waking up from sleep state)
`
`Tune PLL to next channel. Wait for PLL to settle.
`
`(if in transmit mode)
`
`Throw T/R switch
`
`
`
`Switch on mixers and converters.
`
`
`
`Perform DC offset calibration
`(if in receive mode)
`
`Switch on LNA
`(if in receive mode)
`
`Switch on PA
`
`FIG. 28
`
`32
`
`32
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 31 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`(for duration T,age scan)
`
`
`
`
`
`Standby state
`1274
`
`
`
`1268 Slave response substate|—Timeout Report error 1272
`
`Hit
`Y
`Connection state
`
`|1270
`
`FIG. 29A
`
`33
`
`Hit
`
`Timeout
`
`33
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 32 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`Page substate
`
`Timeout
`
`1280 Master response substate|-Timeout —>
`Report error 1284
`
`
`Hit
`
`
`
`
`
`Hit
`
`Y
`Connection state
`
`| 1282
`
`|
`
`
`
`Standby state
`
`1286
`
`
`
`FIG. 29B
`
`34
`
`34
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 33 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Standby or Connection state
`(for duration Tinquiry scan)
`
`
`
`Inquiry scan substate
`
`Hit
`
`1294
`
`Connection state
`
`|
`
`
`
`FIG. 29C
`
`35
`
`Hit
`
`Timeout
`
`
`1292 Inquiry response substate-Timeout —>|
`Report error 1296
`
`
`Standby state
`1298
`
`35
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 34 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Inquiry substate
`
`No hit
`
`
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`
`
`Hit
`
`Timeout
`
`
`
`Update status table
`
`| 1306
`
`Previous connection or standby state
`
`|
`
`FIG. 29D
`
`36
`
`36
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 35 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Periodic transactions with remote unit(s)
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`131
`
`Hit
`ee
`Connection state
`
`FIG. 29E
`
`37
`
`37
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 36 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Sniff substate (slave listens for single slot)
`
`Standby state
`(for duration T yi)
`
`Hit
`
`131
`
`Connection state (for remaining packets)
`
`FIG. 29F
`
`38
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 37 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`— WwEOo
`
`Master and slave agree on holdTO duration
`
`Standby or Connection state
`(for specified duration)
`
`No hit
`
`— oo Ro >
`
`Slave wakes up and synchronizes to the master
`
`Hit
`
`1326
`
`Connection state (for remaining packets)
`
`FIG, 29G
`
`39
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 38 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`
`
`Masterplaces slave in Park Mode
`via message communicating the
`beacon channel parameters and
`
`the slave's assignment 425
`
`
`
`
`
`Slave goes into low power Parked
`State and times the interval to
`next beacon
`
`1330
`——1 No Message
`to Slave
`
`Slave wakesup attime of next
`beacon burst and synchronizesto
`the beacon
`
`1332
`
`Message Received
`
`Slave stays active and continues
`to receive messagesuntil
`no further packets are
`addressedto it.
`
`1334
`
`FIG. 29H
`
`40
`
`40
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 39 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`RADIO
`MODEM
`
`0.2 mA
`
`VO
`
`0.4 mA
`
`
`BASEBAND
`PROCESSOR
`
`55
`
`5 MA?
`
`
`LM+ (a\Applicatio
`omen
`+ L2CAP
`
`Baseband
`Processor
`
`Host
`Processor
`
`FIG. 30A
`
`A1
`
`41
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 40 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
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`RADIO
`
`BASEBAND CONTROLLER
`
`BASEBAND PROCESSOR
`
`/O
`
`0.1 mA
`
`1100
`
`ontroller +)
`Modem +
`
`XN
`
`Applicati
`pplicatio
`
`Baseband
`
`Processor
`
`Host
`
`Processor
`
`FIG. 30B
`
`42
`
`42
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 41 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`
`
`JOSS8901qJOSS9905q
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`1SOHpuegeseg
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`
`Ndde4uO
`
`43
`
`43
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 42 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`
`
`ynouid
`
`ZHA2EDOA
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`44
`
`
`

`

`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`
`
`91BNSGNSUODI|IS
`
`eelA
`
`9OLL
`
`
`
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`
`Joyejnsuy
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 43 of 45
`
`OOLL
`
`OvVEelL
`
`evel
`
`45
`
`45
`
`
`

`

`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 44 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`8vP
`
`NO—NNBSNX=
` OrbSpObvey2SbOrbOS9paeeeePONNN/NIi454(YH£|NewPasRsNHA793
`
`TA
`
`veOld
`
`46
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.2, 2002
`
`Sheet 45 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`Form the n+, p+
`
`Base Polysilicon
`
`418
`
`Base Implantation
`
`420
`
`Emitter Polysilico
`(IDP)
`
`422
`
`Start with SOI
`
`Form N+ Buried
`
`Form N Epitaxial
`
`Form the LOCOS
`
`406
`
`Form the Trench
`
`| 08
`
`Form the N-Well
`
`410
`
`Form the P-We
`-Well
`
`412
`
`FIG. 35
`
`47
`
`47
`
`

`

`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`1
`APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR WIRELESS
`COMMUNICATIONS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATION
`
`The present application is a Continuation-In-Part (CIP) of
`US. patent application Ser. No. 09/216,040, filed Dec. 18,
`1998, and entitled “Apparatus and Method For Wireless
`Communications”, now abandoned.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`
`The present invention relates to wireless communications,
`and more particularly, to a radio for use in wireless com-
`munications and an apparatus and method which uses a
`radio, modem and controller for implementing wireless
`communications.
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
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`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`2
`tion problems.In general, wireless communications devices
`use high-frequency signals: 900 MHz to 1900 MHz for
`cellular phones and higher (up to 6 GHz) for other systems,
`such as wireless LANs. Radiosfor the so called “Bluetooth
`standard” (discussed below) operate in the unlicensed ISM
`band at 2.4 GHz. Signals at such frequenciesare difficult to
`generate and control. They also have a tendencyto interfere
`with each other, as they are easily coupled by parasitic
`properties present in all electronic components, including
`integrated circuits. In ICs, many of the undesirable parasitic
`effects result from the conductivesilicon substrate on which
`the circuits are fabricated.
`
`Specifically, in the direct conversion receiver of FIG. 2,
`due to limited local oscillator (LO) to RF isolation in the
`down-converter, and limited reverse isolation in the low
`noise amplifier (LNA) 10, an amount of LO signal can
`appear at
`the output of the receiver and effectively be
`transmitted at the antenna. Wireless regulatory authorities
`limit the amount of spurious signal that can be radiated by
`the receiver, so limiting the amount of LO radiation is
`necessary to meet
`these specifications.
`In addition, LO
`leakage causes particular problems for direct conversion
`receivers. The lack of LO isolation causes self mixing in the
`direct down converter that manifests as a DC offset at
`baseband.
`
`The market requirements for today’s mobile communica-
`tion terminals are such that wireless product manufacturers
`have gone to smaller and smaller form factors with
`improved performance and lower cost. This has resulted in
`radio designers, for both circuits and systems, looking for
`ways of accommodating these requirements. Therefore, it
`follows that
`it would be highly desirable to have an
`improved radio design that is a low cost, low power and
`small size solution, and that overcomes the disadvantages
`discussed above. Such an improved radio design would have
`many uses in wireless communications,
`including for
`example, use in cellular telephones, cordless telephones,
`personal computer (PC) interconnections, etc.
`With respect to PC interconnections, at present, standard
`wire interconnects are used to link together PC based
`products, such as laptop and notebook computers and per-
`sonal digital assistants (PDAs). For example, RS232and
`Universal Serial Bus (USB) are commonly used standards
`48
`
`2. Description of the Related Art
`Conventional radios used in wireless communications,
`such as radios used in conventional cellular telephones,
`typically include several discrete RF circuit components.
`This results in such radios having a large size and footprint,
`being expensive and power consuming. In orderto illustrate
`this, it is useful to analyze a conventional implementation of
`Specifically, there are several mechanisms through which
`circuitry that could be used, for example, as the receiver
`LO leakage may occur. For example, there may be con-
`portion of a conventional radio. Specifically, a traditional
`ducted paths between components. This occurs because
`receiver architecture may employ superhetrodyne tech-
`there is limited isolation from the LO port of the mixers 12
`niques as shown in FIG. 1. In a superhetrodyne architecture
`to the RF port of the mixers 12. There is also limited reverse
`an incoming signal is frequency translated from its radio
`isolation through the low-noise amplifying stages preceding
`frequency (RF) to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). The
`the mixers 12. A parasitic signal path for signals through the
`signal at IF is subsequently translated to baseband where
`substrate, as well as a lateral signal path through the
`further digital signal processing or demodulation may take
`substrate, can also occur. In addition to the conducted path,
`place. Receiver designs may have multiple IF stages. The
`there may also be radiated paths via the bond wires used to
`reason for using such a frequency translation schemeisthat
`interconnect the circuit blocks to the outside world. The
`circuit design at
`the lower IF frequency is much more
`bond wires act as antennas and couple RF energy, such as
`manageable for signal processing. It is at these IF frequen-
`that of the LO, to adjacent pins.
`cies that
`the selectivity of the receiver is implemented,
`automatic gain control (AGC) is introduced,ete.
`Thetraditional solution for reducing the amountof signal
`that appears at the antenna port is to have the LO, i.e., the
`In addition to more manageable circuit design, high Q
`voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 14, at a different fre-
`(i.e., high “quality factor’) filters are also easier to imple-
`quency than the incoming RFsignal, as is indicated in FIG.
`mentat IF. HighQfilters are used to meet the selectivity and
`2. This utilizes the filtering effects of matching, etc.,
`to
`spurious rejection requirements dictated by wireless sys-
`reduce the amount of LO leakage. This solution, however,
`tems. Surface acoustic wave (SAW)and ceramic technology
`requires the use of dividers or multipliers 16, as shown in
`are typically used for the filtering depending on the fre-
`FIG. 2, which adds additional circuitry. Furthermore, this
`quencyof operation. Although these respective technologies
`solution does not solve all of the problems of LO leakage
`have improved in terms of size and performance they are
`associated with direct conversion receivers.
`still relatively large. Moreover, due to the relatively high
`frequency of the most IFs,it is not realistic, yet, to imple-
`ment this filter using integrated circuit (IC) techniques.
`As an alternative to the superhetrodyne techniques, a
`direct conversion receiver architecture may be used. This is
`shown in FIG. 2. This schemetranslates the incoming RF
`signal directly to baseband. The direct conversion architec-
`ture has several advantages. First, there is no need for the
`high-Q filters required for traditional superhetrodyne archi-
`tecture. Generally, all that is needed is a broadband RFfilter
`whichis used to reduce the dynamic range requirements of
`the RF down-converter. Second, there are a limited number
`of RF circuit blocks. Third, oscillators may be reduced to
`one. Fourth, it offers the smallest size solution since bulky
`off-chip filters are no longer required. Finally, because the
`low-pass channel filters are readily integrated, a fully inte-
`grated solution is achievable.
`Although the direct conversion receiver architecture has
`several advantages, there are several practical implementa-
`
`48
`
`

`

`US 6,366,622 B1
`
`3
`that are offered as connections on many devices. Some
`wireless interconnects are also being used, such as infrared
`(IR). IR suffers from the disadvantage of being somewhat
`directional
`in its ability to communicate with other IR
`devices. It has been predicted that in the near future there
`will be a convergence of traditional wireless and computer
`technologies, such as cellular phones, and PC based prod-
`ucts. One key to a successful implementation of a standard
`that facilitates this convergence is to make it almost effort-
`less for the user to use.
`There are several wireless communications standards
`either in existence or being proposed, such as for example,
`HomeRF, IEEE 802.11, etc. One wireless communications
`standard that is currently being proposed1s the “Bluetooth”
`standard. Bluetooth is a global specification for wireless
`connectivity. It is based on a low-cost, short-range radio link
`that enables wireless communication of data and voice and
`facilitates protected ad hoc wireless connectionsfor station-
`ary and mobile communication environments. The proposal
`of Bluetooth is to offer a solution that yields rugged wireless
`connectivity. The Bluetooth standard will be discussed
`herein as an example of a wireless communications
`standard, but it should be understood that the teachings of
`the present invention may be applied to any type of wireless
`communications and is not limited to the Bluetooth stan-
`dard.
`
`The Bluetooth Specification
`The Bluetooth standard is being developed through the
`contributions of the members of the Bluetooth Special
`Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth specification, the con-
`tents of which are hereby incorporated by reference,
`is
`available from the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Infor-
`mation regarding the Bluetooth standard, as well as proce-
`dures for obtaining the latest version of the Bluetooth
`specification,
`is available at
`the Internet web site http://
`www.bluetooth.com. As set forth therein, Bluetooth tech-
`nology allows for the replacement of the many proprietary
`cables that connect one device to another with one universal
`
`short-range radio link. For instance, Bluetooth radio tech-
`nology built into both the cellular telephone and the laptop
`would replace the cumbersomecable used today to connect
`a laptop to a cellular telephone. Printers, PDA’s, desktops,
`fax machines, keyboards, joysticks and virtually any other
`digital device can be part of the Bluetooth system. But
`beyond untethering devices by replacing the cables, Blue-
`tooth radio technology provides a universal bridge to exist-
`ing data networks, a peripheral interface, and a mechanism
`to form small private ad hoc groupings of connected devices
`away from fixed network infrastructures. Designed to oper-
`ate in a noisy radio frequency environment, the Bluetooth
`radio uses a fast acknowledgment and frequency hopping
`scheme to make the link robust. Bluetooth radio modules
`
`avoid interference from other signals by hopping to a new
`frequency after transmitting or receiving a packet. Com-
`pared with other systems operating in the same frequency
`band,
`the Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses
`shorter packets. This makes the Bluetooth radio more robust
`than other systems. Short packages and fast hopping also
`limit the impact of domestic and professional microwave
`ovens. Use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) limits the
`impact of random noise on long-distance links. The encod-
`ing is optimized for an uncoordinated environment.
`Bluetooth radios operate in the unlicensed ISM band at
`2.4 GHz. A frequency hop transceiver is applied to combat
`interference and fading. A shaped, binary FM modulationis
`applied to minimize transceiver complexity. The gross data
`rate is 1 Mb/s. A Time-Division Duplex schemeis used for
`full-duplex transmission.
`
`10
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`4
`The Bluetooth baseband protocol is a combination of
`circuit and packet switching. Slots can be reserved for
`synchronouspackets. Each packet is transmitted in a differ-
`ent hop frequency. A packet nominally covers a single slot,
`but can be extended to cover up to five slots. Bluetooth can
`support an asynchronous data channel, up to three simulta-
`neous synchronous voice channels, or a channel which
`simultaneously supports asynchronous data and synchro-
`nous voice. Each voice channel supports 64 kb/s synchro-
`nous (voice) link. The asynchronous channel can support an
`asymmetric link of maximally 721 kb/s in either direction
`while permitting 57.6 kb/s in the return direction, or a 432.6
`kb/s symmetric link.
`A piconet is a collection of devices connected via Blue-
`tooth technology in an ad hoc fashion. A piconet starts with
`two connected devices, such as a portable PC and cellular
`phone, and may grow to eight connected devices. All
`Bluetooth devices are peer units and have identical imple-
`mentations. Each unit has its own unique 48-bit address
`referred to as the Bluetooth device address. However, when
`establishing a piconet, one unit will act as a master and the
`other(s) as slave(s) for the duration of the piconet connec-
`tion. Multiple independent and non-synchronized piconets
`form a scatternet. A master unit is the device in a piconet
`whoseclock and hopping sequence are used to synchronize
`all other devices in the piconet. All devices in a piconetthat
`are not
`the master are slave units. An Active Member
`
`address is a 3-bit address to distinguish between units
`participating in the piconet. The master unit receives the all
`zero Active Memberfor itself and thus there can be only
`seven active slaves in a piconet at any given time. Parked
`units are devices in a piconet which are synchronized but do
`not have Active Member addresses but can have 8-bit
`Passive Member addresses or be addressed with the full
`
`Bluetooth address. Active Member devices in a piconet can
`enter power-saving modes in which device activity is low-
`ered. This called a sniff and hold mode.
`
`The Bluetooth system supports both point-to-point and
`point-to-multi-point connections. Several piconets can be
`established and linked together ad hoc, where each piconet
`is identified by a different frequency hopping sequence. All
`users participating on the same piconet are synchronized to
`this hopping sequence and the master’s Bluetooth device
`address. The topology can best be described as a multiple
`piconetstructure. The full-duplex data rate within a multiple
`piconet structure with 10 fully-loaded, independent piconets
`is more than 6 Mb/s. This is due to a data throughput
`reduction rate of less than 10% according to system simu-
`lations based on 0 dBm transmitting power(at the antenna).
`Voice channels use the Continuous Variable Slope Delta
`Modulation (CVSD) voice coding scheme, and never
`retransmit voice packets. The CVSD method was chosen for
`its robustness in handling dropped and damaged voice
`samples. Rising interference levels are experienced as
`increased background noise: even at bit error rates up 4%,
`the CVSD codedvoice is quite audible.
`Referring to FIG. 3,
`there is illustrated the different
`functional blocks in the Bluetooth system. The different
`functions in the Bluetooth system are: a radio 20, a link
`baseband controller (LC) 24, a link manager (LM) 26,
`software functions 28, and a host processor or controller 30.
`The radio 20 is hardware that translates between binary bits
`and radio signals received and transmitted from an antenna
`22. The LC 24 is hardware and/or software for performing
`the baseband processing and basic protocols close to the
`physical
`layer. The LM 26 is software that carries out
`protocols such as link setup, authentication,
`link
`49
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`US 6,366,622 B1
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`5
`configuration, control, etc. The software functions 28 may
`include configuration and diagnosis utility, device discovery,
`cable emulation, peripheral communication, audio commu-
`nication and call control, object exchange for business cards
`and phone books, and networking proto