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`NEWTON'S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`copyright © 2000 Harry Newton
`Email: Harry Newton@Technologylnvestor.com
`Personal web site: www.HarryNewton.com
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions,
`including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
`Published by Telecom Books
`An imprint of CMP Media Inc.
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`
`ISBN # 1-57820-053-9
`
`Sixteenth Edition, Expanded and Updated, February 2000
`For individual orders, and for information on special discounts for quantity orders,
`please contact:
`
`Telecom Books
`6600 Silacci Way
`Gilroy, CA 95020
`Tel: 800-LIBRARY or 408-848-3854
`FAX: 408-848-5784
`Email: telecom@rushorder.com
`Distributed to the book trade in the U.S. and Canada by
`Publishers Group West
`1700 Fourth St., Berkeley, CA 94710
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
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`NEWTON ' S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`Pseudo Ternary A term used in ISDN Basic rate interlace
`data coding. Refers to lhree encoded signal levels represent(cid:173)
`ing two-level binary dala (binary Ts are represenled by no
`line signal, and binary ·o·s by alternating positive and nega(cid:173)
`tive pulses).
`PSI 1. Packet Switching Interface.
`2. Pounds per square inch, a unil of air pressure. Telephone
`cables that are pressurized with nitrogen (because it's not cor(cid:173)
`rosive) are kepi at a pressure of around ten to 15 PSI.
`PSK Phase Shifl Keying. A method of modulating the phase
`of a signal to carry information. See Phase Modulation.
`PSN 1. Packet Switch Node. The contemporary term for the
`IMPs (Interlace Message Processors) originally used in the
`ARPANET and MILNET, which were the predecessors to what
`we now call the Internet. PSNs are intelligent switching nodes,
`which may be in the form of either packet switches or routers.
`2. Processor Serial Number. Intel created quite a stir when it
`released the Pentium Ill processor in February 1999. Each
`Pentium Ill processor chip has a PSN embedded into it during
`lhe manufacturing process. The PSN serves as a unique iden(cid:173)
`lilier for the processor, and the associated system of which it
`is a part. II enabled by the client system user, the PSN is pro(cid:173)
`vided to the server on request. In combination with other iden(cid:173)
`liliers such as login names and passwords, the PSN provides
`an additional authentication mechanism and, thereby, an addi(cid:173)
`tional level of security. In an e-commerce application, the PSN
`can be matched up with other personal information as a means
`ot ensuring that you are who you say you are, and that the
`transaction, therefore, is legitimate. The PSN also provides
`corporate IT managers with the ability to inventory and track
`Pentium Ill computers through the network, without having to
`track them down physically and enter serial numbers either
`manually or through the use of a bar code scanner. Privacy
`advocates created a minor furor when they suggested that the
`PSNI was a means of tracking your activities on the World Wide
`Wei>. The furor subsided, but the issue remains.
`PSP 1. PCS Service Provider.
`2. Payphone Service Provider.
`3. Purchase Service Provider. A company which provides
`ecommerce services for a lee or a commission. I've heard lees
`of $1 a transaction and also 25% of the total value of the sale.
`PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network. A PSPDN is a
`general purpose data network using packet transmission
`techniques, as opposed to circuit techniques as used for
`instance in the PSTN. It is used primarily for communications
`with or between computers.
`Psophometer An instrument arranged to give visual indi(cid:173)
`cation corresponding to the aural elfecl of disturbing voltages
`of various frequencies. A psophometer usually incorporates a
`weighting network, lhe characteristics of which differ accord(cid:173)
`ing to the type of circuit under consideration: e.g., high-qual(cid:173)
`ity music or commercial speech circuits.
`PSS1 Private Signaling System number 1. The formal name
`for OSIG, as standardized on a worldwide basis by the ISO
`(International Organization for Standardization) and the IEC
`(International Electrotechnical Commission). PSS1
`is an
`ISDN-based prolocol lor signaling between nodes of a Private
`Integrated Services Network (PISN). OSIG predates PSS 1,
`and remains the name under which the standard is marketed.
`See QSIG for a detailed explanation.
`PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network. PSTN is an
`abbreviation used by the ITU-T. PSTN simply refers to lhe
`local, long distance and international phone system which we
`use every day. In some countries it's only one phone compa-
`
`ny. In countries with competition, e.g. the United States,
`PSTN refers to lhe entire interconnected collection of local,
`long distance and international phone companies, which
`could be thousands.
`PSU Packet Switch Unit.
`Pseudo Cut Through A switching mechanism where a
`packet is transmitted from its source port to its destination
`port only after the first 64 bytes of the packet are in the source
`port and its destination port is determined.
`Pseudophone A pay phone that looks like a real Bell tele(cid:173)
`phone company phone but is owned by a smaller phone com(cid:173)
`pany that charges exorbitant fees for long-distance calls.
`Psychic AHi A term created by Howard Bubb from Dialogic
`to designate whal happens when you call someone on one
`line while they're calling you on the other.
`PT Payload Type: Payload Type is a 3-bit field in the ATM cell
`header that discriminates between a cell carrying manage(cid:173)
`ment information or one which is carrying user information.
`PTC 1. Portable Teletransaction Computers. These are typi(cid:173)
`cally handheld devices used for retail (inventory), healthcare
`(tracking supplies), mobile field repair (reporting fixes},
`insurance (visiting car wrecks and other disasters), etc. The
`devices typically have telecommunications capabilities,
`sometimes wireless, sometimes landlines. And they typically
`include microprocessors, memories, displays, keyboards,
`touchscreens, character recognition software, barcode read(cid:173)
`ers, printers, modems and local and/or wide area data radios.
`2. Personal Telecommunicalions Center. lnfocorp's name for a
`product most people call a PDA, Personal Digital Assistant.
`3. Pacific Telecommunications Council. A not-for-profit orga(cid:173)
`nization open worldwide to anyone or any entity interested in
`the Pacific hemisphere and involved with telecommunica(cid:173)
`tions, broadcasting, informatics, digital media and associated
`fields. www ptc.org
`PTE Path Terminating Equipment. SONET network elements
`that multiplex and demultiplex the payload and that process
`the path overhead necessary to transport the payload. See
`also Terminating Multiplexers.
`PTI An ATM term. Payload Type Indicator: Payload Type
`Indicator is the Payload Type field value distinguishing the
`various management cells and user cells. Example: Resource
`Management cell has PTI= 110, end-to-end OAM F5 Flow cell
`has PTI= 101.
`PTMPT Point-To-Multipoint: A main source to many desti(cid:173)
`nation connections.
`PTN Public Telecommunications Network.
`PTO Public Telecommunications or Telephone Operator, first
`established
`in the U.K. as part of
`the British
`Telecommunications Act of 1981, but now refers to PTOs in
`all European countries. The PTO has typically evolved from
`the previous PTT, but other companies have also obtained
`PTO licenses. A PTO may specialize in certain region or city
`or may service the entire country.
`PTR See Problem Tracking Report.
`PTS Presentation Time Stamp: A timestamp that is inserted
`by the MPEG-2 encoder into the packetized elementary
`stream to allow the decoder to synchronize different elemen(cid:173)
`tary streams (i.e. lip sync).
`PTS Public Telecommunications Systems.
`PTSE An ATM term. PNNI Topology State Element: A collec(cid:173)
`tion of PNNI information that is flooded among all logical
`nodes within a peer group.
`PTSP An ATM term. PNNI Topology State Packet. A type of
`PNNI routing packet used to exchange reachability and
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`NEWTON ' S TELECOM DICTIONARY
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`Parity is a method of checking for errors in transmitted data.
`You can set parity to odd or even, or not use parity at all.
`When the character length is set to 8, parity checking cannot
`be done because there are no ·spare· bits in the byte. When
`the character length is 7, the eighth bit in each byte is set to 0
`or 1 so that the sum of bits (Os and ls) in the byte is odd or
`even (according to the parity setting). When each character is
`received, Its parity is checked again. II it is incorrect (because
`a bit was changed during transmission), the communications
`software determines that a transmission error has occurred
`and can request that the data be retransmitted.
`Stop bit is a special signal that indicates the end of that char(cid:173)
`acter. Today's modems are last enough that the stop bit is
`always set to one Slower modems used to require two stop bits.
`XON/XOFF is one of many methods used lo prevent the send(cid:173)
`ing system from transmitting data laster than the receiving
`system can accept the information. See also EINTIA-232-E,
`RS-232-C and serial data transmission.
`Serial Data Transmission Serial data transmission is the
`most common method of sending data from one DTE to anoth(cid:173)
`er. Data is sent out in a stream, one bit at a time over one chan(cid:173)
`nel. When a computer is instructed to send data to another DTE,
`the data within the computer must pass through a serial inter(cid:173)
`lace to exit as serial data. Then it passes through ports, cables,
`and connectors that link the various devices. The boundaries
`(physical, functional, and electrical) shared by these devices
`are called interlaces. See serial communications.
`Serial Digital Digital information that is transmitted in
`serial form. Often used informally to refer to serial digital tele(cid:173)
`vision signals.
`Serial Interface The ·1owest common denominator" of
`data communications. A mechanism for changing the parallel
`arrangement of data within computers to the serial (one bit
`alter the other) form used on data transmission lines and vice
`versa. At least one serial interlace is usually provided on all
`computers for the connection of a terminal, a modem or a
`printer. Sometimes also called a serial port. See EINTIA-232-
`E, RS-232-C, Serial Interface Card and the Appendix.
`Serial Interface Card A printed circuit card which drops
`into one of the expansion slots of your computer and changes
`the parallel internal communications of your computer into
`the one-bit-at-time serial transmission for sending informa(cid:173)
`tion to your modem or to a serial printer.
`Serial Memory Memory medium to which access is in a
`set seQuence and not at random.
`Serial Port An input/output port (plug) that transmits data
`out one bit at a time, as opposed to the parallel port which
`transmits data out eight bits, or one byte at a time. Most per(cid:173)
`sonal computers (PCs) have at least one serial and one par(cid:173)
`allel port. In a typical configuration, the serial port is used for
`a modem while the parallel port is used for a printer. For a dia(cid:173)
`gram of a typical 25-pin RS-232-C serial port, see the
`Appendix at the back of this book.
`Serial Processing Method of data processing in which
`only one bit is handled at a time.
`Serial Transmission Sending pulses one alter another
`rather than several at the same time (parallel). When trans(cid:173)
`milting data over a telephone line there is only one set of
`wires. Therefore, the only logical way to transmit it is to send
`the data in serial mode. It is possible to use eight different lre(cid:173)
`Quencies to transmit a character all at once (parallel), but
`these modems are ridiculously expensive. See Parallel,
`Parallel Port and Serial Port.
`Serialize To change from parallel-by-byte to serial-by-bit.
`
`Serles A connection of electrical apparatus or circuits in
`which all of the current passes through each of the devices in
`succession or on alter another. See also Parallel.
`Serles 11000 An AT & T private line long distance tariff
`created in the 1970s and designed expressly to reduce MCI's
`chances of selling any private lines and thus of surviving. It
`was thrown out by the FCC and the tariff figured in MCI's and
`the Federal Government's antitrust against AT&T.
`Serles Circuits In a series circuit, lhe electric current has
`only one path to follow. All of the electric current flows through
`all the components of the circuit. To calculate the resistance of
`a series circuit add up the resistance ol each of the compo(cid:173)
`nents in the circuit. In contrast, see parallel circuits.
`Serles Connection A connection of electrical apparatus or
`circuits in which all of the current passes through each of the
`devices in succession or on after another. See also Parallel.
`Serles RF Tap A bugging device. II is a radio transmitter
`which is installed in series with one wire of the telephone cir(cid:173)
`cuit. Normally a parasite (i.e. takes power from the phone
`line). Transmits both sides of the conversation. It transmits
`only when the phone is oil-hook. See also Series.
`Server 1. Hardware definition of server: A server is a shared
`computer on the local area network that can be as simple as a
`regular PC set aside to handle print reQuests to a single print(cid:173)
`er. Or, more usually, it is the fastest and brawniest PC around.
`It may be used as a repository and distributor of oodles of data.
`It may also be the gatekeeper controlling access to voice mail,
`electronic-mail, facsimile services. At one stage, a local area
`network had only one server. These days networks have multi(cid:173)
`ple servers. Servers these days have multiple brains, large
`arrays of big disk drives (often in redundant arrays) and other
`powerful leatures. New powerful servers are called super(cid:173)
`servers. A $35,000 superserver today can match the perfor(cid:173)
`mance of a S2 million mainframe of ten years ago. Then again,
`according to Peter Lewis al the New York nmes, the lowliest
`client today has more computing power than was available to
`the entire Allied Army in World War II. See Downsizing for
`some of the benefits of running servers as against mainframes.
`2. Software definition of server: A server is a program which
`provides some service to other (client) programs. The con(cid:173)
`nection between a client program and the server program is
`traditionally by message passing, often over a local area or
`wide area network, and uses some protocol to encode the
`client's reQuests and the server's responses.
`Server API A SCSA term. A communications protocol that
`allows a call processing application running on one comput(cid:173)
`er to control SCSA hardware residing in another computer.
`Server Application A Windows NT application that can
`create objects for linking or embedding into other documents.
`Server Colocatlon An ISP/Web hosier service in which a
`client places their server on the Internet at an ISP's office for
`a monthly lee. In return, the server is, theoretically, always
`connected via multiple redundant high speed connections to
`the Internet. See also Web Hosting.
`Server Farm Imagine a room stuffed with PCs, ranged in
`racks along walls, ranged in racks in lines like a library's back
`room. The PCs are really servers - powerful PCs containing
`databases and other information they are dispensing to the
`thousands of PCs dialing into them from afar. A server farm
`may be owned by one company and used by one company, or
`it may be owned by one company and each of the machines
`leased to other companies. I first heard the term when MCI
`described a room it had in a place called Pentagon City. There
`it had hundreds of servers each of which it leased to other
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`NEWTON'S TELE COM DICTIONARY
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`phillips head screwdriver and a pair of scissors. A corkscrew
`also is useful.
`Switch A mechanical, electrical or electronic device which
`opens or closes circuits, completes or breaks an electrical
`path, or selects paths or circuits. Switches work at Layers 1
`(Physical) and 2 (Data Link) of the OSI Reference Model, with
`emphasis on Layer 2. A switch looks at incoming data (voice
`data, or data data) to determine the destination address.
`Based on that address, a transmission path is set up through
`the switching matrix between the incoming and outgoing
`physical communications ports and links. Data switches (e.g.,
`LAN switches and packet switches) also typically contain
`buffers, which can hold data packets in temporary memory
`until the necessary resources are available to 2llow the data
`packets to be lorwarded. Voice switches, of course, don't,
`because you can't delay voice. Switches work link-by-link,
`with multiple switches typically being involved in comp!ex
`networks; each switch forwards the data on a link-by-link
`(hop-by-hop) basis. Routers are highly intelligent data
`switches which are capable of setting up paths from end-to(cid:173)
`end, perhaps in consideration of the level of privilege of the
`user and application. Routers commonly are used at the
`edges of complex data networks, where intelligence is
`required to set up appropriate network paths. Although such
`intelligent decisions impose some delay on the packet traffic,
`they are made only at the ingress and egress edges of the net(cid:173)
`work. The routers often instruct switches in the core of the
`network, where speed is of the essence -
`switches aren't as
`inlelligent as routers, but !hey are laster and less expensive.
`See also Ethernet Switch, OSI Reference Model and Router.
`Switch Based Resellers Switch-based resellers lease
`lacilities from national carriers or large private line networks.
`They resell services provided over those facilities under their
`own name and provide sales, customer service, billing and
`technical support. Switch-based resellers own or lease their
`own switching equipment and, in some cases, own their
`lransmission facilities. they typically provide originating ser(cid:173)
`vice on a regional basis. See also Switchless Resellers.
`Switch Busy Hour The busy hour for a single switch.
`Switch Domain An SCSA definition. A single instance of
`a particular technology-specific connection type. See S.100.
`Switch Driver Protocol Mapper Code running on a
`Telephony Server that translates between a particular switch(cid:173)
`es proprietary switch-server protocol and one of the specified
`compuler telephony inlegration (CTI) protocols. See Prolocol
`Mapper.
`Switch Fabric An SCSA definition. The facility for con(cid:173)
`necting any two (or more) transmitting or receiving Service
`Providers.
`Switch Fabric Controller An SCSA definition. A tech(cid:173)
`nology-specific, replaceable ASP within the SCSA server. The
`SFC is designed to support both the internal connectivity
`within the group and the complex, multiparty call processing
`applications not directly addressed by the functionality of the
`Group.
`Switch Feature A service provided by the switch that can
`be invoked by a computing domain or by manual telephone
`aclivity. "Do not disturb" is an example of a switch feature.
`Switch Hook II is also called the Hook Switch. A switch
`hook or hook switch was originally an electrical ·switch" con(cid:173)
`nected to the "hook" on which the handset (or receiver) was
`placed when the telephone was not in use. The switch hook is
`now the little plunger al the top of most telephones which is
`pushed down when the handset is resting in its cradle (on-
`
`hook). When the handset is raised, the plunger pops up (the
`phone goes off-hook). Momentarily depressing the switch
`hook (under 0.8 of a second) can signal various services such
`as calling the atlendant, conferencing or transferring calls.
`In ISDN, the AT&T ISDN sets have several switch hooks; one
`for the handset, one for the speakerphone, a "virtual' switch
`hook, and ii an adjunct is attached, an adjunct switch hook. If
`all switch hooks are "on-hook" or hung up, the ISDN set is
`on-hook. II any switch hook is "off-hook,' then the ISDN set
`is off-hook. If more than one switch hook is off-hook, the
`ISDN set uses a complex algorithm to determine whether the
`handset, the speakerphone, or the adjunct has precedence
`(only one can be used at a lime).
`Swlich Hook Flash A signaling technique whereby the
`s;gnal is originated by momenlarily depressing lhe switch
`hook. See Switch Hook.
`Switch Interface The Ethernet MAC controller interface.
`In general, a switch interface on a switch is the same as a port.
`However, the number of interfaces does not necessarily corre(cid:173)
`spond lo the number of ports. For example, a MAB port on a
`switch may be a 4-port repeater.
`Switch Message Information lhat originates in a switch. A
`Call-Progress Event Message is one category of switch mes(cid:173)
`sages. Delivered is an example of a call-progress event mes-
`sa~
`•
`Switch Over When a failure occurs in the equipment. a
`switch may occur to an allernative piece of equipment.
`Switch Port An SCSA deli nit ion. A resource that allows a·
`Group lo communicate with another Group. All Groups
`implicitly possess a Switch Port as a secondary resource, bu!
`in order to use it, the application musl explicilfy connect the
`Switch Ports of two Groups.
`Switch Redirect A central office service which instantly,
`on command, redirects thousands ol phone numbers to dif(cid:173)
`ferent phone numbers. Such a service has great use in a dis(cid:173)
`aster.
`Switch Room The room in which you put phone equip(cid:173)
`ment. Also called the Phone Room. (What else?) The Phone
`Room should be large, clean and should stay at roughly sev(cid:173)
`enty degrees and 50% humidity. You, the customer, are
`responsible for the quality and condition of your phone room.
`The messier ii is, the holler ii is, the dirtier it is, the pc,orer
`your phone system (and its technicians) will function.
`Switch Tender In the old, old days, the switch tender was
`the person who took care of the switch that moved trains from
`one track to another. That person often stayed for many hours
`a day in a small hut r.ext to the track. Based on timetables and
`telegraph and phone communications with central train dis(cid:173)
`patch, he would change the switch and thus move incoming
`trains to the right track. The job of being a switch tender is
`now obsolete as switches are now changed remotely by sig(cid:173)
`nals over phone lines. The expression "sleeping at the switch'
`came from the switch tender profession. Sleeping at the
`switch could cause train derailments and dead passengers.
`Sleeping was nol a career-enhancing strategy. See Switch
`Train.
`Switch Train In a telecom circuit (typically a step-by-step
`central office), the series of swilching devices which a call
`moves through in sequence.
`Switchboard The attendant position of a PBX. Most of
`them don·t actually have 'boards" (they were big), they have
`consoles (they're much smaller and they fit on desks).
`Switchboards are desks.
`Switchboard Cable A cable used within and between the
`
`815
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