(12) United States Patent
`Brown et al.
`
`I 1111111111111111 11111 111111111111111 IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIIII IIII 11111111
`US006366622Bl
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`(75)
`
`(54) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR WIRELESS
`COMMUNICATIONS
`Inventors: Stephen Joseph Brown; Andrew
`Xavier Estrada, both of San Diego;
`Terrance R. Bourk, La Jolla; Steven
`R. Norsworthy, Solana Beach; Patrick
`J. Murphy; Christopher Dennis Hull,
`both of San Diego; Glenn Chang,
`Laguna Niguel; Mark Vernon Lane,
`San Diego; Jorge A. Grilo, Foothill
`Ranch, all of CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Silicon Wave, Inc., San Diego, CA
`(US)
`
`( *) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by O days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/305,330
`May 4, 1999
`(22) Filed:
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`( 63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/216,040, filed on
`Dec. 18, 1998, now abandoned.
`
`Int. Cl.7 ............................ H04B 1/30; H04L 27/18
`(51)
`(52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 375/322; 375/133; 375/222;
`375/281; 375/345; 329/304
`(58) Field of Search ................................. 375/132, 133,
`375/136, 219, 222, 259, 279, 281, 316,
`326, 327, 329, 332, 345; 329/304, 306,
`307, 308; 455/234.1, 257, 276.1
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`9/1992 Norsworthy ................ 341/131
`5,144,308 A
`(List continued on next page.)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`JP
`
`. . . . . . . . . . . . H0lI/27 /06
`2/1994
`6053422 A
`(List continued on next page.)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Bluetooth Special Interest Group website http://www.blue(cid:173)
`tooth.com; "Bluetooth-Document Page", including "Tech-
`
`nology Overview", "Radio", "Baseband", "Link Manage(cid:173)
`ment", "Software Framework", "PC General", "Telephone",
`"Others"; Date Unknown; pp. 1-10.
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`Primary Examiner-Young T. Tse
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Martin J. Jaquez, Esq.;
`Jaquez & Associates
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`An apparatus for receiving signals includes a low noise
`amplifier (LNA) configured to receive a radio frequency
`(RF) signal. An 1/Q direct down converter is coupled to the
`LNA. The 1/Q direct down converter is configured to split
`the RF signal into real and imaginary components and to
`down convert the real and imaginary components directly to
`baseband signals. A local oscillator (LO) is coupled to the
`1/Q direct down converter and is configured to drive the 1/Q
`direct down converter. First and second filters are coupled to
`the 1/Q direct down converter. The first and second filters are
`configured to filter the down converted real and imaginary
`components, respectively. First and second analog-to-digital
`converters (AD Cs) are coupled to the first and second filters,
`respectively. The first and second ADCs are configured to
`convert the real and imaginary components into digital
`signals. The first and second ADCs have a dynamic range
`that is wide enough to convert the filtered, down converted
`real and imaginary components to digital signals without
`using variable gain on the filtered and down converted real
`and imaginary components. An apparatus for use in wireless
`communications includes a radio, a modem and a controller
`integrated onto a single integrated circuit (IC). The radio
`includes a receiver for receiving data and a transmitter for
`transmitting data. The modem is coupled to the radio and is
`configured to demodulate received data and modulate data
`for transmission. The controller is coupled to the modem and
`includes a digital interface for external communications
`through which received data and data for transmission is
`sent, a connection state machine configured to accept com(cid:173)
`mands through the digital interface and to respond to the
`commands by initiating a sequence, and a receive/transmit
`state machine configured to perform state control of the
`radio in response to the initiated sequence.
`
`38 Claims, 45 Drawing Sheets-
`
`r--------------------------------,
`'
`
`Data_l
`
`~----------,=~ .... ~~~~~-~-~--=-1 Control
`
`'
`
`Data_l
`
`Data_Q
`
`108
`
`350
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 1 of 66
`
`

`

`US 6,366,622 Bl
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`..................... 437/34
`1/1994 See et al.
`5,279,978 A
`3/1994 Eklund et al.
`.............. 257/370
`5,294,823 A
`8/1994 Loper ......................... 329/358
`5,339,040 A
`6/1995 Norsworthy et al. ........ 341/143
`5,424,739 A
`7/1995 Onai et al. .................. 257/347
`5,430,317 A
`9/1995 Nathanson et al.
`......... 257/728
`5,449,953 A
`3/1996 Deen et al. ................. 257/139
`5,498,885 A
`11/1996 Nguyen et al.
`............... 331/75
`5,578,970 A
`4/1997 Ohta et al. .................. 257/692
`5,619,069 A
`7/1997 Ohta et al. .................... 437/31
`5,643,805 A
`8/1997 Hiramoto et al. ........... 257/510
`5,661,329 A
`11/1997 Galton ....................... 341/144
`5,684,482 A
`5,708,971 A * 1/1998 Dent ......................... 455/38.3
`5,724,653 A * 3/1998 Baker et al. ................ 455/296
`5,745,061 A
`4/1998 Norsworthy et al. ........ 341/131
`5,757,921 A
`5/1998 Okanobu et al.
`............. 380/38
`5,773,340 A
`6/1998 Kumauchi et al. .......... 438/234
`5,799,010 A * 8/1998 Lomp et al. ................ 370/335
`5,825,887 A * 10/1998 Lennen ........................ 380/34
`5,930,286 A * 7/1999 Walley ....................... 375/140
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`JP
`
`8241999
`
`9/1996
`
`......... H0lL/29/786
`
`WO
`WO
`WO
`
`WO 9625790
`WO 97/02602
`WO 98/49779
`
`8/1996
`1/1997
`11/1998
`
`........... H0lL/27/12
`H04B/1/38
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Duree, Jeff, "An Integrated Silicon Bipolar Receiver Sub(cid:173)
`system for 900---Mhz ISM Band Applications" IEEE Journal
`of Solid State Circuits 33(9):1352-1372 (Sep. 1998).
`Hashimoto et al., "A 6-µ m2 biplolar transistor using 0.25-µ
`m process technology for high-speed applications" IEEE
`Proceedings of the Bipolar BiCMOS Circuits and Technol(cid:173)
`ogy Meeting: 152-155 (Sep. 1998).
`IEEE Personal Communications, "Figure 3. A Wireless-en(cid:173)
`hanced scenario for PCCAs", Dec. 1998, p. 1.
`Kikuchi et al., "A0.35µm ECL-CMOS Process Technology
`on SOI for Ins Mega-bits SRAM's with 40ps Gate Array"
`International Electronic Devices Meeting Technical Digest
`95:923-926 (Dec. 1995).
`Sze, S.M., Semiconductor Devices, Physics and Technology,
`New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, 1985., p. 468-472. ISBN
`0-471-87424-8.
`* cited by examiner
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 2 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 1 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 3 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 2 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
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`0
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 4 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
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`
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`~ ......
`~
`•
`r:JJ.
`d •
`
`---------------------------------------------
`'
`
`(Software)
`
`(Software)
`
`Applications
`
`Host
`
`,
`
`-
`
`.....
`
`-
`
`Functions
`Software
`Bluetooth
`
`(PRIOR ART)
`FIG. 3
`
`(Software)
`
`(LM)
`
`Manager
`
`Link
`
`Ha~~~are)
`
`Software
`and/or
`
`(
`
`controller
`Baseband
`
`Link
`
`(Hardware)
`
`(RF)
`Radio
`2.4 GHz
`
`-------------""jg" ---------_\_ ------------"j :1 · --------":
`
`30
`
`26
`
`24
`
`20
`
`22
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 5 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
`N
`N
`O'I
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`
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`
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`
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`~ ......
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`•
`r:JJ.
`d •
`
`Data_Q
`
`Data_l
`
`Control
`
`Data_Q
`
`Data_l
`
`FIG. 4
`
`VCO/PLL
`
`112
`
`-
`
`-
`
`-
`
`116
`
`I
`I
`I
`I -
`
`-------
`con
`
`124
`
`TX/RX Switch
`
`/ 100
`
`108
`
`114
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 6 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
`N
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`
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`
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`~ ......
`~
`•
`r:JJ.
`d •
`
`ri-Data_Q
`
`7
`232
`230
`
`DAC
`
`=] ~Data_l
`
`---
`
`I
`Control
`
`---_, I
`
`Data_Q
`
`Data_l
`
`ADC
`
`228
`226
`
`nverter
`
`f"'v
`0(,
`0(,
`
`FIG. 5
`
`36
`
`.----------.
`
`-------
`, __________ _
`I 204
`I 240-
`I
`I
`237..,.---1
`I
`
`/
`
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`
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`
`►I
`
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`~ I
`
`218
`
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`I
`
`Shifter
`Phase
`.--~-.
`
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`
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`
`208
`
`206
`
`---=
`L.J....J X/RX Switch I= = ~n\@rt.fr
`down
`
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`
`1
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`I
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`I
`
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`
`-
`
`-
`
`212
`I
`
`-
`
`202
`
`108
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 7 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 6 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`--------------------------,
`
`I
`
`LL a:: >-,
`Cl) u
`E C
`ro Cl)
`::::::s
`(/)
`0-
`ro Cl)
`0 lot-
`_J
`
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`
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`
`c.o
`LO
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`
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`
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`l.()
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`H
`
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`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 8 of 66
`
`

`

`i--
`~
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`N
`O'I
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`O'I
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`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
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`0
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`~N
`
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`
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`~ ......
`~
`•
`r:JJ.
`d •
`
`FIG. 7
`
`308
`Filter
`
`Transmit
`Digital
`
`304
`Filter
`
`Decimation
`
`310
`
`Cancellation
`DC Offset
`
`306
`Filter
`
`Receive
`Digital
`
`302
`Filter
`
`-
`
`Decimation
`
`300
`
`L
`
`232
`230,
`DAC
`
`-
`
`228
`226,
`ADC
`
`-
`-
`
`236
`234,
`LPF
`
`-
`
`224
`222,
`LPF
`
`242
`
`Phase Shifter
`
`238,240
`Mixers
`
`244
`Driver
`
`220
`
`Phase Shifter
`
`216,218
`Mixers
`
`214
`LNA
`
`200
`
`/
`
`'/
`
`108
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 9 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 8 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`200
`
`Radio
`
`320
`
`322
`
`Insulator
`
`Silicon Substrate
`
`FIG. 8A
`
`300
`
`Digital Processing
`
`Radio
`
`320
`
`322
`
`Insulator
`
`Silicon Substrate
`
`FIG. 8B
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 10 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 9 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`324
`
`Begin DC Offset Cancellation ~----,
`Process
`
`326
`
`smitter 20
`e Peria
`
`Yes
`
`328
`
`Turn Off the LNA 214
`
`330
`
`Measure the DC Offset
`
`332
`
`Correct the DC Offset based on
`the Measured DC Offset
`
`FIG. 9
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 11 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
`N
`N
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`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
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`~N
`
`t :;
`
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`d •
`
`FIG. 10
`
`----------
`
`-_I
`
`.:: :: :: :: -
`
`Data_Q
`
`I
`
`Data
`
`DAC
`
`232
`
`li__;;;,,,,,J
`
`236
`
`-converter
`234
`
`-
`
`-
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`I
`
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`I
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`206
`
`1/Qairect
`
`down
`
`2181 I
`
`Shifter
`Phase
`
`2201
`I
`
`11
`I I
`11
`
`/ 350
`
`108
`
`Control
`
`Data_Q
`
`Data_l
`
`--------
`I
`I
`
`►I ADC
`
`~ I
`
`r"\.,
`
`Cancel.
`
`DC
`
`354
`
`X/RX Switch ~-_ -~.Q~'@~sl.!:_ _ -------------
`
`ADC
`
`Cancel.
`
`DC
`
`---------,
`
`16 I,.,-'"' 215
`
`I 351
`------,
`,------------
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 12 of 66
`
`

`

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`~
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`~ ....
`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
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`
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`
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`~ ......
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`
`358
`
`Transmit Filter
`
`and Digital
`Decimation
`Combined
`
`360
`
`-
`
`Cancellation
`DC Offset
`
`Fine
`
`356
`
`Receive Filter
`
`and Digital
`Decimation
`Combined
`
`362
`
`/
`
`232
`230,
`DAC
`
`228
`226,
`ADC
`
`FIG. 11
`
`234,236
`
`LPF
`
`237
`
`-
`
`Converter
`
`Up-
`
`244
`Driver
`
`224
`222,
`LPF
`
`354
`352,
`
`215
`
`-
`
`Converter
`
`Cancellation
`1/Q Direct DC Offset
`Coarse
`
`Down
`
`/
`
`214
`LNA
`
`1/
`
`Ex.1016
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`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 12 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`N
`......
`M
`
`N
`r-
`.
`(.9
`LL.
`
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`
`......
`c::I:
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`
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`
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`......
`M
`
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`M
`
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`
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`
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`
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`<.O
`M
`
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`
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`M
`
`N
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`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 14 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 13 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`~ ~
`I RX Burst I
`I VCO Tun~
`
`220msecs----x msecs~
`
`enable_synth
`
`(synth prog/cal tirlned from this)
`
`-
`
`-
`
`'
`
`i
`
`VCO_en
`able
`
`VGC
`
`I
`
`1.low-gai l'.l) -f_
`
`(higt.gain)
`
`i
`sp msefs
`--►- ~
`enable_RX - - - - - - - - - - ! (RXi gain set)
`35 msecs
`381
`(1 MHz clrk)
`
`Cp
`
`reset
`
`383
`
`382
`
`;secs trigger pulse __
`
`20 msecs
`
`(1 msecs tri er'.pulse)
`decal
`(This signal goes to th~ digital demgd! s ·c ·on)
`
`TX/RX switch
`
`i 385J.' ....
`
`'
`
`enable_adc
`
`-
`
`LNA_pd
`
`I
`
`.
`
`(Powdr after enable_RX)
`! 35 msec1~
`380 tA□ff durin~ cJ1Ji--' - - - - - - -
`j 384~ I~ (5 msecs)
`I I
`I
`
`FIG. 13
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 15 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 14 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`~
`r-
`
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`
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`r-
`
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`
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`
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`Ct:'.
`
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`
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`Ct:'.
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 16 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 15 of 45
`
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 17 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 16 of 45
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 18 of 66
`
`

`

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`~
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`
`FIG. 17
`
`PCMCIA
`
`adaptable to
`and power,
`Lower cost
`
`faster
`
`and respond
`must run LM
`Host CPU
`
`Eliminate BC
`
`1 Mbps
`
`Flash
`
`Compact
`Improved
`
`path
`
`Migration
`
`Proxy
`
`RFCOMM
`Minimal -
`
`pin count
`
`Slightly Higher
`
`1Mbps
`
`Flash
`
`Compact
`
`Compatibility
`
`Broad
`
`RFCOMM
`Minimal -
`
`higher current
`
`translators,
`UART, Level
`
`<115kbps
`
`RS232C
`
`BENEFITS
`
`IMPACT
`
`SOFTWARE
`
`IMPACT
`
`HARDWARE
`
`PERFORMANCE
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 19 of 66
`
`

`

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`FIG. 18D
`
`FIG. 18C
`
`FIG. 188
`
`FIG. 18A
`
`1100
`
`RMC
`
`PCMCIA
`
`1100
`
`1109
`
`RMC
`
`BC
`
`PCI
`
`1100
`
`1109
`
`RMC
`
`BC
`
`USB
`
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`
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`
`RMC
`
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`
`RS232C Power
`
`1113
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`I,_ I,--
`
`PC
`
`Windows
`
`1113
`
`1---
`
`I.
`
`PC
`
`Windows
`
`1113
`
`PC
`
`Windows
`
`1113
`
`PC
`
`Windows
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 20 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 19 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 21 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 20 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 22 of 66
`
`

`

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`~
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`
`FIG. 21
`
`power
`OMA, lower
`addressing,
`register
`simple
`
`and higher
`Host runs LM
`
`mapped 1/0
`Memory
`
`1 Mbps
`
`Parallel
`8-bit
`
`count
`Lower pin
`
`and higher
`host runs LM
`Serial driver,
`
`host CPU
`port on
`Serial
`
`elk)
`MHz Serial
`1 Mbps (with 2-4
`
`Serial
`
`BENEFITS
`
`IMPACT
`
`SOFTWARE
`
`IMPACT
`
`HARDWARE
`
`PERFORMANCE
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 23 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
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`N
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`
`FIG. 22
`
`ref_ocs_in/outt
`
`vcc inputs
`
`-----------ls --------------------------------i------J----------
`
`--
`
`1106
`
`1104
`
`1102
`
`~
`
`Interface
`
`~
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`
`Wake_up
`
`Modem Controller
`
`Transmitter ~
`
`-
`
`'
`
`1112
`
`TX_out
`
`-
`-
`
`I PLUVCO'I
`
`1116
`
`Radio 1114
`
`,~
`,~ Reveiver
`'
`
`RX_in
`
`]~-------__ G_,oI, ;-~~ --------lo~~~o~er ~OTT~t -r~32kHz
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 24 of 66
`
`

`

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`
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`RST
`
`cs
`~ .....
`32 kHz
`
`~ .....
`CMD
`-....
`
`'/ ,
`/ ~
`4
`
`-
`
`1238 1240
`
`1226 1230 1234
`Cntrl
`HEC Flow
`
`Buffers
`
`&
`
`&
`
`FIG. 23
`
`1222
`
`1219
`
`1214
`
`162
`Code
`DAC Gaussian Access
`
`(GFSK)
`Filter
`
`164
`DAC
`
`-
`
`struction
`Recon-
`
`struction
`Recon-
`Filter
`
`Filter
`
`Q -~
`
`~
`
`~
`
`I
`
`0
`en
`:::
`o
`
`-r
`
`(Parame -C
`a.>
`,._
`.....
`ro
`a.> u
`
`Tx
`1246
`ters)
`
`File
`
`Register
`
`FEC Whiten Encrypt CRC ARQ
`
`--
`1244
`
`--
`1242
`
`--
`1212
`
`1206
`
`State Machine
`Connection
`
`Machine
`
`Rx/Tx State
`
`Burst Timing &
`
`Control
`
`Sequencer
`
`FH
`
`1210
`
`Radio Control
`
`Programming
`Synthesizer
`
`--
`1208
`
`1236 --
`
`1220 1224 1228 1232
`Cntrl
`HEC Flow
`
`Buffers
`
`&
`
`whiten crypt &
`
`Detect 1218
`Frame
`
`Rx
`
`De-CRC ARQ
`
`De-
`
`FEC
`
`Slice Correlator
`Data Sliding
`&
`sync
`Det. Symbol
`Freq.
`
`Filter
`Alias 158
`Anti-ADC
`Filter
`Alias
`
`156
`AGC Anti-ADC
`
`.
`
`-,
`
`-,
`
`
`
`Q
`
`I
`
`1106
`
`Controller
`
`1104
`
`Modem
`
`1101 --
`
`Interface
`
`Radio
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 25 of 66
`
`

`

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`
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`
`Tx Data
`
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`
`Channel
`
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`
`
`-~
`
`- -.,.
`
`~
`
`~
`
`~ /
`~ /
`7
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`Rx Data
`
`
`-~
`
`
`--.
`
`~
`
`1212
`
`Control
`
`&
`
`timing
`Burst
`
`1204
`
`Detect
`Frame
`
`~
`
`1104
`
`FIG. 24
`
`1214
`(GFSK)
`
`Gaussian Filter
`--
`1210
`
`-C:7
`/
`8
`o( 7 L
`8
`
`DATA_Q
`
`DATA_ I
`
`Tx Data
`
`~
`1200
`Slice Correlator
`Data
`
`Radio control
`
`Programmer
`Synthesizer
`
`-
`
`FH Sequencer
`
`-
`
`o( 7 L
`5
`08_,--
`-C:7 L
`3
`
`Control -<12
`
`1206
`
`1216
`
`Sliding
`1202
`Sync
`
`Symbol
`
`Modem
`
`&
`
`Detect
`
`FM
`
`L►
`
`7
`
`10
`
`DATA_Q
`
`.c.' ►
`0
`
`7
`
`DATA
`
`Rx Data
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 26 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 25 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`0
`0
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`
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`
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`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 27 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
`N
`N
`O'I
`O'I
`O'I
`~
`O'I
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`Ul
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`
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`0
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`
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`~ ......
`~
`•
`r:JJ.
`d •
`
`FIG. 26
`
`1240
`
`1226 1230 1234 1238
`
`Cntrl
`HEC Flow
`
`1219 1222
`
`Clk
`
`32 kHz
`
`-
`-
`
`~
`
`....
`
`0
`.!? -~
`ct! -~
`C: -
`_.
`Cl)
`'--
`J2
`Cl) u
`
`& Buffers
`
`crypt &
`En-CRC ARQ
`
`Tx
`
`--
`1246
`
`--
`1244
`
`Machine
`
`State
`
`FFC Whiten
`
`--
`1242
`
`Machine
`
`Rx/Tx State Connection Parameters
`
`
`-~
`
`
`-~
`
`
`-~
`
`....
`~ 7 /
`
`/
`
`
`-~
`
`~
`
`1106
`
`& Buffers
`
`crypt &
`
`FEC Dewhiten De-CRC ARO Rx
`
`Controller
`
`►
`
`►
`
`1224 1228 1232 1236
`
`Cntrl
`HEC Flow
`
`1218 1220
`
`►
`
`Tx Clk
`
`Tx Data
`
`Tx Enable
`
`Channel
`
`Control )
`
`Rx Enable
`
`Frame Clk
`
`Rx Clk
`
`Rx Data
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 28 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 27 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`-- o
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`
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`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 29 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 28 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`---
`..--o
`aa ~ ~
`0
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`u CL CL 0 5 0:: I- u 0:: I- 0:: I-
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`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 30 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 29 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`er,
`
`C ·-a..
`
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`
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`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 31 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 30 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`Switch on regulator and reference oscillator. Wait for reference to settle.
`(if just waking up from sleep state)
`1250 - -
`
`1252 - -
`
`1254 - -
`
`1256 - -
`
`1258 - -
`
`1260 - -
`
`Tune PLL to next channel. Wait for PLL to settle.
`
`'~
`Throw T/R switch
`
`Switch on mixers and converters.
`
`Perform DC offset calibration
`(if in receive mode)
`
`Switch on LNA
`(if in receive mode)
`
`Switch on PA
`(if in transmit mode)
`
`FIG. 28
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 32 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 31 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1264
`
`1266
`
`Standby or Connection state
`(for duration T page scan)
`
`I
`
`No hit
`
`Page scan substate
`
`Timeout
`
`1268 Slave response substate
`
`Timeout
`
`Report error 1272
`
`Hit
`t
`Connection state
`
`I J1l.Q
`
`Standby state
`
`1274
`
`FIG. 29A
`
`Ex.1016
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 32 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1276
`
`1278
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`I
`
`No hit
`
`Page substate
`
`'· Hit
`
`I
`
`•
`
`Timeout
`
`illQ Master response substate Timeout~ Report error 11M
`Hit
`
`1282
`
`Connection state
`
`Standby state
`
`1286
`
`FIG. 29B
`
`Ex.1016
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 33 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1288
`
`1290
`
`Standby or Connection state
`(for duration Tinquiry scan)
`
`Inquiry scan substate
`
`Timeout
`
`~ Inquiry response substate Timeout~ Report error ~
`
`Hit
`
`1294
`
`Connection state
`
`Standby state
`
`1298
`
`FIG. 29C
`
`Ex.1016
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 34 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1300
`
`1302
`
`1304
`
`1306
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`I
`
`No hit
`
`Inquiry substate
`
`H\t
`
`Tim I
`
`out
`
`Update status table
`
`Previous connection or standby state
`
`FIG. 29D
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 36 of 66
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 35 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1308
`
`1310
`
`Standby or Connection state
`
`I
`
`No hit
`
`Periodic transactions with remote unit(s)
`
`Connection state
`
`FIG. 29E
`
`Ex.1016
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 36 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1314
`
`1316
`
`Standby state
`(for duration T sniff)
`
`1
`
`Sniff substate (slave listens for single slot)
`r
`Hit
`
`1318
`
`Connection state (for remaining packets)
`
`I
`
`No hit
`
`FIG. 29F
`
`Ex.1016
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 37 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1320
`
`Master and slave agree on holdTO duration
`
`i
`
`Standby or Connection state
`(for specified duration)
`
`i
`
`Slave wakes up and synchronizes to the master
`I.
`Hit
`
`Connection state (for remaining packets)
`
`1322
`
`1324
`
`1326
`
`-
`.....
`
`I
`
`No hit
`
`FIG. 29G
`
`Ex.1016
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 38 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`. J
`
`.....
`
`NoM essage
`Slave
`to
`
`Master places slave in Park Mode
`via message communicating the
`beacon channel parameters and
`the slave's assignment 1328
`
`"'
`
`....
`
`-
`
`Slave goes into low power Parked
`State and times the interval to
`next beacon
`
`1330
`
`1'
`
`Slave wakes up at time of next
`beacon burst and synchronizes to
`the beacon
`
`1332
`
`I
`Message Received
`,,
`
`Slave stays active and continues
`to receive messages until
`no further packets are
`addressed to it.
`
`1334
`
`FIG. 29H
`
`Ex.1016
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
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`Sheet 39 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`Rx On
`
`25mA
`
`PLLOn
`
`REF On
`
`RADIO
`
`MODEM
`
`0.2 mA
`
`1/0 _ _ _ _ _ _ ___.n0.4 mA
`I s mA??
`BASEBAND
`PROCESSOR---------
`
`Modem+
`Radio
`
`LM +
`
`Applicatio
`+ L2CAP
`
`Baseband
`Processor
`
`Host
`Processor
`
`FIG. 30A
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 41 of 66
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 40 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`Rx On
`
`25 mA
`
`PLLOn
`
`~ RADIO
`
`.----___.-
`
`MODEM
`
`BASEBAND CONTROLLER ______ ___,r--
`
`~ - - - -
`0.2 mA
`0.1 mA
`
`. _ _ _ _ _ _
`
`BASEBAND PROCESSOR
`
`1/0
`
`1100
`
`ontroller +
`Modern+
`Radio
`
`LM
`
`Applicatio
`+ L2CAP
`
`Baseband
`Processor
`
`Host
`Processor
`
`FIG. 30B
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 42 of 66
`
`

`

`i,-
`~
`N
`N
`O'I
`O'I
`O'I
`~
`O'I
`rJ'J.
`e
`
`Ul
`,i;;..
`
`'"""' 0 ....,
`~ ....
`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
`
`,i;;..
`
`N
`0
`0
`N
`~N
`
`~ :;
`
`~ = ......
`~ ......
`~
`•
`r:JJ.
`d •
`
`FIG. 31
`
`Processor
`
`Host
`
`+ LM
`
`+ L2CAP
`Application
`
`Processor
`
`Host
`
`Processor
`Baseband
`
`+ L2CAP
`Application
`
`LM
`
`Radio
`
`Modem+
`Controller +
`
`1100
`
`One CPU
`
`Radio
`
`Modem+
`Controller +
`
`1100
`
`Two CPU's
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 43 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 42 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`..... ro
`.0 >
`
`C
`·.;::; ·s
`.....
`0
`u u
`Q) ~
`+-' · -
`0 U
`~
`Cl..
`
`(/) 0 1-ol o~ I~
`
`..... ro
`.0
`>
`- - 1H11,
`
`.----t
`
`N
`CV') .
`l9
`LL
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 44 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 43 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`""2"
`0
`~
`~
`
`N
`0
`~
`r-
`
`'
`'
`
`u
`
`'
`'
`'
`
`'
`
`\
`
`~
`
`'
`'
`'
`'
`'
`'
`
`-
`' -'
`'
`'
`' '
`' ' ' ' ' '
`-
`' -
`
`' '
`'
`
`....
`0
`......
`cu
`:::J
`V)
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`
`CL)
`......
`cu
`....
`......
`V)
`.c
`:::J
`(/)
`C
`0 u
`(/)
`
`M
`M
`t9
`u.
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 45 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 44 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`c.o
`~
`~
`
`c.o
`~
`~
`
`~
`~
`~
`~
`
`M .
`N
`I.I)
`(9
`~
`c.o
`LL
`~
`~
`
`0
`I.I)
`~
`
`c.o
`~
`~
`
`N
`M
`~
`
`0
`~
`~
`
`0
`M
`a:,
`~ M
`~
`
`N
`~
`~
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 46 of 66
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 2, 2002
`
`Sheet 45 of 45
`
`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`Form then+, p+
`Source/Drain
`
`Base Polysilicon
`
`Base Implantation
`
`416
`
`418
`
`420
`
`Emitter Polysilico
`{IDP)
`
`422
`
`Form Contact
`
`Metalization
`
`424
`
`426
`
`Start with SOI
`Substrate
`
`Form N + Buried
`Layer
`
`Form N Epitaxial
`Layer
`
`Form the LOCOS
`
`400
`
`402
`
`404
`
`406
`
`Form the Trench
`Isolation
`
`'408
`
`Form the N-Well
`
`Form the P-Well
`
`Form the Gate
`
`410
`
`412
`
`414
`
`FIG. 35
`
`Ex.1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 47 of 66
`
`

`

`US 6,366,622 Bl
`
`1
`APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR WIRELESS
`COMMUNICATIONS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATION
`
`The present application is a Continuation-In-Part (CIP) of
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/216,040, filed Dec. 18,
`1998, and entitled "Apparatus and Method For Wireless
`Communications", now abandoned.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`30
`
`2
`tion problems. In general, wireless communications devices
`use high-frequency signals: 900 MHz to 1900 MHz for
`cellular phones and higher (up to 6 GHz) for other systems,
`such as wireless LANs. Radios for the so called "Bluetooth
`5 standard" (discussed below) operate in the unlicensed ISM
`band at 2.4 GHz. Signals at such frequencies are difficult to
`generate and control. They also have a tendency to interfere
`with each other, as they are easily coupled by parasitic
`properties present in all electronic components, including
`10 integrated circuits. In I Cs, many of the undesirable parasitic
`effects result from the conductive silicon substrate on which
`the circuits are fabricated.
`Specifically, in the direct conversion receiver of FIG. 2,
`due to limited local oscillator (LO) to RF isolation in the
`15 down-converter, and limited reverse isolation in the low
`noise amplifier (LNA) 10, an amount of LO signal can
`appear at the output of the receiver and effectively be
`transmitted at the antenna. Wireless regulatory authorities
`limit the amount of spurious signal that can be radiated by
`20 the receiver, so limiting the amount of LO radiation is
`necessary to meet these specifications. In addition, LO
`leakage causes particular problems for direct conversion
`receivers. The lack of LO isolation causes self mixing in the
`direct down converter that manifests as a DC offset at
`25 baseband.
`Specifically, there are several mechanisms through which
`LO leakage may occur. For example, there may be con(cid:173)
`ducted paths between components. This occurs because
`there is limited isolation from the LO port of the mixers 12
`to the RF port of the mixers 12. There is also limited reverse
`isolation through the low-noise amplifying stages preceding
`the mixers 12. A parasitic signal path for signals through the
`substrate, as well as a lateral signal path through the
`substrate, can also occur. In addition to the conducted path,
`there may also be radiated paths via the bond wires used to
`interconnect the circuit blocks to the outside world. The
`bond wires act as antennas and couple RF energy, such as
`that of the LO, to adjacent pins.
`The traditional solution for reducing the amount of signal
`that appears at the antenna port is to have the LO, i.e., the
`voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 14, at a different fre(cid:173)
`quency than the incoming RF signal, as is indicated in FIG.
`2. This utilizes the filtering effects of matching, etc., to
`reduce the amount of LO leakage. This solution, however,
`requires the use of dividers or multipliers 16, as shown in
`FIG. 2, which adds additional circuitry. Furthermore, this
`solution does not solve all of the problems of LO leakage
`associated with direct conversion receivers.
`The market requirements for today's mobile communica(cid:173)
`tion terminals are such that wireless product manufacturers
`have gone to smaller and smaller form factors with
`improved performance and lower cost. This has resulted in
`radio designers, for both circuits and systems, looking for
`ways of accommodating these requirements. Therefore, it
`follows that it would be highly desirable to have an
`improved radio design that is a low cost, low power and
`small size solution, and that overcomes the disadvantages
`discussed above. Such an improved radio design would have
`many uses in wireless communications, including for
`example, use in cellular telephones, cordless telephones,
`personal computer (PC) interconnections, etc.
`With respect to PC interconnections, at present, standard
`wire interconnects are used to link together PC based
`65 products, such as laptop and notebook computers and per(cid:173)
`sonal digital assistants (PDAs). For example, RS232and
`Universal Serial Bus (USE) are commonly used standards
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`The present invention relates to wireless communications,
`and more particularly, to a radio for use in wireless com(cid:173)
`munications and an apparatus and method which uses a
`radio, modem and controller for implementing wireless
`communications.
`2. Description of the Related Art
`Conventional radios used in wireless communications,
`such as radios used in conventional cellular telephones,
`typically include several discrete RF circuit components.
`This results in such radios having a large size and footprint,
`being expensive and power consuming. In order to illustrate
`this, it is useful to analyze a conventional implementation of
`circuitry that could be used, for example, as the receiver
`portion of a conventional radio. Specifically, a traditional
`receiver architecture may employ superhetrodyne tech(cid:173)
`niques as shown in FIG. 1. In a superhetrodyne architecture
`an incoming signal is frequency translated from its radio
`frequency (RF) to a lower intermediate frequency (IF). The
`signal at IF is subsequently translated to baseband where
`further digital signal processing or demodulation may take
`place. Receiver