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`Network Fundamentals Study Guide | Webopedia
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`Switch: A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the
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`datalink layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer(layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model.
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`Router: A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connectedto at least
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`two networks andis located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.
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`Recommended Reading: The Difference Between Hubs, Switches and Routers
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`Gateway: A node on a networkthat serves as an entrance to another network.
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`Bridge: A device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that
`use the sameprotocol
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`Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU): The CSU is a device that connects a terminal to
`a digital line. Typically, the two devices are packaged asa single unit.
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`Terminal Adapter (ISDN Adapter): A device that connects a computerto an external digital
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`communicationsline, such as an ISDN line. A terminal adapteris a bit like a modem but only needsto
`pass along digital signals.
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`Access Point: A hardware device or a computer's software that acts as a communication hub for users
`of a wireless device to connect to a wired LAN.
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`Modem (modulator-demodulator): A modem is a device or program that enables a computerto
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`transmit data over, for example, telephoneorcablelines.
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`Firewall: A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can
`be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.
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`Recommended Reading: The Differences and Features of Hardware and Software Firewalls
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`MAC Address: A MAC (Media Access Control) address, sometimes referred to as a hardware address or
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`physical address, is an ID code that's assigned to a network adapter or any device with built-in
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`networking capability.
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`NETWORK MODELS
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`To simplify networks, everything is separated in layers and each layer handles specific tasks and is
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`independentofall other layers. Control is passed from onelayer to the next, starting at the top layer in one
`station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channelto the next station and back up the hierarchy.
`Network models are used to define a set of networklayers and how they interact. The two most widely
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`recognized network models include the TCP/IP Model and the OSI Network Model.
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`THE 7 LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
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`The Open System Interconnect (OSI) is an open standard for all communication systems.The OSI model
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`;
`-
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`defines a networking framework to implementprotocols in sevenlayers.
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`.
`Physical Layer
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`https:/Awww.webopedia.com/reference/network-fundamentals-study-guide/#topologies
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`Network Fundamentals Study Guide | Webopedia
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`This layer conveys the bit stream — electrical impulse,light or radio signal — through the network at the
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`electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware meansof sending and receiving data ona
`carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS,
`V.35, V.24, RI45S.
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`Data Link Layer
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`Atthis layer, data packets are encoded and decoded intobits. It furnishes transmission protocol
`knowledge and managementand handleserrors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
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`synchronization. The datalink layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer
`and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. Examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE
`802.3/802.2, HDLC, FrameRelay.
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`Network Layer
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`This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, knownasvirtual circuits,
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`for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions ofthis layer, as well as
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`addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. Examples
`include AppleTalk DDP,IP, IPX.
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`Transport Layer
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`This layer provides transparenttransfer of data between end systems,or hosts, and is responsible for
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`end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.Examples include SPX,
`TCP, UDP.
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`Session Layer
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`This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer
`sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the
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`applications at each end. Examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
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`Presentation Layer
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`This layer provides independencefrom differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
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`translating from application to network format, and vice versa. This layer formats and encrypts data to
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`be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. Examples include
`encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC,TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
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`Application Layer
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`This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality
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`of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data
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`syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application
`servicesforfile transfers, e-mail, and other networksoftware services. Examples include WWW
`browsers, NFS, SNMP,Telnet, HTTP, FTP
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`Recommended Reading: View Webopedia’s The 7 Layers of the OS! Mode! study guide for in-depth
`descriptions and diagrams.
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`T Hf & TC Ppfi Pp M oO D E L
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