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`Rep. ITU-R M.2038
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`REPORT ITU-R M.2038
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`Technology trends
`
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`Introduction ....................................................................................................................
`
`Scope ..............................................................................................................................
`
`3.2
`
`Overview of major new technologies.............................................................................
`3.1
`New radio technologies and impact on spectrum utilization..............................
`3.1.1
`Technologies for improving bandwidth efficiency..............................
`3.1.2
`Technology solutions to support traffic asymmetry ............................
`3.1.3 Advanced system innovations using enhanced TDD...........................
`3.1.4 Adaptive antenna concepts and key technical characteristics..............
`3.1.5 Multiple-input multiple-output techniques .........................................
`Access network and radio interfaces ..................................................................
`3.2.1
`Software-defined radios .......................................................................
`3.2.2 High data rate packet nodes (HDRPN) ................................................
`3.2.3
`Internet technologies and support of IP applications over mobile
`systems .................................................................................................
`IP broadband wireless access...............................................................
`3.2.4
`RoF.......................................................................................................
`3.2.5
`3.2.6 Multi-hop radio networks.....................................................................
`3.2.7 High altitude platform station (HAPS) ................................................
`3.3 Mobile terminals.................................................................................................
`3.3.1
`Terminal architecture ...........................................................................
`3.3.2
`RF micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) .................................
`3.3.3 New innovative user interfaces ............................................................
`3.3.4
`Reconfigurable processors, terminals and networks............................
`
`Conclusions ....................................................................................................................
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`Terminology, abbreviations............................................................................................
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`(2004)
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`Annex 1 – Technologies for improving bandwidth efficiency ...............................................
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`Annex 2 – Technology solutions to support traffic asymmetry..............................................
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`Annex 3 – Advanced system innovation using TDD..............................................................
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`Annex 4 – Adaptive antennas concepts and key technical characteristics .............................
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`Annex 5 – MIMO techniques..................................................................................................
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`Annex 6 – Software defined radios.........................................................................................
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`Annex 7 – High data rate packet nodes (HDRPN) .................................................................
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`Annex 8 – Internet technologies and support of IP applications over mobile systems ..........
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`Annex 9 – IP broadband wireless access technologies...........................................................
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`Annex 10 – Radio on fibre (RoF) ...........................................................................................
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`Annex 11 – Terminal architecture ..........................................................................................
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`Annex 12 – RF MEMS ..........................................................................................................
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`Annex 13 – New innovative user interfaces for future multimedia wireless terminal
`devices ............................................................................................................................
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`Annex 14 – Reconfigurable processors ..................................................................................
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`Annex 15 – Multi-hop radio networks....................................................................................
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`Introduction
`1
`Recommendation ITU-R M.1645 defines the framework and overall objectives of future
`development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 for the radio access network. In defining
`the framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond
`IMT-2000, the significant technology trends need to be considered. This Report provides further
`information on many of the technology trends concerning radio access network foreseen at the time
`of preparation of Recommendation ITU-R M.1645. Depending on their development, evolution,
`expected capabilities and deployment cost, each of these technologies may or may not have an
`impact or be used for the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000. It is
`expected that the research and future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 will
`consider these technologies and provide guidance on the applicability or influence they might have
`on the future of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000.
`Technologies described in this Report are collections of possible technology enablers. There is no
`decision implied at this stage about whether those technologies will be adopted for future mobile
`communication systems, and this Report does not preclude the adoption of any other excellent
`technologies that exist or appear in the future.
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`Scope
`2
`This Report provides information on many of the technology trends concerning radio access
`networks foreseen at the time of preparation of Recommendation ITU-R M.1645.
`The Report addresses technology topics that appear relevant to some lesser or greater degree to the
`future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000. The Report considers these topics
`in three broad categories:
`–
`technologies which have an impact on spectrum, its utilization and/or efficiency in this
`context;
`technologies which relate to access networks and radio interfaces;
`technologies which relate to mobile terminals.
`
`–
`–
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`Overview of major new technologies
`3
`This section presents technology topics that appear relevant to some greater or lesser degree to the
`future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000. Technologies having an impact
`on spectrum, its utilization and/or efficiency; technologies related to access networks and radio
`interfaces; and technologies related to user terminals are described in § 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3,
`respectively. Further details are provided in the related Annexes.
`The demand for mobile multimedia communications has been rapidly increasing. The radio
`spectrum is, however, a precious and scarce resource. Therefore, novel technologies for efficient
`spectrum utilization to enhance the capacity of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000 are
`keenly anticipated. Section 3.1 addresses new radio technologies and their impact on spectrum
`utilization, including technologies for improving spectrum efficiency, those using multiple antennas
`such as adaptive antennas and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and those for handling
`traffic asymmetry and time division duplex (TDD).
`Advanced radio resource management (RRM) algorithms and flexible frequency sharing methods
`are beneficial in maximizing and optimizing the frequency resource utilization. In addition, antenna
`and coding technologies such as smart antennas, diversity techniques, coding techniques, space-
`time coding, and combined technologies improve the radio link quality in multipath Rayleigh fading
`channels. Furthermore, efficient multiple access schemes and adaptive modulation improve the
`bandwidth efficiency of the systems.
`Adaptive antennas improve the spectral efficiency of a radio channel, and in so doing, greatly
`increase the capacity and coverage of most radio transmission networks. This technology uses
`multiple antennas, digital processing techniques, and complex algorithms to modify the transmitted
`and received signals at a base station and at a user terminal. In addition, MIMO techniques can
`provide significant improvements in the radio-link capacity by making positive use of the complex
`multipath propagation channels found in certain terrestrial mobile communications. MIMO
`techniques are based on establishing several parallel independent communication channels through
`the same space and frequency channel by using multiple antenna elements at both ends of the link.
`In broadband multimedia communications, asymmetric traffic is envisaged to be dominant. Due to
`uncertainties in future traffic asymmetry, future mobile communication systems should be adaptable
`to different ratios of asymmetry especially at the personal-area and the user-access levels in order to
`deliver the offered traffic asymmetry while simultaneously maintaining high spectrum efficiency.
`TDD is one of the techniques suitable to support asymmetric high data rate services while providing
`flexible network deployment including busy urban hotspot and indoor environments as well as wide
`area applications. TDD systems do not require a duplex frequency pair since both the uplink and
`downlink transmissions are on the same carrier within the same spectrum band. In future mobile
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`communication systems, flexibility and integration/convergence will be key factors. In section 3.2,
`technologies related to IP applications and IP broadband wireless access, those related to
`software-defined radio (SDR), and those achieving wider coverage such as radio on fibre (RoF),
`multi-hop radio networks, and high altitude platform station (HAPS) are presented.
`
`Many wireless communication systems provide users with convenient ways to access the Internet
`and to communicate with one another or access multimedia content. Wireless technologies are
`expected to progress in a direction that will allow native support of multimedia and Internet
`services. The technological implication of the integration of IP and wireless is more prominent in
`the case of mobile broadband Internet access. To support real-time or multimedia applications using
`end-to-end IP, all the elements, in general, of a service path must support the requirements of
`mobile or broadband wireless access. To support efficient IP transport over a broadband mobile
`environment, we essentially need a set of diverse technologies grouped around the concepts of
`“seamless”, “broadband” and “energy-efficient”.
`
`SDR provides reconfigurable mobile communications systems that aim at providing a common
`platform to run software that addresses reconfigurable radio protocol stacks thereby increasing
`network and terminal capabilities and versatility through software modifications (downloads).
`Basically, SDR concerns all communication layers (from the physical layer to the application layer)
`of the radio interface and has an impact on both the user terminal and network side.
`
`Radio on fibre is defined as a system that enables the transparent interconnection of a base station,
`or equivalent wireless system radio interface network element, to its associated transmission and
`reception antennas by means of an optical network. Optical fibre presents very low insertion loss to
`achieve long cable spans of up to several kilometres and an enormous bandwidth to transport many
`different RF signals over a single fibre.
`
`Multi-hop wireless access technology utilizes multiple serial wireless connections between the
`target user terminal and a base station in a homogeneous system or across different systems. In a
`wireless system with higher frequency bands where a smaller coverage area is available, multi-hop
`wireless access technology may be a solution for user terminals to gain wireless connectivity to a
`base station.
`
`Another solution is applying HAPS, which is a new technology based on a flying platform. The
`HAPS system can provide mobile cellular coverage and fixed wireless services to several regions
`ranging from a high-density (urban) area to low-density (rural) areas.
`
`Flexibility and integration/convergence are also key factors for user terminals. Section 3.3 addresses
`technologies for achieving reconfigurable user
`terminals such as
`terminal architecture,
`reconfigurable processors, RF micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for achieving smaller
`user terminals, and user interfaces for a flexible user terminal.
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`Future mobile user equipment may assume characteristics of general-purpose programmable
`platforms by containing high-power general-purpose processors and provide a flexible,
`programmable platform that can be applied to an ever-increasing variety of uses. The convergence
`of wireless connectivity and a general-purpose programmable platform might heighten some
`existing concerns and raise new ones; thus, environmental factors as well as traditional technology
`and market drivers influence the architecture of these devices. A well-designed embedded processor
`with a reconfigurable unit may enable user-defined instructions being efficiently executed, since
`general-purpose processors such as CPUs or DSPs are not suitable for bit-level operation. This type
`of processor, which can handle many kinds of bit-level data processes, can be applied to various
`applications for mobile communication systems with efficient operation.
`
`RF MEMS are integrated micro-devices (or systems) combining electronic and mechanical
`components fabricated using an integrated circuit (IC) compatible batch-processing technique. This
`technology can yield compact, light weight, low power, and high performance ICs to replace
`discrete passive RF components such as VCO, IF, RF filters, and duplexers.
`
`Wearable computing is also a promising technology that will give birth to new ideas of
`man-machine interfaces applicable to user terminals. So far, many solutions are not standardized
`but are proprietary methods. There is also a clear need for harmonization and for open use of
`common open interface standards.
`
`3.1
`
`New radio technologies and impact on spectrum
`
`3.1.1 Technologies for improving bandwidth efficiency
`
`To meet the strong demand for broadband multimedia services to both nomadic and mobile users, it
`is necessary to increase the maximum information bit rate of systems beyond IMT-2000. To
`enhance the capacity of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000, novel technologies or new
`concepts for improving bandwidth efficiency are indispensable. Advanced radio resource
`management (RRM) algorithms will be beneficial for maximizing the resource utilization. In
`addition, antenna and coding technologies such as smart antenna, diversity techniques, coding
`techniques, space time coding, and combined technologies will be necessary for systems beyond
`IMT-2000 to improve the wireless link quality under multipath Rayleigh fading channels.
`Furthermore, efficient multiple access schemes, adaptive modulation, adaptive downlink
`modulation, and multi-hopping technology will be needed to improve the bandwidth efficiency of
`the system.
`
`Technologies for improving bandwidth efficiency which are discussed in this Recommendation
`include:
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`–
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`–
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`bunched systems;
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`ultra-wideband (UWB);
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`adaptive modulation and coding (AMC);
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`flexible frequency sharing;
`
`High level descriptions of the above technologies are to be found in the following sections, whilst
`more detailed information is provided in Annex 1.
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`3.1.1.1
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`Summary of the technology
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`–
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`–
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`–
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`–
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`Bunched systems: In pedestrian and indoor environments, there will be severe fluctuations
`in traffic demands, high user mobility and different traffic types. This highly complex
`environment will require advanced RRM algorithms. It could be beneficial to have a central
`intelligent unit that can maximize the resource utilization. This capability is provided by
`bunched systems.
`
`WWB: The basic concept of UWB is to develop, transmit and receive an extremely short
`duration burst of RF energy. The resultant waveforms are extremely broadband (typically
`some gigahertz).
`
`AMC: Adaptive modulation and coding schemes adapt to channel variation by varying
`parameters such as modulation order and code rate based on channel status information
`(CSI).
`
`Flexible frequency sharing: Sharing of frequency carriers between different operators is a
`method to optimize the use of spectrum resources.
`
`3.1.1.2 Advantages
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`Bunched systems: Bunched systems provide dynamic load distribution, dynamic RRM, and
`adaptive coverage control. Bunched systems are well suited to hotspot coverage.
`
`UWB: UWB systems provide the potential for spectrum sharing between services and more
`efficient use of spectrum.
`
`AMC: The advantage of AMC schemes is that the amount of spectrum utilized is based on
`the actual channel conditions rather than worst case channel conditions.
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`Flexible frequency sharing: More efficient use of the spectrum resource.
`
`3.1.1.3
`
`Issues to be considered
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`–
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`Bunched systems: Design issues of the radio access network (RAN) and the RRM algorithm
`for the bunched systems must be considered.
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`UWB: No internationally agreed definition of UWB exists because the applications and
`uses to which the technology may be applied are very diverse and the devices have not been
`fully developed. The regulatory and interference impacts of UWB are not yet known.
`
`AMC: Delays in reporting channel conditions reduces the reliability of the channel status
`indicator which may cause the system to select incorrect modulation levels and coding rate.
`
`Flexible frequency sharing: The use of flexible spectrum sharing may have serious
`implications on the time required to scan the spectrum and locate a radio access technology
`(RAT) carrier after the terminal has been powered on.
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`3.1.2 Technology solutions to support traffic asymmetry
`
`3.1.2.1 Background
`
`Radio interfaces for IMT-2000 systems and systems beyond IMT-2000 may support different
`capabilities in the uplink and downlink with respect to traffic asymmetry. In this context asymmetry
`means that the basic amount of traffic and consequently the amount of needed resources may differ
`between the uplink and the downlink direction.
`
`There are at least four aspects of traffic asymmetry:
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`−
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`−
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`−
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`−
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`At the personal area level: the degree of asymmetry for traffic between devices of a
`personal area network (PAN).
`
`At the user access level: the degree of asymmetry for the traffic between a specific user and
`the network for a specific service.
`
`At the cell level: the degree of total traffic asymmetry in a specific cell.
`
`At the network level: the degree of total traffic asymmetry in the entire network.
`
`These views differ in particular concerning the considered amount of traffic and the speed of
`change of the asymmetry. For individual users (i.e. at the personal area level and user access level)
`the degree of asymmetry may change quickly. But the degree of total asymmetry over a cell (i.e. at
`the cell level) and even more over the entire network (i.e. at the network level), will change much
`slower due to aggregation of individual services on one hand and changing mix of services on the
`other hand. It depends on the system design whether and how this offered changing traffic
`asymmetry can be delivered efficiently.
`
`3.1.2.2
`
`Service mix in IMT-2000 systems
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`In IMT-2000 networks or systems beyond IMT-2000, there will be a mix of symmetric applications
`as well as predominately downstream (downstream direction is from base station to mobile
`station(s))1 or predominately upstream (upstream direction is from mobile station(s) to base
`station)1 applications using different data rates. The most recent estimates for a mix of traffic are
`described in Report ITU-R M.2023. An analysis of these estimates indicates that the total traffic
`asymmetry in a specific cell or the entire network from IMT-2000 users would have the same
`“down load” characteristics as in the fixed network, i.e. it is predominately downstream. However,
`it should be noted that the traffic characteristics and the degree of traffic asymmetry between a
`specific user and the network for some IMT-2000 specific services may be different. It is expected
`that new applications, such as picture and video clips, as well as peer-to-peer traffic, which would
`generate traffic from terminals or servers connected over wireless, will affect the IMT-2000 traffic
`mix. Due to uncertainties of the future traffic asymmetry, future radio access systems should be
`adaptable to different ratios of asymmetry especially at the personal area level and at the user access
`level to deliver the offered traffic asymmetry by maintaining at the same time high spectrum
`efficiency.
`
`
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`1 Per Recommendation ITU-R F.1399 – Vocabulary of terms for wireless access.
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`3.1.2.3 Technical aspects
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`Radio interface support for asymmetric traffic can be achieved by different means:
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`–
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`By asymmetric resource allocation, e.g. asymmetric frequency allocation in case of
`frequency division duplex (FDD) operation or asymmetric time-slot allocation in case of
`TDD operation.
`
`By symmetric uplink/downlink frequency allocation in the case of FDD or symmetric
`uplink/downlink time-slot allocation in the case of TDD with only partial use of the
`available capacity in one of the two directions.
`
`By applying different capacity-enhancing technologies to uplink and downlink, regardless
`of the resource allocation. These technologies are typically independent of the duplex
`scheme.
`
`More details are given in Annex 2.
`
`3.1.3 Advanced system innovation using TDD
`
`TDD is well suited for asymmetric high data rate services while providing flexible low cost network
`deployment including busy urban, hotspot and busy indoor environments as well as wide area
`applications. TDD is a technique where both the uplink and downlink transmissions are on the same
`carrier within the same spectrum band. This means TDD technology can operate within an unpaired
`frequency band; i.e. no duplex frequency pair is necessary. The minimum spectrum requirement is
`only half the bandwidth of the FDD mode, i.e. only one 5 MHz spectrum allocation is necessary
`when the wideband code-division multiple acess (W-CDMA) TDD (IMT-2000 CDMA TDD) chip
`rate is operating at the same 3.84 Mchip/s harmonized chip rate as the W-CDMA FDD (IMT-2000
`CDMA Direct Spread) mode.
`
`Currently, within IMT-2000, TDD makes use of both CDMA and time division multiple
`access (TDMA) techniques to separate the various communication channels by both time slot and
`CDMA code. Time slots can be assigned to carry either downlink or uplink channels. The TDMA
`structure also permits the use of a specific algorithm by which multiple channels are jointly
`recognized and decoded (joint detection algorithm). This method eliminates intracell interference
`almost completely and helps increase system capacity. This is feasible in TDD because the
`transmission and reception occur at the same frequency and exhibit similar channel distortions, thus
`simplifying processing.
`
`Due to the TDMA structure and the joint detection algorithm, which significantly reduces
`interference from other CDMA signals present in the time slot, W-CDMA TDD behaves much like
`a TDMA system. It does not suffer from cell breathing and the necessity to maintain sufficient
`operating margin to compensate for the uncertainty, nor does it require a soft hand-off capability.
`This is of particular value for hotspot scenarios with heavy data load and small cell sizes such as
`indoor and outdoor (pico- and microcells). Since time slots for uplink and downlink can be assigned
`separately, W-CDMA TDD is particularly suited for asymmetric traffic. The degree of asymmetry
`can be dynamically controlled, improving overall operating efficiency.
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`From the beginning, the TDD standard has been designed in anticipation of the implementation of
`smart antennas which can substantially improve the system capacity. Smart antennas give particular
`advantages in macro- and microcell scenarios where the user signals are not very scattered. Again,
`TDDs use of the same physical radio channel for both the uplink and downlink simplifies the
`processing required to shape the antenna beams. This unique characteristic, channel reciprocity, of
`TDD also makes it practical to implement advanced diversity and coding techniques.
`
`Finally, TDD is cost-efficient for network deployments as it leverages the infrastructure of an
`FDD-only roll-out by providing scalable capacity for “hotspots”. This is accomplished through a
`multi-tier architecture of FDD and TDD macro-, micro- and picocells.
`
`3.1.4 Adaptive antenna concepts and key technical characteristics
`
`3.1.4.1
`
`Introduction, and benefits of adaptive antennas in IMT-2000
`
`Formally, adaptive antennas may be defined2 as “an array of antennas which is able to change its
`antenna pattern dynamically to adjust to noise, interference and multipath. Adaptive antennas are
`used to enhance received signals and may also be used to form beams for transmission”.
`
`Likewise, switched beam systems “use a number of fixed beams at an antenna site. The receiver
`selects the beam that provides the greatest signal enhancement and interference reduction. Switched
`beam systems may not offer the degree of performance improvement offered by adaptive systems,
`but they are much less complex and are easier to retrofit to existing wireless technologies”.
`
`Finally smart antennas are similarly defined by the same source as systems that “can include both
`adaptive antenna and switched beam technologies”.
`
`The reader is cautioned that there is some variation in terminologies used here; for example, non-
`adaptive or non-switched systems are sometimes termed smart simply due to the incorporation of
`masthead RF electronics, and unfortunately often the terms adaptive and beam-forming are used
`rather loosely.
`
`3.1.4.2 Benefits of integrating adaptive antennas
`
`Benefits of adaptive antennas in IMT-2000 networks
`
`Adaptive antennas improve the spectral efficiency of a radio channel, and in so doing, greatly
`increase the capacity and coverage of most radio transmission networks. This technology uses
`multiple antennas, digital processing techniques and complex algorithms to modify the transmit and
`receive signals at the base station and at the user terminal. Systems in all of the existing IMT-2000
`radio interfaces could enjoy significant performance improvements from the application of adaptive
`antenna technology.
`
`Further improvements by including adaptive antennas in the initial design concept
`
`While applying adaptive antenna technology to an existing radio interface can significantly improve
`the spectral efficiency of that radio interface, there are more significant efficiency benefits that
`might be derived if adaptive antenna technology is incorporated into the design of the radio
`
`
`
`2 LIBERTI and RAPPAPORT Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications [1999] Wiley.
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`interface from the outset. Many aspects of an air interface design affect the spectral efficiency gains
`that can be realized from the adaptive antenna technology including the following:
`−
`duplexing methods;
`–
`carrier bandwidth;
`–
`modulation methods;
`–
`signalling control: broadcast and paging methods;
`–
`burst and frame structures;
`–
`media access control methods.
`
`The result of this approach can be quite significant. It can be shown that integrating adaptive
`antennas into the initial design concept can yield spectral efficiency increases of > 4 000% over
`existing 2G systems and > 400% increases over the new IMT-2000 radio interfaces.
`
`3.1.4.3
`
`Summary
`
`There are a number of less commonly appreciated adaptive antenna technology advantages. For
`example, the inevitable redistribution of RF power amplification elements for adaptive antenna
`systems commonly leads to lower total amplifier cost than is likely to be the case with conventional
`technology. From a deployment viewpoint it is sometimes attractive to utilize adaptive antenna
`stations in only a proportion of the overall infrastructure in an area, and similarly the interference
`mitigation advantages may be particularly beneficial for such situations as cross-border
`coordination arrangements.
`
`Integrating adaptive antenna systems into the design of future IMT-2000 systems and systems
`beyond IMT-2000, will significantly improve the spectral efficiency of these new radio systems.
`Spectral efficiency gains from adaptive antenna systems can be used not only to reduce the number
`of base stations (cells) needed to deploy an IMT-2000 network, but also to obtain significantly
`increased data rates within a limited amount of increasingly scarce spectrum.
`
`3.1.5 Multiple-input multiple-output techniques
`
`3.1.5.1
`
`Summary of the technology
`
`MIMO techniques can provide significant improvements in the capacity of the radio link by making
`a very positive use of the complex multipath propagation channels found in terrestrial mobile
`communications. There are many alternative solutions within this family of techniques, but they are
`all based on establishing several parallel independent communication channels through the same
`space and frequency channel by using multiple antenna elements at both ends of the link.
`
`3.1.5.2 Advantages
`
`The advantage of exploiting MIMO techniques is to increase the system throughput data rate for the
`same total radiated power and channel bandwidth.
`
`In highly scattering propagation environments, the theoretical maximum data rate for MIMO
`algorithms increases directly in proportion to the number of antennas, rather than only being
`proportional to the logarithm of the number of antennas when conventional phased array beam
`forming methods are used. For the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 the MIMO method has a potential
`gain of double capacity over using conventional phased array algorithms in cellular networks.
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`As key objectives, SDR shall provide means for:
`−
`
`adaptation of the radio interface to varying deployment environments/radio interface
`standards;
`
`−
`−
`−
`
`provision of possibly new applications and services;
`
`software updates;
`
`enabling full exploitation of flexible heterogeneous radio networks services.
`
`In Annex 6 we provide more details on architecture for reconfigurable terminals and supporting
`networks.
`
`3.2.1.2 General requirements for SDR
`
`The provision of SDR poses requirements on the mobile communication system, which fall into
`three distinct groups:
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`–
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`–
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`–
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`radio reconfiguration control;
`
`creation and provisioning of services over converging networks and different radio access
`modes;
`
`user environment management.
`
`Moreover SDR has to consider and take into account appropriate security functions that allow
`reliable operation and avoid any potential abuse despite the high flexibility provided by SDR.
`
`3.2.1.3