LBNL-XXXXX
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`Report to Congress on Server and Data
`Center Energy Efficiency:
`Public Law 109-431
`
`Richard Brown, Eric Masanet, Bruce Nordman, Bill
`Tschudi, Arman Shehabi, John Stanley, Jonathan
`Koomey, Dale Sartor, Peter Chan
`Environmental Energy Technologies Division
`
`Joe Loper, Steve Capana
`Alliance to Save Energy
`
`Bruce Hedman, Rebecca Duff, Evan Haines
`ICF Incorporated
`
`Danielle Sass
`ERG Incorporated
`
`Andrew Fanara
`U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
`
`August 2007
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`DISCLAIMER
`
`This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United
`States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct
`information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
`The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes
`any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the
`accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or
`process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
`rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service
`by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily
`constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United
`States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of
`California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily
`state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or
`The Regents of the University of California.
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`LBNL-XXXXX
`
`Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency:
`Public Law 109-431
`
`
`
`
`Richard Brown, Eric Masanet, Bruce Nordman, Bill Tschudi, Arman Shehabi, John Stanley,
`Jonathan Koomey, Dale Sartor, Peter Chan, Joe Loper*, Steve Capana*, Bruce Hedman†,
`Rebecca Duff†, Evan Haines†, Danielle Sass^, Andrew Fanara+
`
`
`
`ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION
`Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
`University of California
`Berkeley, California 94720
`
`
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`
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`August 2007
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`*Alliance to Save Energy
`†ICF Incorporated
`^ERG Incorporated
`+U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
`
`This work was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Protection Partnerships
`Division, Office of Air and Radiation, under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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`Abstract
`
`This report was prepared in response to the request from Congress stated in Public Law 109-431
`(H.R. 5646), “An Act to Study and Promote the Use of Energy Efficient Computer Servers in the
`United States.” This report assesses current trends in energy use and energy costs of data centers
`and servers in the U.S. (especially Federal government facilities) and outlines existing and
`emerging opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It also makes recommendations for
`pursuing these energy-efficiency opportunities broadly across the country through the use of
`information and incentive-based programs.
`
`Findings from this report include:
`
`
`• An estimate that data centers consumed about 61 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2006,
`roughly 1.5% of total U.S. electricity consumption, or about $4.5 billion in electricity
`costs.
`• Federal servers and data centers alone account for approximately 6 billion kWh (10%) of
`this electricity use, at a total electricity cost of about $450 million/year.
`• Assuming current trends continue, in 5 years the national energy consumption by servers
`and data centers is expected to nearly double, to nearly 100 billion kWh.
`• Existing technologies and strategies could reduce typical server energy use by an
`estimated 25% — even greater energy savings are possible with advanced technologies.
`• Assuming state-of-the-art energy efficiency practices are implemented throughout U.S.
`data centers, this projected energy use can be reduced by up to 55% compared to current
`efficiency trends.
`
`
`This report makes several recommendations for policies to achieve this savings potential.
`Among these recommendations are standardized performance measurement for data centers and
`their equipment, leadership on energy efficiency in federal data centers, a private sector energy
`challenge, information on best practices, and further research and development on energy
`efficiency technologies and practices.
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`Table of Contents
`
`Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i
`
`Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4
`
`Background ................................................................................................................................. 4
`
`Energy Use in Data Centers Through 2011 ................................................................................ 7
`
`Incentives and Voluntary Programs to Promote Energy Efficiency ......................................... 11
`
`Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 13
`
`Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 16
`
`1.
`Introduction............................................................................................................................ 17
`
`1.1. Background ..................................................................................................................... 17
`
`1.2. Data Center Energy Use.................................................................................................. 17
`
`1.3. Data Center Characteristics............................................................................................. 18
`
`1.4. Energy Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 23
`
`1.5. Purpose of this Report..................................................................................................... 23
`
`2. Trends in Growth and Energy Use Associated with Servers and Data Centers in the U.S. .. 25
`
`2.1. Overview of Data Center Growth Trends ....................................................................... 27
`
`2.2. Estimates of U.S. Server and Data Center Energy Use .................................................. 31
`
`2.3. Energy Use Associated with Federal Government Servers and Data Centers................ 39
`
`3. Potential Energy and Cost Savings through Improved Energy Efficiency............................ 41
`
`3.1. Expected Energy Savings from Current Energy Efficiency Trends ............................... 41
`
`3.2. Opportunities for Additional Energy-Efficiency Savings............................................... 50
`
`4. Electric Utility Impacts from Energy Efficiency in Servers and Data Centers ..................... 59
`
`4.1. Methodology ................................................................................................................... 60
`
`4.2. Electricity Generation Impacts ....................................................................................... 62
`4.3. Discussion of Transmission and Distribution Impacts ................................................... 63
`
`5. Potential Impacts of Energy Efficiency on Product Performance, Reliability, Features, and
`
`Overall cost ................................................................................................................................... 67
`
`5.1. Performance Impacts Resulting from IT Energy Efficiency Improvements .................. 68
`
`Impact of Facilities Energy Efficiency on IT Equipment Performance ......................... 71
`
`5.2.
`5.3. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 72
`
`6. Distributed Generation and Combined Heat and Power Systems in Data Centers................ 73
`
`6.1. Benefits of Clean DG and CHP for Data Centers........................................................... 73
`
`6.2. DG Applications at Data Centers.................................................................................... 80
`
`6.3.
`Issues Affecting Implementation of DG in Data Centers ............................................... 82
`
`7. Current Energy Efficiency Programs Applicable to Data Centers ........................................ 84
`
`7.1. Barriers to Energy Efficiency ......................................................................................... 84
`
`7.2. Current Energy Efficiency Incentives and Voluntary Programs .................................... 89
`
`8. Recommendations for Incentives and Voluntary Programs ................................................ 106
`
`8.1. Policy Recommendations.............................................................................................. 107
`8.2. Recommendations for Research and Development Activities...................................... 117
`
`8.3. Recommendations for Further Analysis ....................................................................... 119
`
`References................................................................................................................................... 121
`
`Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................... 129
`
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`Acronyms and Abbreviations
`
`alternating current
`AC
`Annual Energy Outlook
`AEO
`air handling unit
`AHU
`American National Standards Institute
`ANSI
`American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
`ASHRAE
`British thermal unit
`Btu
`compound annual growth rate
`CAGR
`continuous emissions monitoring system
`CEMS
`chief executive officer
`CEO
`chief financial officer
`CFO
`chief information officer
`CIO
`combined heat and power
`CHP
`carbon monoxide
`CO
`carbon dioxide
`CO2
`central processing unit
`CPU
`computer room air conditioner
`CRAC
`computer room air handler
`CRAH
`chilled water
`CW
`Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
`DARPA
`direct current
`DC
`data center efficiency
`DCE
`distributed generation
`DG
`U.S. Department of Energy
`DOE
`demand response
`DR
`demand-side management
`DSM
`Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
`EERE
`Energy Information Administration
`EIA
`U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
`EPA
`EPAct 2005 Energy Policy Act of 2005
`ESCO
`energy service company
`ESPC
`energy services performance contract
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`Federal Energy Management Program
`FEMP
`global positioning system
`GPS
`gross square foot
`GSF
`gigawatt
`GW
`hard disk drive
`HDD
`heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
`HVAC
`Integrated Critical Environment
`ICE
`International Energy Conservation Code
`IECC
`information technology
`IT
`kilowatt
`kW
`kilowatt-hour
`kWh
`Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
`LBNL
`Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
`LEED
`massive array of idle disks
`MAID
`molten carbonate fuel cell
`MCFC
`MMTCO2
`million metric tons of carbon dioxide
`megawatt
`MW
`megawatt-hour
`MWh
`National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
`NAECA
`National Energy Modeling System
`NEMS
`nitrogen oxides
`NOx
`NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
`O&M
`operation and maintenance
`PAFC
`phosphoric acid fuel cell
`PBF
`public benefit fund
`PEM
`proton exchange membrane
`PG&E
`Pacific Gas & Electric Company
`PUE
`power usage effectiveness
`PV
`photovoltaic
`SPEC
`standard performance evaluation cooperation
`PDU
`power distribution unit
`PSRR
`physical server reduction ratio
`PSU
`power supply unit
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`PUE
`Quad
`R&D
`RFID
`SATA
`SCR
`SGIP
`SI-EER
`SO2
`SPEC
`T&D
`TCO
`UEC
`UESC
`UPS
`VOIP
`VR
`
`power usage effectiveness
`quadrillion (1015) Btu
`research and development
`radio frequency identification
`serial advanced technology attachment
`selective catalytic reduction
`California Self Generation Incentive Program
`site infrastructure energy-efficiency ratio
`sulfur dioxide
`Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
`transmission and distribution
`total cost of ownership
`unit energy consumption
`utilities energy service contract
`uninterruptible power supply
`voice over internet protocol
`voltage regulator
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`Executive Summary
`
`The United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed this report in
`response to the request from Congress stated in Public Law 109-431. This report assesses current
`trends in energy use and energy costs of data centers and servers in the U.S. and outlines existing
`and emerging opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It provides particular information
`on the costs of data centers and servers to the federal government and opportunities for reducing
`those costs through improved efficiency. It also makes recommendations for pursuing these
`energy-efficiency opportunities broadly across the country through the use of information and
`incentive-based programs.
`
`Background
`As our economy shifts from paper-based to digital information management, data centers —
`facilities that primarily contain electronic equipment used for data processing, data storage, and
`communications networking — have become common and essential to the functioning of
`business, communications, academic, and governmental systems. Data centers are found in
`nearly every sector of the economy: financial services, media, high-tech, universities,
`government institutions, and many others use and operate data centers to aid business processes,
`information management, and communications functions.
`
`The U.S. data center industry is in the midst of a major growth period stimulated by increasing
`demand for data processing and storage. This demand is driven by several factors, including but
`not limited to:
`•
`the increased use of electronic transactions in financial services, such as on-line banking
`and electronic trading,
`the growing use of internet communication and entertainment,
`the shift to electronic medical records for healthcare,
`the growth in global commerce and services, and
`the adoption of satellite navigation and electronic shipment tracking in transportation.
`
`•
`•
`•
`•
`
`Other important trends contributing to data center growth in the government sector include:
`•
`use of the internet to publish government information,
`•
`government regulations requiring digital records retention,
`•
`enhanced disaster recovery requirements,
`•
`emergency, health and safety services,
`•
`information security and national security,
`•
`digital provision of government services (e.g., e-filing of taxes and USPS on-line
`
`tracking), and
`
`high performance scientific computing.
`
`•
`
`During the past five years, increasing demand for computer resources has led to significant
`growth in the number of data center servers, along with an estimated doubling in the energy used
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`Public Law 109-431
`
`SECTION 1. STUDY.
`Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the Environmental
`Protection Agency, through the Energy Star program, shall transmit to the Congress the results of a study
`analyzing the rapid growth and energy consumption of computer data centers by the Federal Government and
`private enterprise. The study shall include--
`(1) an overview of the growth trends associated with data centers and the utilization of servers in the
`Federal Government and private sector;
`(2) analysis of the industry migration to the use of energy efficient microchips and servers designed to
`provide energy efficient computing and reduce the costs associated with constructing, operating, and
`maintaining large and medium scale data centers;
`(3) analysis of the potential cost savings to the Federal Government, large institutional data center
`operators, private enterprise, and consumers available through the adoption of energy efficient data
`centers and servers;
`(4) analysis of the potential cost savings and benefits to the energy supply chain through the adoption of
`energy efficient data centers and servers, including reduced demand, enhanced capacity, and reduced
`strain on existing grid infrastructure, and consideration of secondary benefits, including potential
`impact of related advantages associated with substantial domestic energy savings;
`(5) analysis of the potential impacts of energy efficiency on product performance, including computing
`functionality, reliability, speed, and features, and overall cost;
`(6) analysis of the potential cost savings and benefits to the energy supply chain through the use of
`stationary fuel cells for backup power and distributed generation;
`(7) an overview of current government incentives offered for energy efficient products and services and
`consideration of similar incentives to encourage the adoption of energy efficient data centers and
`servers;
`(8) recommendations regarding potential incentives and voluntary programs that could be used to
`advance the adoption of energy efficient data centers and computing; and
`(9) a meaningful opportunity for interested stakeholders, including affected industry stakeholders and
`energy efficiency advocates, to provide comments, data, and other information on the scope, contents,
`and conclusions of the study.
`
`SEC. 2. SENSE OF CONGRESS.
`It is the sense of Congress that it is in the best interest of the U.S. for purchasers of computer servers to give high
`priority to energy efficiency as a factor in determining best value and performance for purchases of computer
`servers.
`
`by these servers and the power and cooling infrastructure that supports them. This increase in
`energy use has a number of important implications, including:
`•
`increased energy costs for business and government,
`•
`increased emissions, including greenhouse gases, from electricity generation
`•
`increased strain on the existing power grid to meet the increased electricity demand, and
`•
`increased capital costs for expansion of data center capacity and construction of new data
`centers.
`
`For these reasons, there has been mounting interest in opportunities for energy efficiency in this
`sector. To its credit, the information technology (IT) industry is actively investigating and
`developing solutions, such as power-managed servers and adaptive cooling.
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`The direct energy use of IT and infrastructure equipment is not, however, the only way that data
`centers affect energy use. The data processing and communication services provided by data
`centers can also lead to indirect reductions in energy use in the broader economy, which can
`exceed the incremental data center energy expenditures in some cases.1 For instance, e-
`commerce and telecommuting can reduce both freight and passenger transportation energy use.
`Nonetheless, even though IT equipment may improve energy efficiency in the economy as a
`whole, pursuit of energy efficiency opportunities in data centers remains important because of
`the potential for rapid growth in direct energy use in this sector and the resulting impact on both
`the power grid and U.S. industries.
`
`Role of EPA
`EPA has a more than 15-year history of advancing energy efficiency in IT equipment as well as
`commercial buildings, beginning with the first ENERGY STAR specifications for computers
`established in 1992 and the Green Lights program established in 1991. Through the ENERGY
`STAR program, EPA now qualifies a wide array of IT products, including personal computers,
`imaging equipment, printers, and monitors. EPA has made particular strides in addressing
`standby energy and power management for these products, demonstrating that it is possible to
`encourage rapid development and adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices. The
`energy savings from efficiency improvements in these products are currently in the billions of
`dollars per year (US EPA 2006). EPA has also developed an innovative commercial building
`rating system that helps owners and managers assess the energy performance of their buildings
`and target efficiency improvements.
`
`In January 2006, EPA convened the first national conference dedicated to examining energy
`savings opportunities for enterprise servers and data centers. Representatives from the utility,
`financial services, healthcare, internet, and manufacturing sectors attended the conference
`(http://www.energystar.gov/datacenters). EPA is now working on the first priority identified in
`that conference, the development of objective measurements of server energy performance, on
`which future efficiency criteria would be based.
`
`To develop this report, EPA convened a study team led by researchers from the Lawrence
`Berkeley National Laboratory. The study team offered stakeholders multiple opportunities to
`give input to and review this report, including:
`•
`conducting preliminary calls with key stakeholders to help plan the study;
`•
`holding a public workshop on February 16, 2007 (attended by approximately 130 people)
`to solicit input on the topic of energy efficiency in servers and data centers;
`following up on workshop attendees’ offers of assistance, to gather and refine
`
`information for the study;
`
`posting on the ENERGY STAR web site an open call for interested parties to submit
`information, as well as a list of data needs;
`posting on the ENERGY STAR web site a public review draft of this report; and
`incorporating into the final version of this report comments on the public review draft
`from more than 50 organizations and individuals.
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`•
`
`1 The magnitude of indirect energy reductions attributable to IT equipment is uncertain; one of this report’s
`recommendations is that research should be conducted to better understand this effect.
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`Energy Use in Data Centers Through 2011
`The energy used by the nation’s servers and data centers is significant. It is estimated that this
`sector consumed about 61 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 2006 (1.5 percent of total U.S.
`electricity consumption) for a total electricity cost of about $4.5 billion. This estimated level of
`electricity consumption is more than the electricity consumed by the nation’s color televisions
`and similar to the amount of electricity consumed by approximately 5.8 million average U.S.
`households (or about five percent of the total U.S. housing stock). Federal servers and data
`centers alone account for approximately 6 billion kWh (10 percent) of this electricity use, for a
`total electricity cost of about $450 million annually.
`
`The energy use of the nation’s servers and data centers in 2006 is estimated to be more than
`double the electricity that was consumed for this purpose in 2000. One type of server, the
`volume server, was responsible for the majority (68 percent) of the electricity consumed by IT
`equipment in data centers in 2006. The energy used by this type of server more than doubled
`from 2000 to 2006, which was the largest increase among different types of servers. The power
`and cooling infrastructure that supports IT equipment in data centers also uses significant energy,
`accounting for 50 percent of the total consumption of data centers. Among the different types of
`data centers, more than one-third (38 percent) of electricity use is attributable to the nation’s
`largest (i.e., enterprise-class) and most rapidly growing data centers.
`
`These energy consumption estimates were derived using a bottom-up estimation method based
`on the best publicly available data for servers and data centers. The estimation was performed as
`follows:
`estimated the U.S. installed base of servers, external disk drives, and network ports in
`-
`data centers each year (based on industry estimates of shipments and stock turnover);
`- multiplied by an estimated annual energy consumption per server, disk drive, or network
`port; and
`- multiplied the sum of energy use for servers, storage, and networking equipment by an
`overhead factor to account for the energy use of power and cooling infrastructure in data
`centers.
`This method was also used to develop five-year projections for future energy use. A five-year
`time horizon was chosen for the scenarios because this is the period for which equipment
`shipment forecasts were available, and a period for which change in the rapidly evolving IT
`sector can be reasonably forecasted. Two baseline scenarios were analyzed to estimate expected
`energy use in the absence of expanded energy-efficiency efforts. The “current efficiency trends”
`scenario projected the current energy use trajectory of U.S. servers and data centers based on
`recently observed efficiency trends for IT equipment and site infrastructure systems. The
`“historical trends” scenario did not reflect these current energy efficiency trends but simply
`extrapolated observed 2000 to 2006 energy-use trends into the future. The historical trends
`scenario projected the energy use of U.S. servers and data centers if no energy-efficiency
`improvements were made, and therefore indicates the energy savings associated with efficiency
`trends that are already under way.
`
`Under current efficiency trends, national energy consumption by servers and data centers could
`nearly double again in another five years (i.e., by 2011) to more than 100 billion kWh (Figure
`ES-1), representing a $7.4 billion annual electricity cost. The peak load on the power grid from
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`these servers and data centers is currently estimated to be approximately 7 gigawatts (GW),
`equivalent to the output of about 15 baseload power plants. If current trends continue, this
`demand would rise to 12 GW by 2011, which would require an additional 10 power plants.
`
`These forecasts indicate that unless energy efficiency is improved beyond current trends, the
`federal government’s electricity cost for servers and data centers could be nearly $740 million
`annually by 2011, with a peak load of approximately 1.2 GW.
`
`These estimates of data center energy use should be considered approximate because limited data
`are available on current data center energy use, and there is significant uncertainty about the
`effects of future technology trends, such as server consolidation and developments in network
`and storage technologies. However, these estimates and projections illustrate the magnitude of
`energy use in data centers and the need for effective energy-efficiency strategies. Energy
`consumption monitoring and reporting may be needed to both improve these estimates and
`inform future policy initiatives.
`
`Energy-Efficiency Opportunities in Servers and Data Centers
`There is significant potential for energy-efficiency improvements in data centers. Although some
`improvements in energy efficiency are expected if current trends continue, many technologies
`are either commercially available or will soon be available that could further improve the energy
`efficiency of microprocessors, servers, storage devices, network equipment, and infrastructure
`systems. For instance, existing technologies and design strategies have been shown to reduce the
`energy use of a typical server by 25 percent or more. Even with existing IT equipment,
`implementing best energy-management practices in existing data centers and consolidating
`applications from many servers to one server could reduce current data center energy usage by
`around 20 percent. Energy-efficiency strategies could be implemented in ways that do not
`compromise data center availability, performance or network security, which are essential for
`these strategies to be accepted by the market. To develop a better understanding of energy-
`efficiency opportunities that would accelerate adoption of energy-efficient technologies beyond
`current trends, three energy-efficiency scenarios were explored:
`
`• The “improved operation” scenario includes energy-efficiency improvements beyond
`current trends that are essentially operational in nature and require little or no capital
`investment. This scenario represents the “low-hanging fruit” that can be harvested simply by
`operating the existing capital stock more efficiently.
`
`• The “best practice” scenario represents the efficiency gains that can be obtained through the
`more widespread adoption of the practices and technologies used in the most energy-efficient
`facilities in operation today.
`
`• The “state-of-the-art” scenario identifies the maximum energy-efficiency savings that could
`be achieved using available technologies. This scenario assumes that U.S. servers and data
`centers will be operated at maximum possible energy efficiency using only the most efficient
`technologies and best management practices available today.
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`Details of the key energy-efficiency assumptions used in this analysis are shown in Table ES-1.
`These assumptions represent only a subset of the energy-efficiency strategies that could be
`employed in practice; it is not a comprehensive list of all energy-efficiency opportunities
`available in U.S. data centers.
`
`Table ES-1. Summary of Assumptions for Analysis of Alternative Efficiency Scenarios
`
`Scenario
`
`IT Equipment
`
`trends
`
`Data Center Subsystem
`Site Infrastructure (Power and Cooling)
`improvement
`in
`infrastructure energy
`30%
`efficiency from improved airflow management
`
`server
`
`for
`
`• Continue
`current
`consolidation
`• Eliminate unused servers (e.g., legacy
`applications)
`• Adopt “energy-efficient” servers
`modest level
`• Enable power management on 100% of
`applicable servers
`• Assume modest decline in energy use of
`enterprise storage equipment
`All measures
`in
`“Improved operation”
`scenario, plus:
`• Consolidate servers to moderate extent
`• Aggressively
`servers
`• Assume moderate storage consolidation
`
`Improved
`operation
`
`Best
`practice
`
`State-of-the-
`art
`
`to
`
`adopt
`
`“energy-efficient”
`
`Up to 70% improvement in infrastructure energy
`efficiency from all measures
`in “Improved
`operation” scenario, plus:
`•
`
`improved transformers and uninterruptible
`power supplies
`
`•
`
`improved efficiency chillers,
`pumps
`
`fans, and
`
`All measures in “Best practice” scenario, plus:
`• Aggressively consolidate servers
`• Aggressively consolidate storage
`• Enable power management at data center
`level of
`applications,
`servers,
`and
`equipment for networking and storage
`Note: These measures should be considered illustrative of efficiency opportunities in a typical data center. Some
`measures may only be applicable in new or expansion data centers or may be infeasible for a given data center
`because of local constraints. Selection of efficiency measures for a particular facility should be based on a site-
`specific review.
`
`•
`free cooling
`Up to 80% improvement in infrastructure energy
`efficiency, due to all measures in “Best practice”
`scenario, plus:
`•
`•
`
`combined heat and power
`
`direct liquid cooling
`
`Because the best practice and state-of-the-art scenarios imply significant changes to data centers
`that may only be feasible to implement during major facility renovations, it was assumed in these
`scenarios that the site infrastructure measures requiring new capital investments would apply to
`only 50 percent of the current stock of data centers. For IT equipment, it was assumed that the
`entire existing stock turns over within the five-year forecast period.
`
`9
`
`
`Netlist Ex 2058
`Samsung v Netlist
`IPR2022-00996
`
`

`

`These scenarios, based on the assumptions outlined above, illustrate significant potential for
`efficient technologies and practices to improve the energy efficiency of servers and data centers
`by 2011:
`• The state-of-the-art scenario could reduce electricity use by up to 5