United States Patent 19
`Billström et al.
`
`54 APPARATUSES AND MOBILE STATIONS
`FOR PROVIDING PACKET DATA
`COMMUNICATION IN DIGITAL TDMA
`CELLULAR SYSTEMS
`
`75 Inventors: Lars Billström, Sonia; Lars
`Wetterborg; Steinar Dahlin, both of
`Järfälla; Bengt Persson, Djursholm, all
`of Sweden
`
`(73) Assignee: Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson,
`Stockholm, Sweden
`
`21) Appl. No.: 354,874
`
`Dec. 9, 1994
`Filed:
`(22
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`30
`Dec. 10, 1993 SEl Sweden .................................. 9304119
`(51) Int. Cl. ................................ H04T 3/26; H04Q 7/38
`52 U.S. Cl. ............................ 370/349; 379/60; 455/332;
`370/332; 370/337; 370/338; 370/403
`58) Field of Search .................................. 370/94.1, 95.1,
`370/95.3, 60, 110.1, 79; 379/58, 59-63;
`455/331, 54.1, 56.1; 340/825.44
`
`56
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4,887,265 12/1989 Felix ...................................... 370/94.1
`4,916,691
`4/1990 Goodman ....
`370/60
`5,103,445 4/1992 Ostlund .......
`... 455/54.
`5,195,090 3/1993 Bolliger et al. .
`... 370/941
`5,305,308 4/1994 English et al...
`... 370/94.1
`5,371,780 12/1994 Amitay ........
`... 370/941
`5,384,826
`1/1995 Amitay ............
`... 370/941
`5,396,543 3/1995 Beeson, Jr. et al. ................... 370/94.1
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`206390
`9/1992 Canada.
`6/1993 European Pat. Off..
`544464
`
`
`
`IIIHIIIHIIII
`US005590 133A
`5,590,133
`11
`Patent Number:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`K. Felix, "Packet Switching in Digital Cellular Systems',
`Pro. 38th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf, pp. 414-418
`(Jun. 1988).
`"Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) System Specifica
`tion', vol. 1 System Overview, Release 1.0 (Jul. 19, 1993).
`P. Decker, "Packet Radio in GSM, Tech.Doc. SMG 458/93,
`European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
`(Feb. 12, 1993).
`P. Decker et al., “A General Packet Radio Service Proposed
`for GSM", Aachen University of Technology (Oct. 13,
`1993).
`J. Hamäläinen et al., "Packet Data over GSM Network',
`Tech. Doc. SMG 1238/93, ETSI (Sep. 28, 1993).
`CME 20 System Survey Doc. No. EN/LZT 120 226 R4B,
`Chapter 3, pp. 17-28; Chapter 5, pp. 57-68; and Chapter 9,
`pp. 121-148, Ericsson Radio Systems AB (1991, 1992,
`1994).
`Primary Examiner-Benedict V. Safourek
`Assistant Examiner-Seema S. Rao
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Burns, Doane, Swecker &
`Mathis, L.L.P.
`ABSTRACT
`57)
`Apparatuses and mobile stations are described which pro
`vide packet data services in TDMA (Time Division Multiple
`Access) cellular systems, based on providing shared packet
`data channels optimized for packet data. A first "integrated'
`embodiment utilizes the current cellular infrastructure to the
`extent possible consistent with functional and performance
`requirements. Shared packet data channels in base stations
`may be provided dynamically determined by demand. A
`packet data controller in each Mobile services Switching
`Center controls access to the packet data services. A packet
`data router in each MSC routes packets to and from the MSC
`service area. A backbone network interconnects packet data
`routers and Interworking Functions providing internetwork
`ing with external network(s). A second "separate' embodi
`ment, in order to minimize the impact on the current cellular
`system, primarily utilizes the base station portion of the
`cellular system, relying for the remaining network parts on
`a separate mobile packet data infrastructure.
`
`57 Claims, 20 Drawing Sheets
`
`- =PACKETDAA(PD) ANDREATED SIGNALLNG
`scrCMODEWOCEDEDICAddAAAdRAEscNING
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`Ex.1046
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 1 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 31, 1996
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 31, 1996
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`Sheet 3 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 4 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
`APPLE INC. / Page 5 of 39
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 5 of 20
`
`5,590,133
`
`FIG. 5A
`SEOUENCE DAGRAM: MOBILE ORIGINATED PD STATE ESTABLISHMENT
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`Ex.1046
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 6 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 7 of 20
`
`5,590,133
`
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`Ex.1046
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 8 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 9 of 20
`5,590,133
`FIG. 8
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`SECUENCE DAGRAM:
`MOBILE ORIGINATED PDCH ON DEMAND ALLOCATION
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`NUMBER OF TIMES.
`
`Ex.1046
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 10 of 20
`
`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 11 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 12 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 13 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 31, 1996
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`Sheet 14 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
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`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 31, 1996
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`Sheet 16 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`U.S. Patent
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`U.S. Patent
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`Dec. 31, 1996
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`Ex.1046
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 19 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Dec. 31, 1996
`
`Sheet 20 of 20
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`5,590,133
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`Ex.1046
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`5,590,133
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`APPARATUSES AND MOBILE STATIONS
`FOR PROVIDING PACKET DATA
`COMMUNICATION IN DIGITAL TDMA
`CELLULAR SYSTEMS
`BACKGROUND
`This invention relates to digital TDMA (Time Division
`Multiple Access) cellular radio mobile telecommunications
`systems. More specifically, the present invention is directed
`towards apparatuses and mobile stations for providing
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`packet data communications services in current TDMA
`cellular systems.
`Mobile data communication is rapidly becoming one of
`the fastest growing segments of the mobile communications
`market. Independent market studies predict several million
`users in Europe by the year 2000. A strong driving force is
`the fast growing portable personal ("laptop", "palmtop' and
`"notebook”) computer market and the need for flexible
`wireless data communications it creates. This market force
`is further emphasized by the emerging new communication
`centered devices, commonly referred to as "Personal Digital
`Assistants' or "Personal Communicators'. Target applica
`tions include:
`The wide range of standard business applications today
`predominantly used across fixed data networks, such as
`electronic mail and host computer/data base access.
`Specialized mobile data applications including vehicle fleet
`control and road transport informatics.
`Fixed wireless applications, including remote monitoring
`and control applications, and credit card verification and
`similar financial transaction applications.
`Possible new applications as a result of the convergence of
`the two enabling technologies of new personal comput
`ing/communicating devices and efficient and widely
`available mobile data communications.
`To support this variety of applications in a cost effective
`manner, a mobile data network should:
`Provide packet mode data services based on shared packet
`data radio channels optimized for packet data (exploiting
`the bursty nature of most data communications applica
`tions) to achieve spectrum efficiency and cost effective
`CSS.
`Provide industry standard network services, including stan
`dard connectionless network (datagram) services and,
`depending on market requirements, standard connection
`oriented network (virtual call) services e.g. to provide
`transparent X.25 connectivity.
`Provide performance (packet transfer delays) comparable to
`what is provided by current fixed networks, to allow
`existing standard applications to be used without modi
`fication.
`Provide broadcast and multicast services to support special
`ized mobile applications.
`Providing the packet data services on a cellular system
`platform offers potential advantages in terms of widespread
`availability, possibility of combined voice/data services, and
`comparatively low additional investments by capitalizing on
`the cellular infrastructure. Of particular interest are current
`TDMA cellular systems, through their spectrum efficiency
`and world wide penetration. Examples of potential TDMA
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`platforms include:
`GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
`Systems with a GSM type of architecture but operating in
`other frequency bands, such as the 1800 and 1900 MHz
`bands, including PCN (Personal Communications Net
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`work) in Europe and PCS (Personal Communications
`Services) in the U.S.A.
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`The North American D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile
`Phone Service) system.
`The Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system.
`However, the data services provided by or proposed for
`cellular systems in general are with few exceptions based on
`circuit mode of operation, using a dedicated radio channel
`for each active mobile user. The exceptions include the
`packet data concepts described in the following documents:
`a) U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,265 and Proc. 38th IEEE Vehicular
`Technology Conference, June 88, Philadelphia (U.S.), pages
`414-418: "Packet Switching in Digital Cellular Systems”.
`These documents describe a cellular system providing
`shared packet data radio channels, each one capable of
`accomodating multiple data calls. A mobile station request
`ing packet data service is assigned to a particular packet data
`channel using essentially regular cellular signalling. The
`system may include Packet Access Points (PAPs) for inter
`facing with packet data networks. In that case, each packet
`data radio channel is connected to one particular PAP and is
`thus capable of multiplexing data calls associated with that
`PAP. System initiated handover (handoff) is employed, to a
`large extent similar to the type of handover used in the same
`system for voice calls. A new type of handover is added for
`handling situations when the capacity of a packet channel is
`insufficient.
`b) U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,691.
`This document describes (for one of the embodiments) a
`new packet mode cellular radio system architecture, and a
`new procedure for routing (voice and/or data) packets to a
`mobile station. Base stations, public switches via trunk
`interface units, and a cellular control unit are linked together
`via a wide area network. The routing procedure is based on
`mobile station initiated handover and on adding to the
`header of any packet transmitted from a mobile station
`(during a call) an identifier of the base station through which
`the packet passes. In case of an extended period of time
`between subsequent user information packets from a mobile
`station, the mobile station may transmit extra control pack
`ets for the sole purpose of conveying cell location informa
`tion. The cellular control unit is primarily involved at call
`establishment, when it assigns to the call a call control
`number. It then notifies the mobile station of the call control
`number and the trunk interface unit of the call control
`number and the identifier of the initial base station. During
`a call, packets are then routed directly between the trunk
`interface unit and the currently serving base station.
`c) Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) System Specifi
`cation, Release 1.0, July, 1993.
`CDPD is a new concept for providing packet data ser
`vices, utilizing available radio channels on current
`Advanced Mobile Phone Service AMPS systems (i.e. the
`North American Analog Cellular System). CDPD is a com
`prehensive, open specification endorsed by a group of U.S.
`cellular operators. Items covered include external interfaces,
`air interfaces, services, network architecture, network man
`agement, and administration. The CDPD system specified is
`to a large extent based on an independent infrastructure.
`Common denominators with AMPS systems are limited to
`utilization of the same type of radio frequency channels and
`the same base station sites (the base station itself, used by
`CDPD, is new and CDPD specific), and employment of a
`signalling interface for coordinating channel assignments
`between the two systems. Routing a packet to a mobile
`station is based on, first routing the packet to a home
`network node (home Mobile Data Intermediate System,
`MD-IS) equipped with a home location register (HLR),
`based on the mobile station address, then, when necessary,
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`routing the packet to a visited, serving MD-IS based on HLR
`information; and finally transferring the packet from the
`serving MD-IS via the current base station, based on the
`mobile station reporting its cell location to its serving
`MD-IS.
`d) ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Insti
`tute) T Doc SMG 458/93, Feb. 12, 1993: "Packet
`Radio in GSM'; and "GSM in a future competitive
`environment', seminar, Helsinki, Oct. 13, 1993: “A
`General Packet Radio Service Proposed for GSM'.
`These documents outline a possible packet access proto
`col for voice and data in GSM.
`e) ETSI T Doc SMG 1 238/93, Sep. 28, 1993: "Packet
`Data over GSM Network'.
`This document describes a concept of providing packet
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`data services in GSM based on first using regular GSM
`signalling and authentication to establish a virtual channel
`between a packet mobile station and an "Agent", handling
`access to packet data services. With regular signalling modi
`fied for fast channel setup and release, regular traffic chan
`nels are then used for packet transfer.
`Of the above documents, documents d) and e) directly
`relate to a TDMA cellular system. Documents d), although
`outlining a possible organisation of an optimized shared
`packet data channel, do not deal with the aspects of inte
`grating packet data channels in a total system solution.
`The concept described in document e), being based on
`using a "fast switching' version of existing GSM traffic
`channel, has disadvantages in terms of spectrum efficiency
`and packet transfer delays (especially for short messages)
`compared to a concept based on optimized shared packet
`data channels.
`The system described in documents a) is data call oriented
`and based on using system initiated handover in a similar
`way as for regular voice calls. Applying these principles for
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`providing general purpose packet data services in a TDMA
`cellular system would imply spectrum efficiency and per
`formance disadvantages. For example, system initiated han
`dover in GSM is based on allocating /26 of a traffic channel
`capacity during a call for signalling related to monitoring
`and controlling signal quality (for a single mobile station) in
`preparation for a possible handover.
`The systems described in documents b) and c) are not
`directly related to the specific problems of providing packet
`data services in TDMA cellular systems.
`To summarize, there is a need for a system concept for
`providing general purpose packet data services in TDMA
`cellular systems, based on providing shared packet data
`channels optimized for packet data.
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`It is another object of the invention to provide a mobile
`station for packet data communication over TDMA cellular
`shared packet data channels enabled by the integrated sys
`ten concept.
`Another object of the invention is to provide a "separated”
`system concept that provides the new packet data services
`with minimum impact on the current TDMA cellular infra
`structure, by primarily utilizing the base station portion of
`the cellular system and for the remaining network parts
`relying on a separate mobile packet data infrastructure. As
`the base station portion (including sites) constitutes a major
`part of a cellular system investment, the advantage of
`capitalizing on the cellular infrastructure applies also for this
`system concept. The remaining separate infrastructure may
`be based on available mobile packet data network technol
`ogy.
`It is yet another object of the invention to provide a
`mobile station for packet data communication over TDMA
`cellular shared packet data channels enabled by the sepa
`rated system concept.
`These objectives are attained by apparatuses and mobile
`stations as described below.
`For example, Applicants' invention provides an apparatus
`for providing packet data communication to and from
`mobile stations in a digital TDMA cellular system having a
`plurality of base stations providing regular cellular control
`channels; one or more mobile services switching centers,
`each being associated with a visitor location register and
`being coupled to a subordinated plurality of the base sta
`tions; and home location register means for storing infor
`mation on subscribers. The apparatus comprises a channel
`providing device for providing, in at least some of the base
`stations, on a per cell basis, one or more shared packet data
`channels for packet transfer to and from the mobile stations,
`and a packet transfer controlling device for controlling the
`packet transfer.
`The apparatus further comprises a channel defining device
`for defining, on a per cell basis, the packet data channel to
`be used for initiating packet transfer; a first packet data mode
`establishing device for establishing packet data mode for a
`mobile station to enable the mobile station to send and
`receive packets over the packet data channels; and a first
`packet transferring device for transferring packets between
`the mobile stations and a base station; a second packet
`transferring device for transferring packets between the base
`stations and their respective superior mobile services switch
`ing centers.
`The apparatus further comprises a packet routing device
`for routing packets to and from a service area of a mobile
`services switching center; a first device for performing cell
`selection for a mobile station in packet data mode; a first
`device for performing location updating for the mobile
`station in packet data mode; a first packet data mode
`maintaining device for maintaining the packet data mode for
`a roaming mobile station; and a first packet data mode
`terminating device for terminating the established packet
`data mode for the mobile station.
`Applicants' invention also provides a mobile station for
`packet data communication over digital TDMA cellular
`shared packet data channels provided by the apparatus
`described above. The mobile station comprises a channel
`identifying device for identifying, on a per cell basis, the
`packet data channel to be used for initiating packet transfer;
`a second packet data mode establishing device for estab
`lishing packet data mode for the mobile station to enable it
`to send and receive packets over the packet data channels; a
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`SUMMARY
`The overall object of the present invention is to provide
`system concepts for providing general purpose packet data
`communication services in current digital TDMA cellular
`systems, based on providing spectrum efficient shared
`packet data channels optimized for packet data and compat
`ible with cellular requirements. Target systems include GSM
`systems, systems based on GSM architecture but operating
`in other frequency bands (e.g. the 1800 and 1900 MHz
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`bands), D-AMPS and PDC systems.
`Specifically, an object of the invention is to provide an
`"integrated' system concept that provides the new packet
`data services in a closely integrated way, utilizing the current
`TDMA cellular infrastructure to the extent possible consis
`tent with packet data functional and performance require
`netS.
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`device for sending and receiving packets over the packet
`data channels; a second device for performing cell selection
`in packet data mode; a second device for performing loca
`tion updating in packet data mode; a second packet data
`mode maintaining device for maintaining the packet data
`mode for the mobile station; and a second packet data mode
`terminating device for terminating the established packet
`data mode for the mobile station.
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`addressing scheme chosen is such that an MS's IP address
`identifies the MS as belonging to a particular MSC.
`FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of the "separated”
`system concept applied to a GSM system ("Embodiment
`II"), by showing a block diagram of a GSM system with a
`Base Station System (BSS) enhanced with PD functions, the
`major PD function blocks shown with bold contour lines.
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`DETALED DESCRIPTION
`Two different embodiments of the invention are
`described, both applied to a digital TDMA cellular system
`with a GSM type of architecture. Although this type of
`system may operate in another frequency band (such as the
`1800 or 1900 MHz band) than that specified for GSM, it is
`in the following description referred to as a "GSM system'.
`One of the embodiments (Embodiment 1) is directed
`towards providing the new packet data services in a closely
`integrated way, utilizing the current infrastructure to the
`extent possible, consistent with functional and performance
`requirements. By contrast, the second embodiment
`(Embodiment 2), in order to minimize the impact on the
`current system, primarily utilizes the base station portion of
`the GSM system, for the remaining network parts relying on
`a separate mobile packet data infrastructure.
`The description focuses on the new packet data functions
`introduced. Descriptions of the GSM system as imple
`mented by Ericsson may be found in Ericsson Review No.
`3, 1991 and in "CME 20 Training Document” with the
`Ericsson designation EN/LZT 120 226 R3A.
`I. EMBODIMENT 1
`I.A. Overview
`FIG. 1 illustrates a GSM system enhanced with packet
`data (PD) functions, the major PD function blocks shown
`with bold contour lines. A plurality of Base Transceiver
`Stations (BTSs), each providing radio communication ser
`vice to multiple Mobile Stations (MSs) in one cell, together
`provide complete coverage of the GSM Public Land Mobile
`Network (PLMN) service area. Only one BTS and one MS
`are shown schematically in the figure. It comprises a Mobile
`Termination (MT) and a Terminal Equipment (TE) part. A
`group of BTSs is controlled by a Base Station Controller
`(BSC), and these together form a Base Station System
`(BSS). One or more BSSs are served by a Mobile services
`Switching Centre (MSC) with an associated Visitor Location
`Register (VLR). An MSC controls calls to and from other
`networks such as PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Net
`work), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), or other
`PLMN networks. An MSC equipped for routing incoming
`calls is referred to as a Gateway MSC (GMSC). One or more
`MSC service areas together constitute the PLMN service
`area. Furthermore, the MSC/VLR(s) are via a CCITT (Inter
`national Telegraph & Telephone Consultative Committee)
`Common Channel Signalling (CCS) system No. 7 network
`connected to a Home Location Register (HLR), which is a
`database comprising information on all subscribers, includ
`ing location information identifying the MSC/VLR where a
`subscriber is currently (or was last) registered. Connected to
`HLR, is an Authentication Centre (AUC), that provides HLR
`with authentication parameters. To allow identification of
`subscriber equipment, an Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
`is provided, connected to the MSC(s). Finally, an Operations
`and Maintenance Centre (OMC) may be included for pro
`viding overall network support.
`The packet data functionality added in BTS includes
`capability to provide one or more shared packet data chan
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the "integrated”
`system concept applied to a GSM system ("Embodiment I”),
`by showing a block diagram of a GSM system enhanced
`with packet data (PD) functions, the major PD function
`blocks shown with bold contour lines.
`FIG. 2 illustrates an intranetwork protocol and interwork
`ing example (Internet Protocol IP) for Embodiment I.
`FIG.3 illustrates an intranetwork protocol and interwork
`ing example (X.25) for Embodiment I.
`FIG. 4 illustrates a new PD state (PD mode), introduced
`in Embodiment I, in relation to regular GSM idle state
`(mode) and call-connected state (mode).
`FIGS.5, 5A, and 5B show a sequence diagram illustrating
`establishment of PD state (PD mode), initiated from a
`mobile station (MS).
`FIG. 6 shows an example of a 51-frame Master packet
`data channel (MPDCH) downlink multiframe, together with
`the multiframe cycle in FIG. 7 provided for coordinating
`listening to MPDCH with listening to regular GSM broad
`cast channels (applicable both to Embodiment I and
`"Embodiment II' below).
`FIG.7 shows an example of a multiframe cycle formed by
`8 MPDCH downlink multiframes (illustrated in FIG. 6), and
`an example of scheduling adequate times for listening to
`regular GSM broadcast channels.
`FIG. 8 shows a sequence diagram illustrating allocation of
`a packet data channel (PDCH) on demand, initiated from an
`MS (applicable to embodiment I).
`FIGS. 9,9A,9B, and 9C show aflow chart, illustrating the
`process of dynamically allocating PDCHs based on through
`put measurements (applicable both to Embodiment I and II).
`FIG. 10 shows a sequence diagram illustrating an
`example of a mobile originated packet transfer in Embodi
`ment I.
`FIG. 11 shows a sequence diagram illustrating an example
`of a mobile terminated packet transfer (using "immediate
`channel reservation') in Embodiment I.
`FIGS. 12, 12A, and 12B show a sequence diagram
`illustrating an example of a mobile terminated packet trans
`fer (using paging) in Embodiment I.
`FIG. 13 shows examples of a mobile originated and a
`mobile terminated packet transfer on an MPDCH, thereby
`illustrating the principles of using Uplink State Flags (USFs)
`and a type of paging that reserves an access slot for the MS
`to respond (applicable both to Embodiment I and II).
`FIG. 14 illustrates an example of routing from an inter
`working function (IWF) to an MS's currently serving
`Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) in Embodiment I,
`when the addressing scheme chosen is such that an MS's IP
`address identifies the MS as belonging to a particular public
`land mobile network (or group of MSCs).
`FIG. 15 illustrates an example