; ~7'']
`
`1"
`
`I
`
`lc_Mp
`
`, -" #1 Be;t Selle¥.: Dir:ASO~ooo Soll
`
`'
`
`Now Includes Tech Investing
`
`OVER 21,000 TERMS
`· The Official Dictionary
`of Telecornr:nunica_tions,
`Networking: and the Internet
`. .
`-- ~- .
`....
`
`~~ - - - -~ - - - - - - - - - - ·
`
`I
`
`:,
`
`f' )
`
`:i.
`
`•-
`
`17th Updatedand Expanded Edition
`
`by Harry Newton
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 1 of 11
`
`

`

`The Official Dictionary of Telecommunications
`Networking and Internet
`
`STAY INFORMED
`
`To be alerted by email to updates and corrections
`go to www.cmpbooks.com/newton
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 2 of 11
`
`

`

`NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY
`copyright © 2001 Harry Newton
`email: Harry_Newton@HarryNewton.com
`personal web site: www.HarryNewton.com
`business web site: www.Technologylnvestor.com
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions,
`including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereofin any form whatsoever.
`
`Published by CMP Books
`An imprint of CMP Media Inc.
`Converging Communications Group
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`
`For individual or quantity orders
`CMP Books
`6600 Silacci Way Gilroy, CA 95020
`Tel: 1-800-500-6875 or 1-408-848-5296
`Fax:408-848-5784
`Email: cmp@rushorder.com
`Web:www.cmpbooks.com
`Distributed to the book trade in the U.S. and Canada by
`Publishers Group West
`1700 Fourth St., Berkeley, CA 94710
`Phone: 510-528-1444
`ISBN Number 1-57820-069-5
`
`February 2001
`
`Seventeenth Edition
`
`Matt Kelsey, Publisher
`Christine Kern, Manager
`Ray Horak, Managing Editor
`Omar Mirabel, Cover Artist
`Donel Roldan, Inside Layout Artist
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`Von Hoffmann Graphics
`Owensville, MO 65066
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 3 of 11
`
`

`

`Help Make This Dictionary
`Even Better
`by Harry Newton
`
`I love this industry. I love writing this dictionary. My wife soys "Come on. 20 years is enough, already. I'm
`
`sick of seeing your back bobbing up and down as you get excited by yet another concept, another idea,
`another invention, another word. How many words con you keep adding? ... Get a life." Sony, wife, I love
`doing this. I'll keep updating this dictionary until I die and then, my poor children will toke over,moybe ...
`well, that's their problem.
`
`I wrote this book for those of us turned on by this wonderful industry, for those of desperately trying to
`keep up, for those of us new to this industry and for those of us who simply want o respite from life for o
`few moments. Dip into this book. Dig around. You'll find something interesting, something you didn't know,
`something irrelevant, something relevant, something amusing, something warming. If I have fun writing
`this dictionary, you should have fun reading it.
`
`I'm adding, updating, expanding and fixing l 00 words a week. Still, neither Roy Horak, who's the absolute
`best technical contributing editor ever, nor I con keep up. So I beg you. If I'm missing a definition, or if a
`definition is unclear or, God forbid, wrong, please email me. Horry_Newton@HanyNewton.com.
`
`I'm also looking for corporate glossaries and dictionaries - not ones that just hove your company's prod(cid:173)
`ucts, nor ones that are secret, but ones with generic definitions of the specialized technical areas your com(cid:173)
`pany ploys in. I love emailed glossaries. Please don't send lists of acronyms. There are more stupid
`acronyms in this world than Corter hod liver pills. If I included all the ones I get sent, this poor dictionary
`would be 5,000 pages long. Each acronym would have at least five different meanings - which would
`be totally useless cause you'd never know what one meant. So no acronyms, please. Pretty please.
`
`If you send me a glossary or several new, legitimate (not mode-up) definitions I con use, I'll reward you
`with a free copy of the next edition. Please send me your street address. I can't send 1,00Q-poge paper
`dictionary to email addresses. We aren't there, yet.
`
`By the way, check out my new venture -
`www.Technologylnvestor.com.
`
`Harry Newton's Technology Investor Newsletter -
`
`~ t J~
`Horry _Newton@HarryNewton.com
`Harry Newton
`205 West 19 Street
`New York, NY 10011
`212·206-7140 Fax 209-797-9540
`www .HarryNewton.com
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 4 of 11
`
`

`

`Where The Telecom, Networking, Fiber,
`Internet, Web Explosion Is Taking Us
`by Harry Newton
`
`No other industry is ex~oding os fostos the one we're in -whatever you ma telecom(cid:173)
`
`munications, networking, fiber optics, the Internet and the World Wide Web. No indus·
`try is delivering os many benefits as this one. No industry is creating as many opportu11~
`ties os these industries ore. No industry is creating wealth as fast as this incredible industry is
`-or whatever it's now called. ~ you're on investor you MUST ioin me on my new venture,
`Hony Newton's Technology Investor New~etter. www.Technologylnvestor.com.
`Where's it all coming from:
`1. The Demand. Communicotions troffic worldwide is exploding - wired and wireless.
`Doto and voice. Video and Music. Traffic on the Internet is doubling every 100 days.
`There'll be one billion people on the Internet by 2005. The demand is coming from every·
`where -
`ecornmerce, video, Internet radio, em~oyee collabomtion, business ta business,
`business ta consumer, etc. The traffic is coming on landlines and on wireless. It's coming
`on cell phones and on POAs. It's coming on OSL and coble modems. We're "wiring" the
`world. Today -
`even after the huge growth in Internet usage in the lost few years -
`more people ore actual~ gobbing CrNay on cell phone networks than ore surfing the
`Internet. And now they're surfing the Web on cell phones using WAP and 802·116 wire(cid:173)
`less networks, and maybe soon Bluetaoth. Ubiquitous, universal high-speed quality com(cid:173)
`munications hove created the "virtual" corporation, with mobile employees carrying lap(cid:173)
`tops, cell phones and two-way pagers. This has led ta o huge growth in virtual private ne~
`works, fueling more demand. Every business in the industrialized world has set up their
`own Web site -
`peddling and servicing their wares and bu~ng their own raw materials
`over the Internet. More 011d more businesses ore convinced they won't survive unless they
`hove o Web site. More and more ore convinced there ore billions ta be saved by having
`suppliers bid against each other online, using the Internet. They're right.
`My phone company tells me their overage "phone" call, when it was o voice coll, was three
`minutes. Now it's on hour. I put o cable modem into my house. It's 30 times as fast as
`my previous dial-up and twice as fast os my previous DSL and virtually as fast as the T· 1
`line in the office. Downloads that used to take me hours now tuke minutes. My cable
`modem (thank you AOL Time Womer) is on oil the time. It constantly brings me foxes,
`voice moil, email 011d alerts me ta incoming phone cal~. I do my shopping on my coble
`modem. I listen ta Internet Radio. My favorite radio station is Klossik Radio from Homburg,
`Germany. Listen on http://wi11dowsmedio.com/rodiotu11er/defoult.asp. It's great station.
`Always •up· music. Lots of music. No commercials. And merciful~ little talking. I watch
`my stocks on the Internet. I do my research on them via my coble modem ond the Internet.
`I risten to conference col~ when the executives report their results. I hear the analysts ask·
`ing probing (and occasional~ rude) questions. I hear the answers. I read magazines and
`newspapers on the Internet via my coble modem and my home local area network. I talk
`to my children on the Internet. My wffe and I arrange our sociol lffe via the Internet. We
`shore each other's Microsoft Outlook Calendar ... Correction, she gets mine. I don't see
`hers. My cable modem's lightning speed 011d its immediacy -
`being on all the time -
`has changed my lae. It (and other high-speed Internet access, like OSL) will change yours.
`Network speed is o narcotic. Stund on any New York City street comer with two sandwich
`
`boards, "Free Money" and "High Speed Internet Access." Guess which one would get
`mobbed? The High Speed Internet Access. Everyone wants high-speed Internet Access.
`Demand for fast, reliable communications hos bare~ been scratched anywhere in the
`world. My travels in the post year to Asia, Australia and Europe confirm this. Everyone asks
`me "When will we get high speed Internet access in our homes and in our offices?"
`2. The Increasing Digitization. This is relative~ old, but speeding up. We started dig(cid:173)
`itizing phone conversations 30 years ago for two basic reasons: first, it improved their quo~
`ity. You were 110 longer amplifying the crud (static and noise) that long distance analog
`calls picked up. With digitol, you regenemted the coils. You recreoted them like new.
`Digitization made cross-world calls sound as dear as cross-office. Second, digitization make
`the whole process cheaper. Digital componentry is cheaper, and getting cheaper doy by
`day.
`3. The lnaeasing Packetizing of Everything. A packet network is o lot more effi.
`dent than o circuit switched one. Pocket networks "squeeze" zillions of conversations onto
`one line. Circuit switched networks hove one conversation per line. Packet networks are
`cheaper.more efficient. The Internet is packet switched. The dial-up telephone network is
`circuit switched. Now you know why everything -
`including voice telephone calls -
`ore
`switching to pocket networks- private lntronets and the public Internet. It's much, much
`cheaper to coll my sister in Australia over the Internet than over the normal switched phone
`network. About hoff os expensive.
`4. The Hardware. The excitement centers on the dromoticolly improving price-per·
`formonce of fiber optics (switching and transmission), digital signal processors and the
`high-speed routers of the Internet, now switching terobits of information each second. Fiber
`is amazing. No one knows how much capacity you can pump down one single fiber strand.
`In labs, we've sent 3,000,000,000,000 bits per second (three trillion bits per second)
`down o fiber strand a little thicker than one strand of your hair. The speed is totul~ awe(cid:173)
`some. A trillion bits per second (one million million bits per second) is enough ta carry the
`entire world's Internet. That's the entire world's Internet traffic on one strand of fiber not
`much thicker than o strand of your hair. lmogine,bringing o strand of fiber to your house.
`The whole Internet could poss your door every second of every day ..
`Telecom's three building blocks -
`fiber, OSPs and routers -
`ore improving about ten
`times foster in cost pertormonce each year than computing's microprocessors and comp~
`er memory · silicon or magnetic. Though computing improvements get 11otio11ol publicity,
`telecom's improvements ore more impressive 011d foster. Telecom's annual cost-pertorm-
`011ce improvement blows owoy Moore's Low (defined under M) by o huge margin.
`Computing's cost-pertormance improvements get the publicity. But telecom's win the race.
`5. New Standards. Ten years ago, the telecom industry was entire~ closed. Every
`manufacturer hod its own set of standards, proprletury ta itseff. You couldn't connect o
`Siemens phone to on Ericsson switch, or o Lucent phone to Nortel PBX. Telecom standards
`existed only at the very lowest levels -
`basic analog phone lines. A persevering bunch of
`pioneers, coming chiefly from the computer industry, hos pushed openings in the telecom
`industry, promulgating real, open standards that we can all use to build, Lego-style, new
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 5 of 11
`
`

`

`telecom products. These pioneers work in a hodge-podge of volunteer and semi-govern(cid:173)
`ment bodies -from the ATM Forum to the ECTF, from GO-MVIP to the ITIH, from ANSI
`to the Internet Engineering Task Force and to private companies, from Microsoft to Intel,
`from Cisco to Juniper Networks.
`As a result, there's been on explosion of new telecom stundords, defining everything from
`telecom operating systems, to buses that carry voice inside and outside PCs, to new, cheop
`ways of encoding voice digitul~, to new high-speed lines, to new telecom "building block"
`software (called applications generators} and, of course, to IP Telephony -
`phone and
`fox calls over the Internet or lntemeHike networks. Open stundords lead to low prices,
`lower barriers to entry and quick creation of new products. All this leads to explosive
`growth. We haven't seen nothing yet.
`6. New Government Awareness That Competition Is Better Than
`Monopoly. The telecom indusf!y hos historically been closed -
`closed in architecture,
`closed to new suppliers, closed to new entrants. Telecom users hove been mauled by high
`monopoly prices, lypicolly those set by government phone companies. No longer. An exam(cid:173)
`ple: A yeor ofter Germany deregulated its long distance colling, prices within Germany hod
`dropped by 91%. Thurs a major drop! The United Stutes de-regulated in the late 1960s
`and 1970s. Canada followed quic~. Israel and Australia deregulated in 1997. Europe de(cid:173)
`regulated in January, 1998.
`
`Governments everywhere are waking to lwo powerful realizations: First, globalization is
`the most powerful economic force in the world today. Ignore it at your peril. Second, tele(cid:173)
`com is economic infrastructure. Companies and business go where globalization is friend(cid:173)
`liest and infrastructure is strongest. You can't hove a modem development.friendly infra.
`structure and hove a modem society when you hove one bloated, glacial, govemment;un
`phone company charging ten times what phone companies a mile across the border charge.
`And you can't limit your entire country's telecommunications purchases to two or three
`gigantic, favored, cumbersome suppliers (as Europe, Japan and Australia had historically
`done}. Within a few years, European and Japanese telecom should be as open as and as
`cheop as North America is today. Then come Indio ond Chino, also opening up.
`7. New Startups. Telecommunications is the hottest place for venture
`capital. No industry in the world -
`neither software nor petroleum -
`con match the
`incredible profitability of the zer~arginol-cost telephone or Internet carrier. If I coll from
`New York to Col~omio, my cull costs my supplier -AT&T, WorldCom, Qwest or whoev(cid:173)
`er -
`basical~ nothing. All my carrier's costs are fixed. Other thon the cost of billing me
`for my call, my carrier incurs no marginal cost for carrying my 3,000 mile cull. Telecom is
`on increclible business. Even the oil business incurs variable costs. It must drag its row mate(cid:173)
`rials out of the ground and schlepp it to markets across the world. That costs labor, fuel
`and depreciation on tunkers. Then it must be refined.
`
`Nobody to this day knows how many voice conversations or how much information of all
`kinds we con put down a single strand of fiber. Read the incredible developments in my
`definition of DWDM - Dense Wove Division Multiplexing. Add more photonics ond elec·
`tronics at the end. Put more coils down the fiber. More electronics. Coming soon: Photonic
`switching. More calls. More opportunities. No one knows what voice and video marvels the
`Internet con deliver. Lorge images, animation, moving 30 graphics, movies on demand ore
`about to prol~erate on the Internet. We'll need more and more telecom bandwidth. Smart
`engineers ore leaving big, sluggish telecom manufacturers in droves and storfing new com(cid:173)
`panies. There already ore hundreds of "new telecom" millionaires. Germany and Fronce
`have recently dropped their taxation rotes, encouraging entrepreneurs Germany now allows
`its coll centers to stay open 24hrs/day, seven days a week. The European Union is now
`375 million people. A another 60 million people ore being added in the next few yeors,
`with new country admissions. Silicon Fen, in Cambridge, England is now the second largest
`venture copitul market in the world. Soon, there will be dozens more Silicon Fens spring(cid:173)
`ing up all over Europe. And coming soon, 63. Europe did a spectacular job, standardizing
`
`for digital cell phones all over Europe. Now it's moving to 63, with some heady wireless
`data communicafions obitrty.
`8. Dramatically FalBng Prices. All the above brings dramatical¥ lower prices. I men(cid:173)
`tioned Germany's 91 % drop. Israel used to hove the highest intemamnol calling prices of any
`developed country. Then the government in the late 1990s allowed in a homful of new carri(cid:173)
`ers. The criterion for getting a service permit was not fiooncial, but simp~ how for you were
`prepared to drop your long distance ond international prices. The carriers proposing the lowest
`possible prices won government approval. Within two weeks, international rotes from Israel
`to the U.S. dropped 50%. By the end of the first year they had dropped 94%. ~rael sudden~
`become the center of international rollback (see my definition).
`This new telecom environment is driving radically new paradigms into an erstwhile stuid
`industry. Among them:
`• Because of fiber, long distance and international colling ore becoming incredib~ cheop.
`As the world is increasing~ fibered up, costs will continue to plummet. Communications will
`be postorized -
`one low price wherever you coll. Soon we'll poy $25 a month and call
`anywhere in the world and speok as long os we want, as often as we wont. Flot rote cul~
`ing everywhere for voice and data. One day we'll oll be connected at high speed to the
`Internet all the time on whatever device we choose -
`our PC, our home lAN, our phone
`(wired or wireless}, our PDA, our TV set. On The Net All The Time. Instant emat Instant
`news. Over the air TV brought us 5 channels. CATV (cable TV} brought us 50. Satellite TV
`brought us 500. Internet TV (movies on demand} will bring us 50,000. People will trve
`and work where they choose. Just as I do.
`• Wireless will get more interesting. Wireless hos exploded because of digitization and
`digital techniques that enabled providers to cram many many times the number of users
`into the same sliver of bandwidth. Virtual~ all of today's wireless •conversations" ore voice
`-
`people speaking to each other. But tomorrow, most wireless "conversations" will be
`data, os people send each other messages, receive stock quotes, and surt the Internet.
`Essential~ a wireless phone is a for better business tool than o wired phone and a wired
`PC. You con get in touch with your customers. They con get in touch with you, no matter
`where you are. A functioning accessible wireless phone obsoletes the oggmvation of voice
`mail. Wireless is easier to deploy. load a Coke machine with o cell phone. It con coll when
`it's empty. It con raise prices when the temperature rises. Deploying a Coke machine with
`o cell phone is o lot foster than waiting for a londfine to be installed. Wireless hos a long
`way to go. I'm always comforted by the fuct that there's fur more spectrum waiting to be
`used than is presently used. The lack of wireless spectrum is a myth. And I've seen a tiny
`color screen in a cell phone chat hos the resolution fo a pc screen (480x640 soon all
`phones wm be movie cameras
`
`• Telecom swi!ching honmare will go through the some moinfrome-to-client/server PC rev(cid:173)
`olution that the compuler indusf!y went through in the post 20 years -with one lig differ·
`ence: The telecom indusf!y will skip the mini-computer gen8fotion. !n telecom, we ore very
`dose to the· central office inside the PC." As competition on:I new technology arrives, the time
`to market new telecom features will drop from three years to three weeks. As telephone cen(cid:173)
`tral offices move to shoe box size, so each desk will become its own central office, with ind~
`vklual telecom customization opportunities beyond anyone wildest imagination. One day
`every ore's telephone system will be as personal as their PC. Telephone software w~I be ovai~
`a~e for downloading from the Internet or buying shrinkwrapped from your local Wol-Mort.
`• Voice, fox, imaging and video will migrate to and join data in one common IP network
`-
`the Internet and the corporate Intranet {the corporate equivalent of the Internet}. This
`will drive telecommunications pricing further down, add features and new copabitmes
`(bandwidth on demand to the home, follow-me-find-me, etc.), It will shrink space, shrink
`time ond vo~ expand (and improve) every aspect of human endeavor -
`from remote
`education to business telecommuting, from remote medical diagnosis to high definition TV
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 6 of 11
`
`

`

`entertainment, horn massive multi-user gaming adventures to serious understanding of our
`neighbors' faitings (my tiny hope for world peace).
`
`• Ecommerce will explode. Who would hove imagined the 1992-1995 phenomenon
`which produced the democmtizotion and commercialization of the Internet? Who could
`hove imagined prime time 1V showing www Web site addresses to the great unwashed
`American public on prime time lV. Who could have imagined dot com companies spending
`$2 million a spot on the Super Bowl. How easy mainstream America hos accepted www
`addresses.
`This Internet happening is, I believe, as important to the dissemination of knowledge and
`changing our &festyles as the invention of the Gutenberg Press wos in 1453. The Internet and
`the Web as a buying mechanism is immature -five years old. Physical shops are 5,000
`years o~. Even call centers ore older (and more mature). As ecommerce matures in the next
`few years, it will become o totally pleosurable experience (it isn't ot present), ecftpsing in emo(cid:173)
`tion and excttement anything physicul shops have ever delivered. We'll have avotors- per·
`sonol shoppers. We11 hove web sites personalized to our needs. We'll hove 30 movies of dis·
`font vocotim spos we're interested in visiting. We'll have access to all the information about
`the products and services we' re interested in -
`not the smatterings that ore on today's Web.
`It will mke time (and bandwidth}. But the ioumey wi0 be unbelievoh~ rewarding, exciting and
`bubbling with serious business and personal opportunities.
`• This revolution will change the way we work more than any other. The industrial revo(cid:173)
`lution brought us into the ci1y. But its primary by-products- the automobile and the high(cid:173)
`delivered pollution, downtown decoy, urban crime and other unwonted problems.
`way -
`The low-energy, non-polluting "telecom· revolution is different. It gives each of us the
`opportunity to live where we choose -
`downtown Detroit, in the mountains of Colorado,
`or in Sri Lanka, where Arthur Clarke (inventor of the geosynchronous satellite) lives. More
`of us will telecommute. By the end of the year 2000, over 50% of Americans will not work
`out of conventional offices. They'll work out of their homes, their cars, their RVs, their
`hotels and their temporary offices.
`This telecom revolution gives our cousins overseas grand new opportunities. As telecom calling
`costs plummet, the industrial world wiO export its service jobs, just os it exported its manufac·
`turing jobs. U.S. airlines will answer their mils from U.S. customers in India, Nepal, China. A~
`ready, Microsoft, HP and Swissoir hove coll centers in India and answer coils horn customers
`in North Amerka. They're already colfing the Indian city of Hyderabad- (yberbod.
`
`the most fantastic of oil
`I wish I were 30 years younger. The next 20 years in this -
`industries - will be total~ incredible. Adjectives can't describe the excitement I feel.
`How To Use This Dictionary
`This is o dictionary to work with every day. Companies give it to their new employees to
`bring them up the telecom and Internet learning curve. Salespeople include the definitions
`in proposals to customers. Novices love it because it cuts through the clutter. Users explain
`telecom things to their boss. Management uses it to understand telecom technicalities.
`Lawyers even use it in court. Sometimes they re~ on it. God help the iustice system.
`Give my dictionary to your new employees, your users, your customers, your prospective
`customers, to your boss. Give it to your kids to let them understond what you do. They'll
`understand why you, too, hove no life.
`
`Most technical dictionaries define terms tersely, often in other technical terms. As o result
`they leave you more confused. This dictionary is different, deliberately so. My definitions
`tell you what the term is, how it works, how you use it, what its benefits ore, what its neg(cid:173)
`atives ore. I tell you how it fits into the greater scheme of things, and I occasionally sound
`warnings or issue buying checklists. And sometimes I include a few fun definitions -
`main~ to amuse myself, but hopeful~ to give you some pleasure. Skim. You'll find them.
`
`How This Dictionary Is Organized
`My definitions ore a combination ASCII / alphabetical order. Definitions containing non-let(cid:173)
`ters -
`like@,#,/ and numbers -
`ore in ASCII order. Definitions with real letters ore
`in alphabetical order. I use ASCII because it gives order to hyphens, periods, forward slosh(cid:173)
`es, numbers, etc. Here is the order you'll find in this dictionary:
`
`Blank Space
`!
`#
`& (Ampersand)
`· (Hyphen or dash)
`. (Period)
`/ (Forward slosh)
`0 (zero}
`1
`2
`3
`4
`
`5
`=ASCII 32
`= ASCII 33
`6
`=ASCII 35
`7
`= ASCII 38
`8
`9
`= ASCII 45
`: (colon}
`= ASCII 46
`; (semi colon)
`=ASCII 47
`= ASCII 48 A (capital A)
`Capitol letters to ASCII 90
`=ASCII 49
`\ (bock slosh)
`=ASCII SO
`Lower case letters
`= ASCII 51
`start with o
`= ASCII 52
`
`=ASCII 53
`= ASCII 54
`= ASCII 55
`= ASCII 56
`=ASCII 57
`= ASCII 58
`= ASCII 59
`=ASCII 65
`
`=ASCII 92
`
`= ASCII 97
`
`How The Dictionary Spells
`My dictionary conforms to American spelling. To convert American spelling to British and
`Canadian spelling 1ypicol~ requires adding o second "L" in words like signaling and dialing
`(they're American) and changing "Z" in words like ono~ze to ona~. Center in American
`is Center. In Britain, Europe, Australia and Canada, irs Centre. This dictionary contains more
`British, Australian and European words than my previous editions - a result of several
`overseas lecture tours.
`
`What Style This Dictionary Follows
`All high-tech industries make up new words by joining words together. They typically start
`by putting lwo words next to each other. Loter, they join them with o hyphen. Then, with
`age and familiarity, the hyphen tends to disappear. An example: Kinder garten. Kinder·
`garten. and now Kindergarten.
`Sometimes W s o matter of personal choice. Some people spell database as one word. Some os
`two, i.e. ooto oose. I prefer it as one, since it hos acquired its own logic by now. Somefimesirs
`o matter of how it boks. I prefer T-1 (fote), not Tl, simp~ because T· 1 is easier to recogrize
`on paper. I define co-locotim as co-locution. Websters spelk it coUocotion, with two ls, one more
`toon mine. I think mine is more logicnl. And Mr. Webster is dead. He can't argue with me.
`Plurals give trouble. The pluml of PBX is PBXs, not PBX's. The plural of PC is PCs, not PC's, de(cid:173)
`spite what the New York Times soys. The Woll Street Journal and all the mo~r computer mag(cid:173)
`azines agree wtth me. The ~urol possessive is PBXs' and PCs', which looks o little strange, but
`is correct. In th~ dictionary, I spell the numbers one through nine. Above nine, I write the num(cid:173)
`bers as orabic numerals, i.e. 10, 11, 12, etc. That conforms to most magazines' style.
`Sometimes the experts don't even getrr right. Take something os common as 1 OBosel Or is
`it 1 OBose T? 1 OBose-T thing is on IEEE standard. So you'd think they'd know. Forget it. Go to
`their web site, www .ieee.org. You'll find os many hits for 1 OBose-T os for 1 OBoseT. Roy and
`I checked every known and unknown expert in the Western wodd (i.e. those riving within o
`block or two of Ray). We now believe the correct spelling is lOBose-T.
`once as two separate
`Sometimes, I don't simply know. So I may list the definition twice -
`words and once as one complete word. As words and terms evolve, I change them in each ed~
`tion. I try to confonn each new edition to "telecomese" and "lntemetese· as irs spoken and
`writt~ at that time.
`
`Ex.1014
`APPLE INC. / Page 7 of 11
`
`

`

`Bits ancl Bytes per Seconcl. All About Speecl
`Telecom trongnission speed has mnfused many of my reooeis. Read this. I hope this will he,:
`The telecom (Did computer literature is loaded with references to Bps ond bps. You11 see them
`os K~ or KBps, or Kbits/sec. You11 see them as Mbps or MBps. You'll see them as Gbps or
`GBps. Not moch consistency. Let me explain:
`Filst, k means Kik> or a thousand. M means mei,i or one millk>n. And g m8(Dls gigo, which is
`o toousand milfion, or l ,O00,OOO,OOO. The term kbps means a thoosurd bits per semnd. And
`toot' s a telemm transmission term mooning that you'. re transmittir,;i (and/ or receiving) one
`thousand bits in one second.
`KBps (with o b~ B) means one thousard bytes per semnd. lhat s a computer term. Ard tt usu(cid:173)
`oDy refers to speeds insile the computer, e.g. from yoor hard msk to your CPU (central pro(cid:173)
`cessi111 unit-your main microprocessor). There's o big difference between o btt and o byte.
`A byte is eight !xis.
`That's the way its meantto be. But, there's a lot ofsloppy writir,J out there. You'll see MBps
`or MB/s also meaning one milfton bits per second as o telecom transmission speed. You re(cid:173)
`ally hove to figure out if the writer means telecom transmission -
`i.e. anything outside the
`computer- or n it's internal to the computer in which case it's bytes and a computer term.
`You con usually tell from the context.
`Measuring the speed of o communications line is not easy. And tools to measure lines are still
`very primifNe. look at the stro111e speed reports you get from Microsoft Windows Dkd·up Net·
`working, or from its reports of downk>ad spe~. Notice how inconsistent Microsoft is about
`moosuring speed. About the ooly certuin thir,;i you know is that the speed of a circuit is omuys
`moosured by the sbwest part of the cirrutt. Look at the Internet. You might be gettir,;i honib~
`~ow downloads, despite being on o T-1. That m~ht be due to o horriliy ovarlooded server at
`the other end or it m~ht be due to the fact that yoor l-1 is overloaded with other users at the
`office, ako downloading. These days with foster lines whats often o gating o factor is the
`speed of your PC. It may be simp¥ not be fast enough for your PC's browser to keep up vnth
`the speed of your inmming bits. In which cose you need o foster PC -
`tt happened at our
`home when we got the DSL &ne. We hod to upgrade to faster machines.
`Vrtuolly o0 telecom transmission is full duplex and symmetrical. This means n you read that l·
`l is 1,544,000 bits per semnd, it's fuO duplex (both woyssimultaneoos¥) and symmetrical
`(both directions the some speed). That moons it's 1,544,000 bits per semnd in both direc·
`funs simultoneous~. If the cirwit is not full duplex or not symmetrical, this dictionary points
`that oot. For now, the moior osymmetriml (but sffll fun du~ex) circuit is the xDSL family, sturt·
`ing with ADSL, whkh stands for asymmetric, which means unbalanced. The DSL "family" no
`longer starts vith "A," and most of it (but not all of it} is still asymmetrical. The one ma~r ex·
`caption, SDSL (Symmetricol Digitul Subscriber Una) is dearly symmetrical.
`There's one more complkotion. Inside comjXJters, they measure storage in bytes. Your hard disk
`mntoins this many bytes, !et' s S'1f eight gigabytes (thousand million bytes). That's fine. But
`they're not bytes the way we think of them in internal mmputer tronsmissioo terms. They' re
`different and they hove to do with a way comjXJter stures materill-on hard disks or in RAM.
`They're what I co0"storogebytes. "When we talk l Kb of storage bytes, wereol~meon 1,024
`bytes. This mmes from the woy st1111ge is actual¥ handled inside a mmputer, ooo colcubted
`toos: two misoo to the power of ten, toos 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 1,024. Dttto for
`one milion, two raised to the power of twanly, thus 1,048,576 bytes. See also BPs.
`Which Words Get Deflnecl?
`Which words get defined? These ore my rules: All the importunt terms in the field. No pro(cid:173)
`prietary products, i.e. those mode by on~ one firm. No proprietary terms. My rules are not
`precise. Writing o dictionary is very personal. I read over l 00 magazines a month. I study.
`I cogitate. I hy to understand. Eventual~, my wife col~, "Enough with the words, already.
`It's 2:00 AM. Time to sleep."
`
`How This Diction