Code200, UAB, et al. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`1 of 7
`
`

`

`Code200, UAB, et al. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`2 of 7
`
`

`

`Code200, UAB, et al. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`3 of 7
`
`

`

`6/14/22, 11:08 AM
`
`Network Fundamentals Study Guide | Webopedia
`
`Switch:A device thatfilters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the
`
`datalink layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer(layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model.
`
`Router: A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connectedto at least
`
`two networks and is located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.
`
`RecommendedReading: The Difference Between Hubs, Switches and Routers
`
`Gateway: A node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network.
`
`Bridge:A device that connects twolocal-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that
`
`use the same protocol
`
`ChannelService Unit/Digital Service Unit (CSU/DSU): The CSU is a device that connects a terminal to
`a digital line. Typically, the two devices are packaged as a single unit.
`
`Terminal Adapter(ISDN Adapter): A device that connects a computer to an external digital
`
`communicationsline, such as an ISDN line. A terminal adapter is a bit like a modem but only needs to
`pass along digital signals.
`
`Access Point: A hardware device or a computer's software that acts as a communication hub for users
`of a wireless device to connect to a wired LAN.
`
`Modem (modulator-demodulator): A modemis a device or program that enables a computer to
`
`transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines.
`
`Firewall: A system designed to prevent unauthorized accessto or from a private network. Firewalls can
`be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.
`
`RecommendedReading: The Differences and Features of Hardware and Software Firewalls
`
`MAC Address: A MAC (Media Access Control) address, sometimes referred to as a hardware address or
`
`physical address, is an ID codethat's assigned to a network adapteror any device with built-in
`
`networking capability.
`
`NETWORK MODELS
`
`To simplify networks, everything is separated in layers and each layer handles specific tasks and is
`
`independentofall other layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the top layer in one
`station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up thehierarchy.
`
`Network models are usedto define a set of network layers and how theyinteract. The two most widely
`
`recognized network models include the TCP/IP Model and the OSI Network Model.
`
`THE 7 LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL
`
`The Open System Interconnect (OSI) is an open standard for all communication systems.The OSI model
`
`defines a networking framework to implement protocols in sevenlayers.
`
`Physical Layer
`
`https:/Awww.webopedia.com/reference/network-fundamentals-study-guide/#Htopologies
`
`Code200, UAB,etal. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`4of7
`
`

`

`6/14/22, 11:08 AM
`
`Network Fundamentals Study Guide | Webopedia
`
`This layer conveys the bit stream — electrical impulse,light or radio signal — through the networkat the
`
`electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware meansof sending andreceiving data ona
`carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS,
`V.35, V.24, RI45.
`
`Data Link Layer
`
`At this layer, data packets are encoded and decodedintobits.It furnishes transmission protocol
`
`knowledge and managementand handleserrors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
`
`synchronization. The datalink layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer
`and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. Examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE
`
`802.3/802.2, HDLC, FrameRelay.
`
`Network Layer
`
`This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, knownasvirtual circuits,
`
`for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functionsof this layer, as well as
`
`addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. Examples
`
`include AppleTalk DDP,IP, IPX.
`
`Transport Layer
`
`This layer provides transparenttransfer of data between end systems,or hosts, and is responsible for
`
`end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.Examples include SPX,
`TCP, UDP.
`
`Session Layer
`
`This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer
`
`sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the
`
`applications at each end. Examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
`
`Presentation Layer
`
`This layer provides independencefrom differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
`
`translating from application to network format, andvice versa. This layer formats and encrypts data to
`
`be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. Examples include
`encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
`
`Application Layer
`
`This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partnersare identified, quality
`
`of serviceis identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data
`
`syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application
`
`servicesfor file transfers, e-mail, and other network softwareservices. Examples include WWW
`browsers, NFS, SNMP,Telnet, HTTP, FTP
`
`Recommended Reading: View Webopedia’s The 7 Layers of the OS! Mode! study guidefor in-depth
`descriptions and diagrams.
`
`THE TCP/IP MODEL
`
`https:/Awww.webopedia.com/reference/network-fundamentals-study-guide/#Htopologies
`
`Code200, UAB,etal. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`5 of 7
`
`5/7
`
`

`

`Code200, UAB, et al. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`6 of 7
`
`

`

`Code200, UAB, et al. v. Bright Data Ltd.
`IPR2022-00861, EX. 2039
`7 of 7
`
`