Communications Technologies SERIES
`
`ADSL
`Standards,
`eee HiOnTaETCOT
`AOSCUINICAUIIICe
`
`Sm
`
`:
`
`Charles K. Summers |
`
`NIM UCNEOC
`Saba Zamir
`
`CRC PRESS Advanced and Emerging
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 1 of 23
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`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 1 of 23
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`

`

`friends and family
`
`and
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`children Cheyenne, Michael, and Jonathan,
`
`For my beloved wife Marie,
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ 9 0
`
`Prlrucd in the United Sl:\tcs of Amcric:i
`
`Prinlcd on ncid•frcc paper
`
`Library of Congress Card Number 99-26897
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`l111cm:11io11al Standard Book Number 0-8493-9595X
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`No claim 10 original U.S. Government works
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`© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
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`'01is book contains infonnation obtained from authcntk and highJy regarded sources. Reprinted ffi31Crial
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`CIP
`99-26897
`
`621.38-<lc2 I
`TK5105.S86 1999
`4. Telephone switching syskms. Electronic. I. Title. II. Series.
`I. Data IIllnSmission systems. 2. Telecommunications-Standards. 3. Modems.
`ISBN 0-8493-9595-X
`Includes bibliographical references ,nd index.
`
`p. cm.-(Advancxd :ind emaging communications techniques)
`
`ADSL: standards, implementation, :ind archilcclurc / Charles K. Summer...
`
`SummetS, Charles K.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 2 of 23
`
`

`

`2.4.1 Stundnrds Bodies ............................................................................... 25
`2.4 ADSL .Standardiwtion .................................................................................... 24
`2.J
`·111c ITU-T. ADSL. and ISDN ........................................................................ 23
`2.2 Digital Modems .............................................................................................. 22
`2 I From Digital 10 Analog .................................................................................. 21
`2 The xDSL Family of Protocols
`
`1.6.6 Summary ............................................................................................. 19
`1.6.5 Server Access Linc and Performance ................................................ 19
`1.6.4 Network Saturation ............................................................................. 19
`1.6.3 Long•distance Line Capacity .............................................................. 19
`1.6.2 Access Linc Capacity ......................................................................... 18
`1.6.1 Host 1/0 Capacity ............................................................................... 17
`1.6 Bonlcnecks ...................................................................................................... 17
`1.5.6 Summary ............................................................................................. 17
`1.5.5 Digital Loop Carriers (DLCs) ............................................................ I 6
`1.5.4 Bridged Taps ....................................................................................... 16
`1.5.3 Repeaters, Amplifiers. and Line Extenders ........................................ 16
`1.5.2 Loading Coils ..................................................................................... 15
`1.5.1 Distance Limitations on Local Loops ................................................ 15
`1.5
`Infrastructure Limits ....................................................................................... 13
`1.4 Multiplexing .................................................................................................... 12
`1.3.3.2 Functions of the Router ....................................................... 12
`1.3.3.1 LANs and WANs ................................................................. 11
`1.3.3 Routers ................................................................................................ J J
`1.3.2 Circuit•switches and Packet•switches .................................................. 9
`1.3.1 Basics of Switching .............................................................................. 8
`1.3 Switching and Routing ..................................................................................... 7
`l .2.2 Other Transmission Media ................................................................... 6
`1.2.1 CopperWiring ...................................................................................... 6
`1.2 Transmission Media .......................................................................................... 5
`l .1.2 Digital Transmission Coding ................................................................ 3
`1.1.l Analog ................................................................................................... 2
`I . I Communication Fonns ..................................................................................... I
`I Analog and Digital Communication
`
`Intr0duction ............................................................................................................ xvii
`Acronyms and Abhreviations ................................................................................. xiii
`Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... xi
`
`Table of Contents
`
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`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 3 of 23
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`6.2 Routing Methods .......................................................................................... 10:2
`6.1.3 Q.921/Q.931 Variants ....................................................................... 101
`6.1.2 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) .............................................. 101
`6.1.1 Analog Devices ................................................................................... 98
`6.1 Signaling Methods .......................................................................................... 98
`6 Signaling, Routing, and Connectivity
`
`5.4 ADSL Chipset Interface Example .................................................................. 94
`5.3.6 Example of a Simple State Machine .................................................. 92
`5.3.5 Methods of Implementation ............................................................... 92
`5.3.4 State Machine Specifications ............................................................. 91
`5.3.3 Actions ............................................................................................... 91
`5.3.2 Events .................................................................................................. 90
`5.3. I States ................................................................................................... 89
`5.3 State Machines ................................................................................................ 89
`5.2.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Messages ........................................ 88
`5.2.2
`Interrupt Servicing and Command Handling ..................................... 88
`5.2.1 Primitive lnterfaces ............................................................................. 88
`5.2 Low-Level Drivers .......................................................................................... 87
`5.1.5.2 Buffer Descriptors ............................................................................. 86
`5.1.5. I FIFOs ................................................................................................. 85
`5.1.5 Data Movement .................................................................................. 85
`5. I .4
`Indirect Register Access ..................................................................... 85
`5.1.3 Registers .............................................................................................. 84
`5.1.2 1/0 Requests ....................................................................................... 84
`5.1.I Memory Maps ..................................................................................... 84
`5.1 Semiconductor Access .................................................................................... 82
`5 Hardware Access and Interactions
`
`4.4.2 Control Systems .................................................................................. 80
`4.4.1 Host Access ......................................................................................... 79
`4.4 Application Access ......................................................................................... 79
`4.3.3 Stack Combinations ............................................................................ 78
`4.3.2
`Interworking ........................................................................................ 78
`4.3.1 Signaling ............................................................................................. 77
`4.3 Protocol Stack Considerations ........................................................................ 77
`4.2.3.3 Standalone Systems ............................................................. 77
`4.2.3.2 Coprocessor Systems ........................................................... 77
`4.2.3.1 Host-controlled Systems ...................................................... 76
`4.2.3 System Configuration Design ............................................................. 75
`4.2.2 Physical Layer Semiconductors ......................................................... 75
`Interface Chip ..................................................................................... 74
`4.2.1
`4.2 Hardware Components and Interactions ........................................................ 73
`4.1. 7 Protocol Modularity ............................................................................ 72
`Interlayer Primitives ........................................................................... 72
`4.1.6
`
`4.1.5 Upper Layers ...................................................................................... 71
`,1.1.4 Layer 4 (Transport Layer) ................................................................ 71
`4.1.3 Layer 3 (Network Layer) ................................................................... 70
`4.1.2 Layer 2 (Data Link Laycr) ................................................................. 69
`4.1.1 Layer I (Physical Layer) .................................................................... 68
`4.1 Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI) ............................................... 67
`4 Architectural Components for Implementation
`
`3.6 DSLAM Components .................................................................................... 64
`3.5 ATU-R Versus ATU-C .................................................................................... 64
`3.-1 ADSL .. Lite........................ ....................
`.. ................................................. 62
`................................................... 60
`3.3.2.5 CRC bits...............
`.. ................................................. 60
`3.3.2.4
`Indicator Bits ....................................................................... 58
`3.3.2.3 Sync Byte and sc Bits ......................................................... 58
`3.3.2.2 Fast Byte ............................................................................ 58
`3.3.2.1 Fast Data and Interleaved Data ........................................... 57
`3.3.2 ADSL Superframe Structure ............................................................. 55
`3.3.1 Bearer Channels ................................................................................. 51
`3.3 ANSI Tl .413 .................................................................................................. 50
`................................. 49
`3.2 Discrete Muhitone
`. .............................................. 47
`3.1 CAP/QAM ...................................... .
`3 The ADSL Physical Layer Protocol
`
`3.3.3 Embedded Operations Control
`
`2.6 Summary of the xDSL Family ....................................................................... 45
`2.5.8 VDSL .................................................................................................. 45
`2.5.7 CDSUADSL "Lite" ........................................................................... 43
`2.5.6 ADSURADSL. ................................................................................... 42
`2.5.5 SDSL ................................................................................................... 42
`2.5.4.3 HDSL2 or SHDSL.. ............................................................. 41
`2.5.4.2 Signaling Using Primary Rate Interface ISDN ................... 41
`2.5.4.1 Signaling Using Channel Associated Signaling .................. 40
`2.5.4 HDSUHDSL2 .................................................................................... 38
`2.5.3
`IDSL. ................................................................................................... 37
`2.5.2.3 Data Protocols ...................................................................... 37
`2.5.2.2 Switching Protocol .............................................................. 35
`2.5.2.1 Physical Layer ..................................................................... 32
`2.5.2 BRI ISDN (DSL) ................................................................................ 31
`2.5.1 56K Modems ...................................................................................... 31
`2.5 The xDSL Family of Protocols ...................................................................... 27
`2.4.2.4
`ITU-T ................................................................................... 27
`2.4.2.3 ETSI ..................................................................................... 27
`2.4.2.2 ANSI .................................................................................... 26
`2.4.2.1 ADSL Forum and UAWG ................................................... 26
`2.4.2 ADSL Standards Bodies ..................................................................... 25
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`IPR2022-00833
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`Page 4 of 23
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`Summary of Issues and Options ................................................................. 170
`10.5.2 FTTN, FTTC, and VDSL. ................................................................ 168
`10.5.1 Replacement of Long-Distance Infrastructure ................................. 168
`Migration Needs and Strategics ................................................................... 167
`10.4.1 Bot1lenecks ........................................................................................ l66
`Real-lime Issues .......................................................................................... 166
`Standardi~~~i~~·::::::::::::::::::::::::: .................................................................... 165
`........................................................... 165
`Signaling
`I 0.1.2.3 Data Structure Use .......................•........................•....••...... 164
`10.1.2.2 Coordination Tasks ............................................................ 163
`I 0.1.2.1 "Physical Layer" Replacement... ....................................... 162
`I 0.1.2 Software Implementation .............................................. .
`... 161
`I 0. I . J Architectural Choices ....................................................................... I 60
`Multi-Protocol Stacks ................................................................................... 160
`Architectural Issues and Other Concerns
`
`10.5
`
`10.4
`10.3
`10.2
`
`IO.I
`10
`
`Index ...................................................................................................................... 177
`
`Sdc~tcd Bibliography ............................................................................................ 175
`Selected Internet Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) ........................................ 175
`Other Technical References.. .......................
`. ........................................ 174
`ITU-Rrnmmcndations ............................................................................................ 173
`References and Selected Bibliography .............................................................. 173
`
`10.6
`
`9.3.2 Microprocessor Direct Access ......................................................... I 58
`9.3.1 Data Bus Extension .......................................................................... I 57
`9 .3 Motherboard Support .................................................................................... 157
`9.2.2 USB Architeclure .............................................................................. 156
`9.2.I Goals of the USB ............................................................................ 155
`9.2 Universal Serial Bus ..................................................................................... 155
`9.1.6 MAC Bridges .................................................................................... 254
`9.1.5 Physical Medium and Protocols ....................................................... 154
`9 .1 .4 The Ethernet Frame .......................................................................... 152
`9.1.3 The Medium Access Control (MAC) ............................................... 150
`9.1.2 OSI Model Layer Equivalents .......................................................... 149
`9.1.1 History .............................................................................................. 149
`9.1 Ethemet ......................................................................................................... 148
`9 Host Access
`
`8.4.5 Dala Prolocol .................................................................................... 146
`8.4.4 Dala Recovery .................................................................................. 146
`8.4.3 Data Acknowledgment. ..................................................................... 145
`8.4.2 Dala Identification ............................................................................ 145
`8.4.1 Dala lnlegrity .................................................................................... 144
`8.4 Proprietary Protocol Requirements .............................................................. 144
`
`8.33 TCP Fcniurcs .................................................................................... 144
`8.3.2 TCP Header Fields ........................................................................... 142
`X.3.1 TCP Virtual Circuits ......................................................................... 142
`8.3 Transmission Control Protocol ..................................................................... 141
`l!.2.2
`IP Datagrams .................................................................................... 139
`8.2.1 The Data Link Layer ........................................................................ 138
`Internet Protocol ........................................................................................... 138
`8.1.5 MultiProtocol Over Frame Relay ..................................................... J 37
`8.1 .4 Network Layer Signaling for Frame Relay ..................................... I 36
`8.1 .3 Data Link Core Primitives ................................................................ 134
`8.1.2.3 Control Field ...................................................................... 134
`8.1.2.2 Congestion Control ............................................................ 133
`8.1.2. I Address Field ..................................................................... 131
`8.1.2 Link Access Protocol for Frame Relay ............................................ 131
`8.1.1 Frame Relay Data Link Layer ......................................................... 130
`8.1 Frame Relay .................................................................................................. 129
`8 Frame Relay, TCP/IP, and Proprietary Protocols
`
`8.2
`
`7.8 Sys1cm Nclwork Archi1ccturc Group (SNAG) ............................................. 126
`7.7 Summary of ATM Signaling ........................................................................ 126
`7.6.4
`Jnfonnation Elements ....................................................................... 125
`7.6.3 B-ISDN Message Sei... ..................................................................... 123
`7.6.2.2 Network-side Stales ........................................................... 122
`7.6.2.1 User-side Stales ................................................................. 12I
`7 .6.2 General Signaling Architec1ure ........................................................ 120
`7 .6.1 Lower Layer Access ......................................................................... 120
`7.6 ATM Signaling ............................................................................................. 120
`7.5.2 AALType5 ...................................................................................... l18
`7.5.1 AALType l ............................................................•......................... 118
`7.5 ATM Adaplation Layer. ................................................................................ 116
`7.4.2 Virtual Pa1hs and Virtual Channels .................................................. 115
`7.4.1 ATM Cell Fonnats ............................................................................ 113
`7.4 ATM Layer ................................................................................................... 111
`7.3 ATM Physical Layer ..................................................................................... I I I
`7.2 B-ISDN OSI Layers ..................................................................................... J 10
`7.1.2 Specific Interac1ive and Dis1ribu1ion Services ................................. I 09
`7.1.I Broadband Bearer Services .............................................................. 108
`7.1 B-ISDN (ATM) History, Specificalions, and Bearer Services .................... 108
`7 ATM Over ADSL
`
`6.3 Signaling Within the DSLAM ...................................................................... l05
`6.2.2.2 Frame Relay ...............................................................•....... 105
`6.2.2.I ATM Cells .......................................................................... 104
`6.2.2 Pcnnanen1 Virtual Circui1s ............................................................... I 04
`lnlcmcl Pro1ocol ............................................................................... I 03
`6.2.1
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 5 of 23
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`

`

`CRC Press
`
`Series Editor-in-Chief
`
`SabaZamir
`
`Charles K. Summers
`
`ADSL
`
`and Architecture
`Implementation,
`
`Standards,
`
`vlol,ile Intelligent Agents Applied to Communication Management Systems,
`vl11lti-Dm11ni11 Communication Management Systems, Alex Galis
`ntra11et Management, Komel Terplan
`.Yeh-Based Systems and Network Management, Komel Terplan
`
`Alex Galis and Stefan Covaci
`
`Vta the Y2K Fireworks: Business and Technology Strategies,
`
`13huvan Unhelkar
`
`'rotvcols for Secure Electronic Commerce, Ahmed Sehrouchni
`\OSL: Standards, Implementation, and Architecture, Charles K. Summers
`-la11d/Jook of Communications Technologies: The Next Decade, Rafael Osso
`7,c Tl'lecommunications Network Management Handbook, Shervin Erfani
`fa11dbook of Sonet Technology and Applications, Steven S. Gorshe
`)ala and Telecommunications Dictionary, Julie K. Petersen
`
`and Mostafa Hashem Sherif
`
`Series Editor-in-Chief: Saba Zamir
`
`Advanced and Emerging Communications
`
`Technologies Series
`
`The CRC Press
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 6 of 23
`
`

`

`67
`
`primitives. However. this is an optimizing temptation that interferes with the ability
`sufficiently complicated to warrant the overhead involved with using interlayer
`into one another when the protocols involved with the layers are not, in themselves,
`has specific requirements and responsibilities. Adjacent layers may be "subsumed'.
`The OSI model is made up of seven "layers" as seen in Figure 4.1. Each layer
`
`more than 20 years.
`model has been in use for self-contained systems, such as operating systems, for
`software architectures. Note that the idea of layering is particularly new-the •·onion ..
`although the concept of layers within a system can be used for many different
`The OSI model is primarily oriented towards communications protocol architectures,
`it will be easier 10 standardize and also easier to interwork between protocol stacks.
`is that, if everyone designing protocol stacks uses the same general design principles.
`The OSI model falls into this last category. The main idea behind the "model ..
`
`gauges to physical interface components to software architecture.
`graphic film (tl1ey have created the standards for the ISO number on film) to wiring
`standards. They are involved in many different areas-from standards for photo(cid:173)
`The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is involved with global
`
`4.1 THE OSI MODEL
`
`transfers, live audio feeds, data file transfers) can be achieved.
`nected" into applications so that the main purpose (i.e., Internet access, video file
`and what other systems must it interact with. Finally, the protocol stack is --con(cid:173)
`available in the system, it is necessary 10 decide just how the system will be used
`Once the protocol architecture has been chosen and appropriate hardware made
`
`be useful and there are several main methods of doing this.
`data-link layer) protocols. 1l1is hardware must interact with the "outside" world 10
`to the communication network and the handling of physical layer (and sometimes
`in a high-speed protocol or access system. These components deal with the interface
`The hardware, panicularly the semiconductor chip sets, is particularly imponant
`
`protocols to be designed in advance with the ability to interwork easily.
`different tasks of a protocol stack into discrete modules. This architecture allows
`The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a system of separating the
`a new protocol. It also makes it easier to interwork between protocols and systems.
`There are many common components 10 a protocol stack, making it easier 10 learn
`
`4 Architectural Components
`
`for Implementation
`
`subscriber.
`on how the various pieces fit together to provide a complete, useful, service 10 the
`library servers or the equivalent of cable television providers. Chapter 4 will expand
`direct connections 10 ISPs may be desired as well as direct connections 10 video
`PPP framing to allow for funher connections through LANS at their ends. However,
`very wide in possibilities although many such services will probably make use of
`The final access point will be "direct" connections to service providers. This is
`
`before.
`siiuation may make use of a variant of the Q.92 J/Q.931 signaling protocol discussed
`of either pennanem vinual circuits or newly switched vinual circuits. 1l1e laner
`switch, or server. As will be discussed in Chapters 6 and 7, there is the possibility
`ATM, a Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) service, may go directly onto an ATM
`
`hns connectivity.
`onto the PSTN, Frame Relay network, X.25 router network, or wherever the ISDN
`10 the network-side BRI ISDN pon of the network. From there, it may be switched
`56K Modem, the D-channel and B-channel(s) can be passed through the DSLAM
`from an ATU-R. Parallel to the analog signaling of "pass-through" signaling with a
`access to multiple WANs, panicularly if BRI ISDN was passed in the LSO channel
`place). The PSTN is certainly a WAN, but it is also possible to have secondary
`networks. ln other words, the connection is not pennanently in place (route not in
`Wide Area Networks (WANs) are primarily considered to be circuit-switched
`
`types of protocols.
`Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) packets. Chapter 8 will concentrate on these
`
`ADSL: Stondords, lmplomontotlo,,, ond Archl!ccturc
`
`GG
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1026
`Page 7 of 23
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`r..,~rtHi1\ e.lc.ctricul (or other lranslntcd nhvsicol 111cdlu111)
`nl·w.::,•:d ll'v,•I whr.-," !\
`physical layer. However. there can be two levels of frnmc dclincmtion. One i~ On thu
`The detection of the beginning. and end. of a frame is a responsibility of the
`
`data link fonnat fall into the "gray .. area for physical layer protocol aspects.
`frame aspects. 1l1e HDLC is a data link fonnat structure. However. the aspect~ or
`layer. An example of this is the High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) common
`consuming) repetitive tasks of the data link layer will be "pushed down·· 10 tho lowo1
`unknown to the physical layer. Sometimes, some of the simple (but potentially timc(cid:173)
`and basically say "here are some data." The contents and meaning of Ilic dulll n.re
`A layer I entity will hand up data (or other primitives) to the data link Iuyor
`
`in error.
`is incorrect, then the basis for the design of the data link layer (and other layers) b
`integrity at the physical layer. If this assumption of the condition of the lower Iuycr
`PVCs does not make use of retransmission because it assumes a high level of
`the specific needs of the system. For example, the data link layer for Frame Relay
`layers (but not often vice versa). This is a "proper' redesign of the layers based on
`
`retransmission.
`Relay data link layer for Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) do not make use of
`retransmission but not make use of it. For example, the procedures used in the Frame
`protocol may supply the appropriate procedures needed for error detection and
`free communication betwet!n adjacent nodes in a network. Note that a datn link
`The Data Link Layer has the responsibility of handling the protocol needed for orro1•
`
`Generally, ii is always possible for higher-layers to take over functions of lower(cid:173)
`
`4.1.2 LAYER 2 (DATA LINK LAYER)
`
`mand. This will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5.
`instructions (usually in the form of register senings) needed to carry out the OOIO•
`between the data link (or higher) layer and convening it into the phy~laol level
`Driver or a physical driver. It has the responsibility of handling the primitives passed
`is often called the Low-L