1111111111111111 IIIIII IIIII 11111 1111111111 1111111111 111111111111111 11111 1111111111 11111111
`US 20040252700Al
`
`(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication
`Anandakumar et al.
`
`(10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0252700 Al
`Dec. 16, 2004
`(43) Pub. Date:
`
`(54)
`
`(76)
`
`SYSTEMS, PROCESSES AND INTEGRATED
`CIRCUITS FOR RATE AND/OR DIVERSITY
`ADAPTATION FOR PACKET
`COMMUNICATIONS
`
`Inventors: Krishnasamy Anandakumar, Dallas,
`TX (US); Vishu R. Viswanathan,
`Plano, TX (US); Alan V. McCree,
`Dallas, TX (US)
`
`Correspondence Address:
`TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED
`PO BOX 655474, M/S 3999
`DALLAS, TX 75265
`
`(21)
`
`Appl. No.:
`
`10/815,044
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Mar. 30, 2004
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(62)
`
`Division of application No. 09/460,065, filed on Dec.
`14, 1999, now Pat. No. 6,744,757.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`Int. Cl.7 ........................................................ H04J 3/24
`(51)
`(52) U.S. Cl. ........................................................ 370/395.21
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A process (111,101) of sending packets of real-time infor(cid:173)
`mation at a sender (311) includes initially generating packets
`of real-time information with a source rate (sll) greater than
`zero kilobits per second, and a time or path or combined
`time/path diversity rate (dll) initially being at least zero
`kilobits per second. Sending the packets results in a quality
`of service QoS, optionally measured at the sender (311).
`Rate/diversity adaptation decision may be performed at
`receiver (361 ') instead. When the QoS is on an unacceptable
`side of a threshold of acceptability (Thl), the sender
`increases the diversity rate ( dll to d22) and sends not only
`additional ones of the packets of real-time information but
`also sends diversity packets at the increased diversity rate
`( d22). Increasing the diversity rate ( dll to d22) while either
`reducing or maintaining the overall transmission rate (sij+
`dij) is an important new improvement.
`
`DSP
`
`1594
`
`TONE
`DETECTOR
`
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`-------
`RATE/DIVERSITY
`ADAPTATION
`1551 _ . J
`STATE
`
`-
`PACKET
`MCU
`ENCAPSULATION I++ 1/F i.~
`UNIT
`DRIVER
`
`-
`
`1585
`
`(sij,dij) r
`1555 - PLAYOUT
`
`DECODER
`
`1583/
`
`I
`PACKET
`
`I+-
`
`CONTROL
`UNIT
`
`\
`1581
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 1 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 1 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
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`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 2 of 68
`
`

`

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`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 3 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 3 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`15 ,------.----.-------r-----,---r----r----.--r---.------r--,-,
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`180
`200
`120
`140
`160
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`100
`80
`NUMBER OF USERS (N)
`FIG. 4
`
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`46
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`SPEECH ACTIVITY
`FIG. 5
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`__._ _ ___ ._~
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`56
`
`58
`
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`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 4 of 68
`
`

`

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`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 5 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 5 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`10
`
`9
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`NUMBER OF USERS
`
`200
`220
`FIG. 8
`
`240
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 6 of 68
`
`

`

`0
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`
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`FIG. 9
`VOICE FRAMES
`
`SYNCHRONIZATION SOURCE IDENTIFIER
`
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`
`I SEQUENCE NUMBER
`
`I PAYLOAD TYPE
`
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`(s12,d12) '\
`
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`(sH,d1l) (11.2,4.8)
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`---
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`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 7 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 7 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`(.I')
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`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 8 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 8 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`I
`
`100
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`FIG. 13
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`
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`
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`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 9 of 68
`
`

`

`0
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`
`1511
`
`1581
`\
`
`,-.
`
`DIALING
`SPEED
`
`1595__/
`
`CONTROL -
`
`PLAYOUT
`PACKET
`
`UNIT
`
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`
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`
`DECODER
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`ENCAPSULATION 14----
`
`UNIT
`
`PACKET
`
`/ ~
`1585
`
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`
`(sij,dij)
`-STATE
`
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`
`i--
`
`RATE/DIVERSllY
`-------
`
`ADAPTATION
`
`~ DIVERSl1Y
`ADD dij
`
`1551
`
`1531
`I
`
`ENCODER
`
`,-. ~ DETECTOR ~
`
`VOICE ACTIVl1Y
`
`;
`1571
`
`)
`1561
`
`\
`1541
`
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`
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`
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`
`1593,
`
`INTERFACE
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`1515
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 10 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 10 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`1601
`
`BEGIN
`
`1605
`
`STATE (s,d)- (s11,dll)
`
`--==~;'\INPUT NEW RTCP REPORT
`LOSS FRACTION L
`
`FIG. 16
`
`1614
`
`YES
`
`1623
`
`1621
`
`UPDATE
`NEWSTATE
`AGGRESSIVELY
`
`UPDATE NEWSTATE
`MODERATELY
`
`s
`
`1629
`
`UPDATE
`NEWSTATE
`
`UPDATE NEWSTATE TO
`INCREASE SOURCE RATE
`
`1631
`
`YES
`
`NO
`
`NEWSTATE -
`
`STATE
`
`1641
`
`STATE -
`
`NEWSTATE
`
`1651
`
`OUTPUT:
`,..._ __ S--,TA .... TE _ _,,~----
`
`{ sij
`dij
`
`NO
`
`1661
`
`END
`
`1681
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 11 of 68
`
`

`

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`'"""' ~~
`ri
`~
`~
`
`.... 0 =
`~ ....
`"Cl -
`....
`t
`~ = ....
`....
`~
`""C
`
`(')
`
`0 =
`....
`....
`O' =-:
`~
`
`~
`(')
`
`FIG. 17
`
`1765~
`
`I -1771
`
`I
`
`I
`
`1785
`
`1783
`
`DSP N
`
`1755"
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0
`
`1763--.... RAM
`
`I
`
`WIRELESS I
`
`INTERFACE
`PHYSICAL
`NETWORK
`
`MCU
`
`DSP 2
`
`1753,
`
`SWITCH
`
`DSQ
`
`PCM H
`
`CODEC
`
`I
`
`I
`
`1721
`
`351
`
`1791
`
`1781
`
`1761,~
`
`~
`1701
`
`I 1751~ DSP 1 ~
`
`T1/E1 H
`
`FRAMER
`
`1711
`
`1703
`
`------~ 1/F y
`
`1741
`
`1731
`
`1709i
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 12 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 12 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`L
`...
`
`a..
`t;::
`I -
`
`I+-+
`
`I -
`z
`w
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`<(
`
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`- w
`
`Cl..- CD
`z
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`
`ti~
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`co
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`
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`a:: a::
`
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`
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`
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`:c
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`
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`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 13 of 68
`
`

`

`0
`0
`-..J
`N
`Ul
`N
`0
`~
`0
`0
`N
`'JJ.
`d
`
`'"""'
`>
`
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`N
`0 ....,
`'"""' ~
`~ ....
`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
`
`,i;;..
`0
`0
`N
`'"""' ~~
`ri
`~
`~
`
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`~ ....
`O' -....
`~
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`~ .... ~ = ....
`
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`
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`
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`
`~
`
`'
`
`~y
`
`1~1995 --t1937
`1913 f 1931
`/t1923
`
`11939
`
`FIG. 19
`
`1973
`
`PSTN
`
`'
`
`1
`
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`
`I
`
`1963
`
`~
`
`Dr /19~53 .________,
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`0
`
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`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 14 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 14 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`HEADER
`
`(361' INFO)
`
`(311
`
`INFO)
`I
`EHSN
`
`L
`
`CL
`
`J
`
`LSR
`
`DLSR
`
`0
`
`0
`
`0
`
`REPORT BLOCKS
`
`EXTENSIONS
`
`FIG. 20
`
`I·
`
`RTCP
`
`QOS
`
`I·
`FIG. 21
`
`►1
`
`I+ 1
`
`►1
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 15 of 68
`
`

`

`0
`0
`-..J
`N
`Ul
`N
`0
`~
`0
`0
`N
`'JJ.
`d
`
`'"""
`>
`
`'"""
`N
`0 ....,
`'""" Ul
`~ ....
`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
`
`,i;;..
`0
`0
`N
`'""" ~~
`ri
`~
`~
`
`J o o o
`
`'\
`
`'
`
`.... 0 =
`~ ....
`O' -....
`~
`.... 0 =
`~ ....
`~ "Cl -....
`~ .... ~ = ....
`
`(')
`
`(')
`
`""C
`
`F<Th2
`
`\
`
`AND BFR=O
`
`GK=O
`
`\
`
`2231
`
`AND BFR=O
`
`GK=O 2223
`
`2233 ·\
`
`(§. ~-
`
`.o,o.o)
`31,d31)
`
`(5.
`(s3') ..i"M\
`
`A/1
`(8.0,3.2)
`)
`(s22,d22)'\
`'
`
`--
`
`-
`
`/
`
`(
`(11.2,0.0)
`;/(s21,d21)
`
`\, A
`
`---------
`
`(J BACK TO ORIGINAL VALUE)]
`
`Z=[(L<Th2) AND
`
`z
`
`(s22,
`
`--
`
`'
`
`' ' --
`
`0
`
`(s21,d21)
`
`✓-
`
`/
`
`\
`(
`I
`
`J
`
`~ /
`
`(s12,d12)
`
`--' ' \
`
`(J INCREASES:N CONSECUTIVE
`
`[(A2L>Th1) OR
`
`RTCP REPORTS)]
`
`I
`I
`(11.2_,4.8)
`(s12,d12)'\
`'
`
`--
`
`n_,, _,.,,
`
`I
`
`o o o
`
`/./
`
`--
`
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`
`z
`
`1)
`
`FIG. 22
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 16 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 16 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`2400
`~
`
`BEGIN
`
`2401
`
`STATE(s,d)-- (s 11,dl 1)
`
`INPUT RTCP REPORT PACKETS
`
`GENERATE REPORT DATUM
`FOR EACH DESTINATION
`
`GENERATE MQoS, MULTICASTS
`VALUES FROM REPORT DATA
`
`L--MQoS
`s-- MULTI CASTS
`
`0
`0
`0
`
`1671
`
`NO
`
`2411
`
`2421
`
`2431
`
`2441
`
`2451
`
`2461
`
`RETURN
`2471
`FIG. 24
`
`BEGIN
`
`YES
`
`2551
`
`RATE CONTROL TO
`DIVERSITY CODER
`
`DECREASE sij
`
`SET DIVERSITY FLAG
`
`CALL
`DIVERSITY ROUTINE
`
`2561
`
`UPDATE
`PACKET HEADER
`
`UPDATE PACKET HEADER
`
`(FOR 1621,
`1623, 1629)
`
`RETURN
`2571
`FIG. 25
`
`2515
`
`2521
`
`2531
`
`2541
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 17 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 17 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`1631
`
`s
`
`INPUT NEW EST'D
`STEADY STATE RATE S
`
`2605
`
`FIG. 26
`
`2661
`
`RESET DIVERSITY FLAG
`
`INCREASE
`sij,dij
`
`CALL DIVERSITY ROUTINE
`TO REDUCE DIVERSITY
`
`2671
`
`INCREASE
`SOURCE RATE
`
`UPDATE PACKET HEADER
`
`2631
`
`2641
`
`2651
`
`RETURN
`
`2681
`
`MODEM
`
`r-----. sij
`
`CODER
`
`dij
`
`SRC
`
`FIG. 27
`
`z:
`0
`
`~ z:
`
`f(cid:173)
`(/)
`Lu
`Cl
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 18 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 18 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`APPLICATION
`
`RTP
`
`RTCP
`
`TCP/UDP
`
`IP
`
`FIG. 28
`
`ETHERNET
`
`FRAME RELAY
`
`o o o OTHER PACKET
`
`ML
`ATM
`
`100%
`
`FREQUENCY
`
`10%
`5%
`
`FIG. 30
`
`NUMBER
`L.......JL...L.....J.._...L...:::,__a_--1...-.::......L.---L..___,L..JL.......J:=::l.------+- CONSECUTIVE
`4+
`2
`3
`0
`PACKET LOSSES
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 19 of 68
`
`

`

`0
`0
`-..J
`N
`Ul
`N
`0
`~
`0
`0
`N
`'JJ.
`d
`
`'"""'
`>
`
`'"""'
`N
`0 ....,
`'"""' \0
`~ ....
`'JJ. =(cid:173)~
`
`,i;;..
`0
`0
`N
`'"""' ~~
`ri
`~
`~
`
`I
`I
`I
`\
`
`\
`
`I
`
`,,,./
`/
`
`/'
`
`.... 0 =
`~ ....
`O' -....
`~
`.... 0 =
`~ ....
`t "Cl -....
`~ .... ~ = ....
`
`(')
`
`(')
`
`""C
`
`(GK=BFR=O) AND (R> Th3)
`
`FIG. 29
`
`----
`F<Th2
`
`------
`
`', F<Th2
`'
`
`'-
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`\
`\
`I
`I
`I
`/
`
`\
`
`AND (R~Th3)
`(GK=BFR=O)
`
`_,,..
`
`I
`I
`I
`\
`
`I
`
`l'(cid:173)' \
`
`F<Th2 _,,, ,,,,/
`/
`
`--
`
`------
`
`', F<Th2
`'
`
`'-
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`\
`
`\
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
`\
`
`:---. ' ' \
`
`--
`
`/
`
`/
`
`-
`
`..-...., _____ _
`
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`' \
`
`---
`
`'-
`
`/
`
`\
`I
`I
`I
`/
`
`EST: 8
`
`EST: 11.2
`
`EST: 8
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 20 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 20 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`22:(F>A> Th 1) OR
`FREQ( 2-LOSS )>Th2
`OR MORE
`
`21 :(A2 F> Th 1) AND
`FREQ( 2-LOSS )<Th2
`--------- OR MORE -
`
`31
`
`......
`
`"
`(s12,d12}\
`I
`
`11)
`
`23
`
`23
`
`.,(cid:173)
`
`/
`
`/
`1 (s21,d21)
`I O
`\
`
`(s22,
`
`' " ......
`23:(F <Th3) AND
`FREQ( 2-LOSS )<Th4
`OR MORE
`
`---------- A2 F> Th 1
`
`3211
`
`F<Th2
`
`I
`r= "= .
`
`PPP
`
`H H H
`
`(2frm/pkt)
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`.-==="'=..
`II~ I
`H
`
`y I
`
`H
`
`.,(cid:173)
`
`/
`
`'
`/
`\
`I
`I O O O I O
`\
`I
`
`' " ......
`
`......
`
`" ' \
`
`I
`I
`
`/
`
`/
`
`(s42 d42 e42)
`'
`'
`-- --
`
`.,-
`
`23
`
`F<Th2
`
`FIG. 32
`
`(3fr
`
`3231
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`I
`.===I'=.
`I
`I
`
`I.\ I
`
`H
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 21 of 68
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Dec. 16, 2004 Sheet 21 of 21
`
`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`_____ F>A>Th1
`
`3315
`(8,8)
`
`/
`
`/
`
`F<Th2
`
`lfrm/pkt
`
`8/1 kbps Ovhd
`
`'
`
`F<Th2
`
`2frms/pkt
`
`8/2kbps Ovhd
`
`FIG. 33
`
`/
`
`/
`
`......
`
`/
`
`I
`~,O)
`I
`\
`",3231
`......
`
`'
`
`'\
`\
`I
`I
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`F<Th2
`
`3frms/pkt
`
`8/3kbps Ovhd
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 22 of 68
`
`

`

`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`Dec. 16, 2004
`
`1
`
`SYSTEMS, PROCESSES AND INTEGRATED
`CIRCUITS FOR RATE AND/OR DIVERSITY
`ADAPTATION FOR PACKET COMMUNICATIONS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`[0001] The following co assigned patent application(s) and
`patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference:
`
`[0002] TI-28893P "Integrated Circuits, Systems,
`Apparatus, Packets and Processes Utilizing Path
`Diversity for Media Over Packet Applications," filed
`Jul. 9, 1999.
`
`[0003] TI-27834P "System for Dynamic Adaptation
`of Data/Channel Coding in Wireless Communica(cid:173)
`tions" by J. DeMartin, A McCree, and K. Ananda(cid:173)
`kumar, Ser. No. 60/086,217 filed May 21, 1998.
`
`[0004] TI-21753P "PC Circuits, Systems and Meth(cid:173)
`ods" by John L. So, Ser. No. 60/014,734 filed Apr. 2,
`1996.
`
`[0005] TI-25535 "Devices, Methods, Systems and
`Software Products for Coordination of Computer
`Main Microprocessor and Second Microprocessor
`Coupled Thereto" by John L. So, Jeffrey L. Kerr,
`Steven R. Magee and Jun Tang, Ser. No. 08/833,267
`filed Apr. 4, 1997.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0006] The present invention relates to the fields of inte(cid:173)
`grated circuits, networking, systems and processes for
`packet communications, and especially communication of
`real time information such as voice, audio, images, video
`and other real time information over packet.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0007] The Internet has long been usable for Internet file
`transfers and e-mail by packet switched communication. A
`different technology called circuit switched communication
`is used in the PSTN (public switched telephone network)
`wherein a circuit is dedicated to each phone call regardless
`of whether the circuit is being communicated over in silent
`periods. Packet switched networks do not dedicate a channel
`thereby sharing a pipe or channel among many communi(cid:173)
`cations and their users. Packets may vary in their length, and
`have a header for source information, destination informa(cid:173)
`tion, number of bits in the packet, how many items, priority
`information, and security information.
`
`[0008] A packet of data often traverses several nodes as it
`goes across the network in "hops." In a stream of data, the
`packets representative thereof may, and often do, take dif(cid:173)
`ferent paths through the network to get the destination. The
`packets arrive out of order sometimes. The packets are not
`only merely delayed relative to the source, but also have
`delay jitter. Delay jitter is variability in packet delay, or
`variation in timing of packets relative to each other due to
`buffering within nodes in the same routing path, and differ(cid:173)
`ing delays and/or numbers of hops in different routing paths.
`Packets may even be actually lost and never reach their
`destination. Delay jitter is a packet-to-packet concept for the
`present purposes, and jitter of bits within a given packet is
`a less emphasized subject herein.
`
`[0009] Voice over Packet (VOP) and Voice over Internet
`Protocol (VoIP) are sensitive to delay jitter to an extent
`qualitatively more important than for text data files for
`example. Delay jitter produces interruptions, clicks, pops,
`hisses and blurring of the sound and/or images as perceived
`by the user, unless the delay jitter problem can be amelio(cid:173)
`rated or obviated. Packets that are not literally lost, but are
`substantially delayed when received, may have to be dis(cid:173)
`carded at the destination nonetheless because they have lost
`their usefulness at the receiving end. Thus, packets that are
`discarded, as well as those that are literally lost, are all called
`"lost packets" herein except where a more specific distinc(cid:173)
`tion is made explicit or is plain from the context.
`
`[0010] The user can rarely tolerate as much as half a
`second (500 milliseconds) of delay, and even then may avoid
`using VOP if its quality is perceptibly inferior to other
`readily available and albeit more expensive transmission
`alternatives. Such avoidance may occur with delays of 250
`milliseconds or even less, while Internet phone technology
`hitherto may have suffered from end-to-end delays of as
`much as 600 milliseconds or more.
`
`[0011] Hitherto, one approach has stored the arriving
`packets in a buffer, but if the buffer is too short, packets are
`lost. If the buffer is too long, it contributes to delay.
`
`[0012]
`If the network is very congested, and the packet is
`routed by a large number of hops, the ratio of lost packets to
`sent packets in a given time window interval can rise not just
`to 5-10% but even to 25% or more, and the real-time
`communication becomes degraded. VOP quality requires
`low lost packet ratio measured in a relatively short time
`window interval (length of oral utterance for instance, with
`each packet representing a compressed few centiseconds of
`speech). By contrast, text file reception can reorder packets
`during a relatively much longer window interval of recep(cid:173)
`tion of text and readying it for printing, viewing, editing, or
`other use. Voice can be multiplexed along with other data on
`a packet network inexpensively over long distances and
`internationally, at low expense compared with circuit(cid:173)
`switched PSTN charges.
`
`[0013] A Transport Control Protocol (TCP) sometimes
`used in connection with the IP (Internet Protocol) can
`provide for packet tags, detection of lost and out-of-order
`packets by examination of the packet tags and retransmis(cid:173)
`sion of the lost packets from the source. TCP is useful for
`maintaining transmission quality of e-mail and other non(cid:173)
`real-time data. However, the delay inherent in the request(cid:173)
`for-retransmission process currently may reduce the useful(cid:173)
`ness of TCP and other ARQ (automatic retransmission
`request) approaches as a means of enhancing VOP commu(cid:173)
`nications.
`
`[0014] RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol) and RTCP
`(RTP Control Protocol) add time stamps and sequence
`numbers to the packets, augmenting the operations of the
`network protocol such as IP. However, these do not provide
`QoS (Quality of Service) control.
`
`[0015] For real-time communication some solution to the
`problem of packet loss is imperative, and the packet loss
`problem is exacerbated in heavily-loaded packet networks.
`Also, even a lightly-loaded packet network with a packet
`loss ratio of 0.1 % perhaps, still requires some mechanism to
`deal with the circumstances of lost packets.
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 23 of 68
`
`

`

`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`Dec. 16, 2004
`
`2
`
`[0016] A conventional speech compression algorithm has
`a portion that samples, digitizes and buffers speech in a
`frame buffer in frame intervals (e.g. 20 milliseconds), or
`frames, and another portion that compresses the sampled
`digitized speech from one of the frames while more speech
`is being added to the buffer. If the speech is sampled at 8
`kiloHertz, then each 20 millisecond example frame has 160
`analog speech samples (8x20). If an 8-bit analog to digital
`converter (ADC) is used, then 1280 bits (160x8) result as the
`digitized form of the sampled speech in that 20 millisecond
`frame. Next the compression algorithm converts the 1280
`bits to fewer bits carrying the same or almost the same
`speech information. Suppose the algorithm provides 8:1
`compression. Then 1280/8 bits, or 160 bits of compressed or
`coded speech result from compression. The compressed
`speech is then put in the format of a packet, thus called
`packetized, by a packetizer process.
`
`[0017] For every frame of compressed speech in a packet,
`loss of that packet means loss of each frame in that packet.
`There then arises the problem how to create 160 bits or more
`of lost compressed speech. One known approach simply
`repeats the most recent previous frame that is available at the
`receiving destination. Another known approach fills the
`output frame with silence (zeroes). Reduction of packet loss
`and packet loss handling strategy are very important chal(cid:173)
`lenges in advancing VOP technology.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`[0018]
`In one form of the invention, a process of sending
`packets of real-time information at a sender includes steps of
`initially generating at the sender the packets of real-time
`information with a source rate greater than zero kilobits per
`second, and a time or path or combined time/path diversity
`rate, the amount of diversity initially being at least zero
`kilobits per second. The process sends the packets, thereby
`resulting in a quality of service QoS, and optionally obtains
`at the sender a measure of the QoS. Another step compares
`the QoS with a threshold of acceptability, and when the QoS
`is on an unacceptable side of said threshold increases the
`diversity rate and sends not only additional ones of the
`packets of real-time information but also sends diversity
`packets at the diversity rate as increased. Also, rate/diversity
`adaptation decision may be performed at receiver.
`
`[0019]
`Increasing the diversity rate while either reducing
`or keeping unchanged the overall transmission rate is an
`important new improvement in even solely-time-diversity
`embodiments.
`[0020] Further forms of the invention involve new criteria
`for initiating adaptation transitions, and new types of tran(cid:173)
`sitions including number of packets-per-second transitions,
`diversity transitions, source rate transitions and mixtures
`thereof.
`[0021]
`In another form of the invention a single-chip
`integrated circuit includes a processor circuit, and a source
`rate/diversity control. Here again, the diversity is contem(cid:173)
`plated to be time diversity, path diversity and combined
`time/path diversity in various embodiments. Other forms of
`the invention encompass other processes, improved packets
`and packet ensembles, integrated circuits, chipsets, com(cid:173)
`puter add-in cards, information storage articles, systems,
`computers, gateways, routers, cellular telephone handsets,
`wireless base stations, appliances, and packet networks, and
`other forms as claimed.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`[0022] FIG. 1 is a state transition diagram for a process
`embodiment of adaptive control of combinations called
`states, of source rate and diversity rate in a media over
`packet sending computer;
`[0023] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of packets
`in different states of FIG. 1, wherein time extends horizon(cid:173)
`tally as successive columns in FIG. 2, and the different
`states correspond to different rows of differently labeled
`packets in FIG. 2 wherein overall transmission rate is kept
`limited to less than or equal to that of an sll state;
`[0024] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a system embodiment
`of a sender computer, a network cloud, and a receiver
`computer showing improvements for rate/diversity adapta(cid:173)
`tion;
`[0025] FIG. 4 is a family of curves of packet loss rate in
`percent versus number of users N, each curve having a
`different source rate in kilobits per second;
`[0026] FIG. 5 is graph of residual packet loss rate in
`percent versus speech activity for two curves in a media(cid:173)
`specific redundancy example, a first curve corresponding to
`a source rate and no diversity, and a second curve having a
`lower source rate and with diversity introduced;
`[0027] FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of packets
`in 5 transmission processes, wherein time extends horizon(cid:173)
`tally as successive columns in FIG. 6, and the different
`transmission processes correspond to five different rows of
`differently labeled packets in FIG. 6;
`[0028] FIG. 7 is a family of curves of residual packet loss
`rate in percent versus speech activity for four curves in a
`multiple description example, two of the curves correspond(cid:173)
`ing to a source rate and no diversity, and two more curves
`having a respectively lower source rate and with diversity
`introduced;
`[0029] FIG. 8 is a family of curves in a multiple descrip(cid:173)
`tion example of residual packet loss rate in percent versus
`number of users N, each curve having a different source rate
`in kilobits per second, and two of the curves having diversity
`as well;
`[0030] FIG. 9 is a diagram of a RTP packet;
`[0031] FIG. 10 is another state transition diagram for a
`process embodiment with a media-specific redundancy
`example of adaptive control of combinations called states, of
`source rate and diversity in a media over packet sending
`computer;
`[0032] FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of pack(cid:173)
`ets in different states, wherein time extends horizontally as
`successive columns in FIG. 11, and the different states
`correspond to different rows of differently labeled packets in
`FIG. 11 wherein overall transmission rate is allowed to
`exceed that of an sll state;
`[0033] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a simulated network,
`called a single bottleneck link simulation having voice
`sources each described by a state transition diagram inset
`depicting a two-state Markov voice source;
`[0034] FIG. 13 is a graph of simulated network usage by
`number of users N versus time t, which is input to the FIG.
`12 bottleneck link simulation;
`
`IPR2022-00833
`CommScope, Inc. Exhibit 1010
`Page 24 of 68
`
`

`

`US 2004/0252700 Al
`
`Dec. 16, 2004
`
`3
`
`[0035] FIG. 14 is a graph of overall transmission rate
`showing various states of FIG. 1, versus time, which states
`are output from the FIG. 12 bottleneck link simulation;
`
`[0036] FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a combined sending/
`receiving process, integrated circuit device and system
`embodiment with adaptive rate/diversity improvements;
`
`[0037] FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of a process embodiment
`of rate/diversity adaptation;
`
`[0038] FIG. 17 is partially pictorial, partially block, dia(cid:173)
`gram of integrated circuits and subsystems for gateways,
`private branch exchange (PBX) units, wireless base stations,
`and routers in various embodiments;
`
`[0039] FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an improved soft(cid:173)
`ware system having the improved integrated circuit device
`of FIG. 15 as a digital signal processor DSP;
`
`[0040] FIG. 19 is a partially pictorial, partially block,
`network diagram with edge devices improved as described
`herein, for analysis of different paths having different selec(cid:173)
`tions of improved and unimproved devices at different sites
`along each of the different paths;
`
`[0041] FIG. 20 is a diagram of an RTCP packet for
`QoS-related reporting from a receiver computer back to a
`sender computer;
`
`[0042] FIG. 21 is a timing diagram of time from left-to(cid:173)
`right for sending two RTCPpackets, packet I and packet 1+1,
`and a time interval for a QoS computation process;
`
`[0043] FIG. 22 is a state transition diagram for a process
`embodiment of adaptive control of combinations called
`states, of source rate and diversity in a media over packet
`sending computer, wherein criteria for making various tran(cid:173)
`sitions indicated by arrows in FIG. 22 are different from the
`criteria for making various transitions indicated by the
`arrows in FIG. 1;
`
`[0044] FIG. 23 is a state transition diagram for a process
`embodiment of adaptive control of combinations called
`states, of source rate and diversity in a media over packet
`sending computer, wherein criteria for making various tran(cid:173)
`sitions indicated by arrows in FIG. 23 are different from the
`criteria for making various transitions indicated by the
`arrows in FIG. 1, and suitably supplement the process of
`FIG.1