`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`______________________________________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`______________________________________________
`
`GOOGLE LLC, SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD., and
`SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`SCRAMOGE TECHNOLOGY LTD.
`Patent Owner.
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`OF U.S. PATENT NO. 7,825,537
`
`

`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`
`Page
`
`
`INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
`I.
`II. MANDATORY NOTICES UNDER 37 C.F.R. §42.8 ................................... 1
`III.
`FEE AUTHORIZATION ............................................................................... 3
`IV. GROUNDS FOR STANDING ....................................................................... 3
`V.
`PRECISE RELIEF REQUESTED ................................................................. 3
`VI. THE CHALLENGED PATENT .................................................................... 5
`VII. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ............................................ 6
`VIII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................... 6
`IX. DETAILED EXPLANATION OF GROUNDS ............................................. 7
`A. Ground 1: Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28 Are Anticipated By
`Cook (Ex-1005) .................................................................................... 7
`1.
`Claim 1 ....................................................................................... 7
`2.
`Claim 2 ..................................................................................... 22
`3.
`Claim 3 ..................................................................................... 23
`4.
`Claim 4 ..................................................................................... 24
`5.
`Claim 5 ..................................................................................... 26
`6.
`Claim 9 ..................................................................................... 27
`7.
`Claim 10 ................................................................................... 29
`8.
`Claim 11 ................................................................................... 31
`9.
`Claim 12 ................................................................................... 32
`10. Claim 13 ................................................................................... 36
`11. Claim 14 ................................................................................... 36
`12. Claim 15 ................................................................................... 37
`13. Claim 16 ................................................................................... 38
`14. Claim 20 ................................................................................... 39
`15. Claim 21 ................................................................................... 39
`16. Claim 22 ................................................................................... 40
`i
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`

`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Page
`
`C.
`
`B.
`
`17. Claim 28 ................................................................................... 40
`Ground 2: Claims 5 and 16 Are Rendered Obvious By Cook
`(Ex-1005) in view of Baarman (Ex-1008) ......................................... 43
`1.
`Dependent Claims 5 and 16 ..................................................... 43
`Ground 3: Claims 1-5, 9, 10, and 28 Are Anticipated By
`Baarman (Ex-1008) ............................................................................ 47
`1.
`Claim 1 ..................................................................................... 47
`2.
`Claim 2 ..................................................................................... 61
`3.
`Claim 3 ..................................................................................... 61
`4.
`Claim 4 ..................................................................................... 62
`5.
`Claim 5 ..................................................................................... 63
`6.
`Claim 9 ..................................................................................... 63
`7.
`Claim 10 ................................................................................... 64
`8.
`Claim 28 ................................................................................... 65
`D. Ground 4: Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28 Are Rendered
`Obvious By Baarman (Ex-1008) in view of Partovi (Ex-1009) ........ 67
`1.
`Claim 12 ................................................................................... 67
`2.
`Claim 13 ................................................................................... 75
`3.
`Claim 14 ................................................................................... 76
`4.
`Claim 15 ................................................................................... 77
`5.
`Claim 16 ................................................................................... 77
`6.
`Claim 20 ................................................................................... 77
`7.
`Claim 21 ................................................................................... 78
`8.
`Claim 22 ................................................................................... 78
`9.
`Claims 1-5, 9-10, and 28 .......................................................... 79
`10. Claim 11 ................................................................................... 80
`THE BOARD SHOULD NOT DENY INSTITUTION UNDER
`FINTIV .......................................................................................................... 80
`ii
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`X.
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`

`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Page
`
`
`XI. THE BOARD SHOULD NOT DENY INSTITUTION UNDER
`GENERAL PLASTIC .................................................................................... 82
`XII. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 84
`
`
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`iii
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`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`LIST OF EXHIBITS1
`
`Ex-1001 U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`
`Ex-1002 Declaration of Dr. Gary Woods
`
`Ex-1003 Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Gary Woods
`
`Ex-1004 Prosecution History of U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`
`Ex-1005 U.S. Patent No. 8,729,734 (“Cook”)
`
`Ex-1006
`
`JP 3692541B2 (“Nagai”): Certified Translation
`
`Ex-1007
`
`JP 3692541B2 (“Nagai”)
`
`Ex-1008 U.S. Patent Publication No. US20040130916A1 (“Baarman”)
`
`Ex-1009 U.S. Patent Publication No. 20070182367A1 (“Partovi”)
`
`Ex-1010 U.S. Patent Publication No. US20050127850A1 (“Baarman 850”)
`
`Ex-1011 U.S. Patent No. 6,849,837 (“Riess”)
`
`Ex-1012 U.S. Patent No. 7,002,819 (“Chan”)
`
`Ex-1013 G.B. Patent Application No. 2414120A (“Stevens”)
`
`Ex-1014 U.S. Patent No. 6,825,620 (“Kuennen”)
`
`Ex-1015
`
`Excerpts of Scramoge infringement contentions vs. Google Pixel
`Stand 2nd Gen in Scramoge Technology Ltd. v. Google LLC,
`WDTX-6-21-cv-01138 (W.D. Tex. November 4, 2021)
`
`
`1 Four-digit pin citations that begin with 0 are to the branded numbers added by
`
`Google in the bottom right corner of the exhibits. All other pin citations are to
`
`original page, column, paragraph, and/or line numbers.
`
`iv
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`Ex-1016
`
`Ex-1017
`
`Excerpts of Scramoge infringement contentions vs. Galaxy 4 Watch
`in Scramoge Technology Ltd. v. Samsung Elec. Co., Ltd., No. 6:21-
`cv-00902-ADA (W.D. Tex. August 30, 2021)
`
`Standing Order Governing Proceedings – Patent Cases, Scramoge
`Tech. Ltd. V. Samsung Elec. Co., Ltd., 6:21-cv-00902-ADA (W.D.
`Tex. August 30, 2021), ECF No. 19
`
`ii
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`Google LLC, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., and Samsung Electronics
`
`America, Inc. (collectively, “Petitioner”) request inter partes review (“IPR”) of
`
`Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28 of U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537 (“the ’537 Patent”)
`
`(Ex-1001), assigned to Scramoge Technology Ltd. (“PO”).
`
`II. MANDATORY NOTICES UNDER 37 C.F.R. §42.8
`Real Parties-in-Interest: Petitioner identifies the following real parties-in-
`
`interest: Google LLC,2 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., and Samsung Electronics
`
`America, Inc.
`
`Related Matters: PO has asserted the ’537 Patent in the following litigations:
`
`• Scramoge Technology Ltd. v. Google LLC, WDTX-6-21-cv-01138
`
`(W.D. Tex. Nov. 4, 2021);
`
`• Scramoge Technology Ltd. v. Samsung Elec. Co., Ltd., No. 6:21-cv-
`
`00902-ADA (W.D. Tex. Aug. 30, 2021);
`
`• Scramoge Technology Limited v. Apple Inc., No. 6-21-cv-01071 (W.D.
`
`Tex. Oct. 14, 2021);
`
`
`2 Google LLC is a subsidiary of XXVI Holdings Inc., which is a subsidiary of
`
`Alphabet Inc. XXVI Holdings Inc. and Alphabet Inc. are not real parties-in-interest
`
`to this proceeding.
`
`1
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`• Scramoge Technology Limited v. Belkin International, Inc., No. 2-21-
`
`cv-08035 (CDCA Oct. 8, 2021);
`
`• Scramoge Technology Limited v. Anker Innovations Limited et al., No.
`
`5-21-cv-01712 (CDCA Oct. 8, 2021);
`
`• Scramoge Technology Limited v. Mophie, Inc., No. 2-21-cv-08004
`
`(CDCA Oct. 7, 2021); and
`
`• Scramoge Technology Ltd. v. Mophie, Inc., No. 8-21-cv-01673 (CDCA
`
`Oct. 7, 2021).
`
`Claims 1-22 and 28 of the ’537 Patent are challenged by Fantasia Trading
`
`LLC d/b/a Ankerdirect in IPR No. 2022-00499 (“Anker-537 IPR”), filed on
`
`February 1, 2022. Apple Inc. filed IPR2022-00573 on February 10, 2022, which
`
`substantially copied and is accompanied by a motion to join the Anker-537 IPR.
`
`Counsel and Service Information: Lead counsel: Naveen Modi (Reg. No.
`
`46,224), and Backup counsel are (1) Joseph E. Palys (Reg. No. 46,508), (2) Phillip
`
`Citroën (Reg. No. 66,541), (3) Paul M. Anderson (Reg. No. 39,896), (4) Quadeer A.
`
`Ahmed (Reg. No. 60,835), Paul Hastings LLP, 2050 M St., N.W. Washington, DC
`
`20036 (Telephone: (202) 551-1990; Fax: (202) 551-1705; Email: PH-Google-
`
`Scramoge-IPR@paulhastings.com), (5) John Kappos (Reg. No. 37,861), O’Melveny
`
`& Myers LLP, 610 Newport Center Dr., 17th Floor, Newport Beach, CA 92660.
`
`(Telephone: 949-823-6900; Fax: 949-823-6994; Email: jkappos@omm.com), (6)
`
`2
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`Benjamin Haber (Reg. No. 67,129) O’Melveny & Myers LLP, 400 S. Hope Street,
`
`Los Angeles, CA 90071. (Telephone: 213-430-6000; Fax: 213-430-6407; Email:
`
`bhaber@omm.com), and (7) James Y. Li (Reg. No. 73,052), O’Melveny & Myers
`
`LLP, Time Square Tower, 7 Time Square, New York, New York 10036 (Telephone:
`
`212-326-2000; Fax: 212-326-2061; Email: jli@omm.com). Petitioner consents to
`
`electronic service by email to PH-Google-Scramoge-IPR@paulhastings.com and
`
`scramogesamsungomm@omm.com.
`
`III. FEE AUTHORIZATION
`The PTO is authorized to charge any fees due during this proceeding to
`
`Deposit Account No. 50-2613.
`
`IV. GROUNDS FOR STANDING
`Petitioner certifies that the ’537 Patent is available for review, and Petitioner
`
`is not barred/estopped from requesting review on the grounds herein.
`
`V.
`
`PRECISE RELIEF REQUESTED
`Petitioner requests review and cancellation of Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28
`
`as unpatentable based on the following grounds, supported by a declaration from Dr.
`
`Gary Woods, an expert in the field of the ’537 Patent. Ex-1002, ¶¶7-15, 46-49; Ex-
`
`1003:
`
`•
`
`Ground 1: Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28 are anticipated by U.S.
`
`3
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`Patent No. 8,729,734 to Cook et al. (“Cook”) (Ex-1005).3
`
`•
`
`Ground 2: Claims 5 and 16 are rendered obvious by Cook in view of
`
`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0130916 to Baarman (“Baarman”)
`
`(Ex-1008).
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Ground 3: Claims 1-5, 9, 10, and 28 are anticipated by Baarman.
`
`Ground 4: Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28 are rendered obvious by
`
`Baarman in view of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0182367 to
`
`Partovi (“Partovi”) (Ex-1009).
`
`For purposes of this proceeding only, Petitioner assumes the earliest date to
`
`which the ’537 Patent is entitled to priority is November 14, 2008, and thus applies
`
`pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102. Ex. 1001, Ex. 1004.
`
`Baarman published July 8, 2004 (Ex-1008, Cover), and Partovi published
`
`August 9, 2007 (Ex-1009, Cover). Thus, Baarman and Partovi qualify as prior art
`
`under at least pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. §102(b).
`
`Cook issued from an application filed on February 29, 2008 (Ex-1005, Cover),
`
`and qualities as prior art at least as of its filing date under at least pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.
`
`
`3 Any other references discussed herein are provided to show the state of the art at
`
`the time of the alleged invention. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp. v. Intellectual Ventures
`
`II, LLC, IPR2015-00089, Paper No. 44 at 15 (Apr. 25, 2016).
`
`4
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`102(e).
`
`VI. THE CHALLENGED PATENT
`The ’537 Patent is directed to transferring power between an electronically
`
`isolated base unit 102 and a target unit 103 through inductive elements on the base
`
`unit 112 and target unit 120. Ex-1001, 3:22-27. A DC voltage supply 104 is
`
`connected to a switching network 114 for directing alternating current to the first
`
`inductive element. Id., 3:39-44; FIG. 1; Ex-1002, ¶¶50-58.
`
`
`
`Id., FIG. 1. A control unit (CTRL) can be configured to monitor the power
`
`transferred to the second inductive element (120) by monitoring voltage across a
`
`load (106) in the base unit. Id., 5:18-30. The claims of the ’537 Patent are directed
`
`to the power transfer system, and automatically adjusting the frequency or duty cycle
`
`5
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`of the current through the first inductive element to allegedly maximize power
`
`transfer efficiency.
`
`As discussed below, the ’537 Patent’s alleged invention was well known in
`
`the art. Ex-1002, ¶¶67-238.
`
`VII. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`One of ordinary skill in the art at the relevant time (“POSITA”) would have
`
`had a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, computer engineering, applied
`
`physics, or a related field, and at least one year of experience in the research, design,
`
`development, and/or testing of wireless charging systems, or the equivalent, with
`
`additional education substituting for experience and vice versa. Ex-1002, ¶¶46-48.
`
`VIII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`Except where otherwise noted herein, Petitioner interprets the claims of the
`
`’537 Patent according to the Phillips claim construction standard.4 37 C.F.R. §
`
`42.100(b); Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Ex-1002, ¶65.
`
`In particular, without waiving any positions it may present in district court,
`
`Petitioner’s analysis of certain limitations (i.e., claim elements 1[c], 12[d], 28[c] and
`
`claims 4 and 15) is based on PO’s assertions in district court. See 10X Genomics,
`
`
`4 Petitioner reserves all rights to raise claim construction and other arguments,
`
`including arguments under 35 U.S.C. § 112.
`
`6
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`Inc. v. Bio-Rad Labs., Inc., IPR2020-00086, Paper 8 at 21-22 (PTAB Apr. 27, 2020)
`
`(permitting petitioner to base its challenge “on claim constructions implied by Patent
`
`Owner’s district court infringement contentions without expressing subjective
`
`agreement with those constructions”); W. Digital Corp. v. SPEX Techs., Inc.,
`
`IPR2018-00084, Paper 14 at 11 (PTAB Apr. 25, 2018).
`
`IX. DETAILED EXPLANATION OF GROUNDS
`A. Ground 1: Claims 1-5, 9-16, 20-22, and 28 Are Anticipated By Cook
`(Ex-1005)
`Claim 1
`1.
`Element 1[pre]: A method for inductively transferring
`a.
`power from a base unit providing input power, to a
`target unit providing output power, where the base
`unit and the target unit are electrically isolated,
`comprising:
`Cook discloses the preamble of claim 1 (to the extent limiting). Ex-1002,
`
`¶¶94-99. Cook discloses an inductive power transfer system comprising a transmit
`
`subsystem (i.e., base unit) containing a multi-turn loop (i.e., first inductive element)
`
`configured to wirelessly send input power to the multi-turn loop (i.e., second
`
`inductive element) of a receive subsystem (i.e., target unit) that provides output
`
`power. By disclosing how the transmit and receive subsystems operate, Cook
`
`discloses a “method for inductively transferring power,” as recited in claim 1. Ex-
`
`1002, ¶94. The transmit and receive subsystems are electrically isolated because they
`
`are separated by a solid object.
`
`7
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`Cook is directed to a “wireless power bridge that allows directing power
`
`wirelessly through a solid blocking element, e.g., a solid wall or a closed window.”
`
`Ex-1005, 1:29-31. As shown in Figure 3 below, “power is wirelessly transmitted
`
`through a first tuned antenna [TX Antenna], to a second tuned antenna [RX
`
`Antenna],” wherein “[t]he second antenna is capable of being separated from the
`
`first antenna by a solid object.”
`
`
`
`Id., 1:32-37, FIG 3A and 3B; Ex-1002, ¶95.
`
`Cook’s transmit subsystem (i.e., base unit) is illustrated in Figure 4 below.
`
`Ex-1005, 3:50-51. Power from an AC power source is first converted to a DC voltage
`
`via a rectifier 400, and then the half bridge inverter 415 uses that DC voltage to
`
`generate an alternating current that is sent through a multi-turn loop (i.e., first
`
`inductive element) of the transmit antenna:
`
`8
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`
`
`Id., 3:50-67 (“FIG. 4 illustrates the transmit subsystem including the transmit power
`
`converter unit 101. AC power 99 is input to a rectifier and filter 400 which generates
`
`a DC voltage….[T]he half bridge inverter 415 may be directly supplied from the
`
`rectifier and filter 400.”), 4:37-44, 5:40-42 (“The transmit antenna itself may include
`
`a single or multi-turn loop.”), FIG 4 (annotated); Ex-1002, ¶96.
`
`Cook’s receive subsystem (i.e., target unit) is illustrated in Figure 5 below.
`
`Ex-1005, 3:50-51. The receive antenna includes a multi-turn loop 502 (i.e., second
`
`inductive element) and is connected to various circuit elements to provide “output
`
`power” to a load connected to the receive subsystem:
`
`9
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`
`
`Id., 6:10-48 (“The receive subsystem is shown in detail in FIG. 5….The output from
`
`the receiving antenna unit” is used to satisfy “the requirements of the external load
`
`connected to the receive subsystem”), 2:51-56 (“The receiving antenna 120 is
`
`preferably also a flat-panel unit that uses an inductive loop, e.g. a single or multiple
`
`turn inductor.”), FIG 5 (annotated); Ex-1002, ¶97.
`
`Input power is “wirelessly sent via magnetic field coupling” from the transmit
`
`antenna of the transmit subsystem (i.e., first inductive element on the base unit) to
`
`the receive antenna of the receive subsystem (i.e., second inductive element on the
`
`target unit). Ex-1005, 1:66-2:3. The receive subsystem provides output power to any
`
`“device that operates from stored energy, including a computer or peripheral,
`
`communicator, automobile, or any other device.” Id., 7:32-34. The transmit and
`
`10
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`receive subsystems are electrically isolated because they are separated by a solid
`
`object and not connected by any electric components. Ex-1002, ¶¶98-99.
`
`b.
`
`Element 1[a]: positioning a second inductive element of
`said target unit within a predetermined distance of a
`first inductive element of said base unit;
`Cook discloses element 1[a]. Ex-1002, ¶¶100-107. Cook discloses suspension
`
`handles on the transmit and receive antennas to position the receive antenna
`
`containing multi-turn loop 502 (i.e., second inductive element) at a predetermined
`
`orientation and distance relative to the transmit antenna containing multi-turn loop
`
`442 (i.e., first inductive element). Id., ¶100.
`
`In Cook, the inductive elements (multi-turn loops) of the transmit unit (i.e.,
`
`base unit) and receive unit (i.e., target unit) are located in the transmit antenna and
`
`receive antenna, respectively. Ex-1005, 1:66-2:3, 2:51-56. In Figures 3A and 3B,
`
`Cook discloses positioning the receive antenna across a wall or window from the
`
`transmit antenna:
`
`11
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`
`
`Id., FIG 3A and 3B; Ex-1002, ¶101.
`
`Cook further discloses the use of suspension handles to permit recurrent
`
`positioning of the receive antenna (and its multi-turn loop 502) at a predetermined
`
`orientation and distance relative to the multi-turn loop of the transmit antenna:
`
`12
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`
`
`Id., 6:4-9 (“The transmit and the receiving antenna unit may both provide special
`
`fixtures that simplify its mounting….Suspension handles shown as 621 may be
`
`provided for…temporary but recurrent mounting, e.g., on an item that may remain
`
`in place most of the time.”), FIG 6 (annotated); Ex-1002, ¶102.
`
`For each wall or window in Figure 3A and 3B, the transmit and receive
`
`antennas (and their respective inductive elements) would be separated by a distance
`
`based on the width of that wall or window (i.e., at and within a predetermined
`
`distance). Id., ¶103. Further, figures 3A and 3B show that the transmit and receive
`
`13
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`antennas are “coaxially aligned” (i.e., at a predetermined orientation). Ex-1005,
`
`3:15-19. Cook further discloses other positioning structures for aligning transmit and
`
`receive antennas in such a parallel orientation. Id., 3:41-45 (“Another embodiment
`
`can use a numerical display or an analogue indicator dial with an electronically
`
`displayed bar or with a mechanical needle and relative numbers. The bar or the
`
`needle moves, for example, to show that the antennas are coaxially aligned.”); Ex-
`
`1002, ¶¶103-104.
`
`In the alternative, Cook discloses positioning the inductive element of the
`
`receive subsystem (i.e., second inductive element of the target unit) within a
`
`predetermined distance of the inductive element of the transmit subsystem (i.e., first
`
`inductive element of the base unit) based on the characteristics of those subsystems.
`
`Id., ¶¶105-107. When no receive subsystem is detected, the transmit subsystem
`
`automatically “enters a stand-by mode where it operates at a reduced power level or
`
`with intermittent transmission just sufficient to detect presence of a receiver.” Ex-
`
`1005, 5:24-30. The transmit subsystem detects the presence of a receiver “through
`
`stimulating and sensing the characteristics of a receiver and its behavioral pattern.”
`
`Id. Only when a receive subsystem is placed within a sufficiently close distance of
`
`the transmit subsystem does the transmit subsystem sense the receive subsystem.
`
`That distance is within a predetermined distance determined by the coupling factor
`
`14
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`between the transmit and receive subsystems. Ex-1002, ¶106. This is an alternative
`
`means by which Cook discloses elements 1[a].
`
`c.
`
`Element 1[b]: applying a time varying electric current
`to said first inductive element to produce a time
`varying magnetic field, said time varying magnetic
`field induces an electric current in said second
`inductive element;
`Cook discloses element 1[b]. Ex-1002, ¶¶108-113. Cook discloses an inverter
`
`for selectively applying an alternating (i.e., time varying) current through the
`
`inductive element of the transmit antenna (i.e., first inductive element) to produce a
`
`time varying magnetic field. The coupling of that magnetic field with the inductive
`
`element of the receive antenna (i.e., second inductive element) induces an electric
`
`current in the receive antenna. Ex-1002, ¶108.
`
`As shown in Figure 4 below, power from an AC power source is first
`
`converted to a DC voltage via a rectifier 400, and then the half bridge inverter 415
`
`uses that DC voltage to generate an alternating current (AC) that is sent through a
`
`multi-turn loop (i.e., first inductive element) of the transmit antenna:
`
`15
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`
`
`
`Ex-1005, 3:50-67 (“FIG. 4 illustrates the transmit subsystem including the transmit
`
`power converter unit 101. AC power 99 is input to a rectifier and filter 400 which
`
`generates a DC voltage….[T]he half bridge inverter 415 may be directly supplied
`
`from the rectifier and filter 400.”), FIG 4 (annotated); Ex-1002, ¶109. A frequency
`
`generation and control subunit 430 “generates frequency and switching waveforms
`
`to drive…the half bridge inverter” (id., 5:11-13), which uses “two electronic power
`
`switches, for example FETs or transistors in a push pull configuration” (id., 4:37-
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`46). A POSITA would have recognized that by switching two electronic switches,
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`the half bridge inverter disclosed in Cook converts DC voltage to an AC current
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`through the first inductive element. Ex-1012, 1:20-50; Ex-1002, ¶109. A POSITA
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`would have further recognized that an alternating current is time varying because the
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`direction of current varies with time. Id., ¶110.
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`16
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`Power is “wirelessly sent via magnetic field coupling” of the transmit antenna
`
`to the receive antenna. Ex-1005, 1:66-2:3. Such coupling creates alternating current
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`(which in turn produces an AC voltage) in the inductive element of the receive
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`antenna. Id., 6:10-32 (“rectifier 540 rectifies and filters the AC voltage as received
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`by receive antenna unit 120”); Ex-1002, ¶111.
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`While Cook does not expressly use the words “time varying magnetic field,”
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`a POSITA would have recognized that the time varying current through the first
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`inductive element of Cook’s inductive power transfer system (Ex-1005, 1:66-2:3)
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`generates a time varying magnetic field. Ex-1006, 10:10-11 (“current flowing in the
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`forward and reverse directions generates a time-varying magnetic flux in the primary
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`coil L1”); Ex-1002, ¶112.5
`
`d.
`
`Element 1[c]: monitoring at least one parameter
`indicative of an efficiency of power transfer from said
`base unit to said target unit;
`Cook discloses element 1[c] in a manner consistent with PO’s assertions in
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`district court.6 Ex-1002, ¶¶114-117. Cook discloses a frequency generation and
`
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`5 Ex. 1006 is a certified translation of Ex. 1007.
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`6 In district court, PO’s infringement allegations contend that the transmit antenna
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`current (e.g., current in the first inductive element) is a parameter indicative of power
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`transfer efficiency. Ex-1015, 5, 56; Ex-1016, 10, 45, 74.
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`17
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`control subunit 430 (i.e., control circuit) for monitoring the transmit antenna current,
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`which, consistent with PO’s assertions, is a parameter indicative of an efficiency of
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`power transfer from the transmit subsystem (i.e., base unit) to receive subsystem
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`(i.e., target unit). Id., ¶114.
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`As shown in Figure 4 below, the transmit subsystem contains a frequency
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`generation and control subunit 430 that “monitor[s] the transmit antenna current
`
`using the current sensed by the current sensing element 425”:
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`
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`Ex-1005, 5:13-15, FIG 4 (annotated); Ex-1002, ¶115.
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`The output of current sensor 425 “may represent both magnitude and phase of
`
`the antenna current,” which “may be needed for power and efficiency control.” Ex-
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`1005, 4:15-32. The monitored current (i.e., at least one parameter) is indicative of
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`efficiency, at least because Cook teaches that the magnitude and phase of that current
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`18
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`is specifically used for efficiency control. Id.; Ex-1002, ¶116. Cook further teaches,
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`for example, that this parameter is indicative of whether the transmit antenna is
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`operating at a resonance frequency for optimal power transfer. Ex-1005, 4:29-33
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`(“The antenna current measurement output…can be used by [control unit 430] to
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`optimally adjust resonance frequency of the transmitting antenna.”); Ex-1002, ¶116.
`
`e.
`
`Element 1[d]: automatically adjusting at least one
`characteristic of said time varying electric current
`responsive to said parameter to maximize an efficiency
`of power transfer from said base unit to said target
`unit.
`Cook discloses element 1[d]. Ex-1002, ¶¶118-121. Cook discloses that
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`control subunit 430 automatically adjusts the duty cycle and/or frequency of the
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`transmit antenna current (i.e., each being “at least one characteristic of the time
`
`varying electric current”) in response to the monitored current (i.e., said parameter)7
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`to maximize an efficiency of power transfer. Id., ¶118.
`
`
`7 Element 1[c] recites “at least one parameter.” For purposes of this proceeding, “said
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`parameter” is assumed to refer to any parameter encompassed by the language of
`
`claim 1. Petitioner, however, does not concede that claim 1 is not indefinite.
`
`Petitioner also does not concede that claims 4, 12, 15, and 28, which also recite “said
`
`parameter,” are not indefinite.
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`19
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`As discussed for element 1[c], the frequency generation and control subunit
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`430 monitors the “transmit antenna current using the current sensed by the current
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`sensing element 425,” where the monitored current is indicative of the efficiency of
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`wireless power transfer. Id., ¶119; supra Section IX.A.1(d).
`
`
`
`Ex-1005, 5:13-15, FIG 4 (annotated); Ex-1002, ¶119.
`
`Frequency generation and control subunit 430 “also generates frequency and
`
`switching waveforms to drive the…half bridge inverter.” Ex-1005, 5:11-13, 4:47-50
`
`(“frequency generation and control subunit 430 may modify…the duty cycle/pulse
`
`width of the switching waveform for the inverter 415”). By controlling the duty cycle
`
`of the antenna current (i.e., at least one characteristic of the time varying electric
`
`current), frequency generation and control subunit 430 “converge[s] at maximum
`
`transfer efficiency for any coupling” of transmit and receive subsystems. Id., 5:16-
`
`20
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`

`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`23 (“frequency generation and control unit 430 can be a processor or microcontroller
`
`executing an appropriate algorithm also using prestored data (lookup table). The
`
`lookup table may be created by using a defined calibration routine. This algorithm
`
`is designed in such a way to converge at maximum transfer efficiency for any
`
`coupling factor.”); Ex-1002, ¶120.8
`
`Cook also discloses adjusting the frequency of the transmit antenna current.
`
`Id., ¶121. For example, Cook discloses that “frequency generation and control
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`subunit 430 provides the driving switching waveform…and thereby sets the
`
`operating frequency used for wireless power transfer as well as the antenna current.”
`
`Ex-1005, 4:41-46. Cook discloses that “[t]his switching waveform may be adjusted,
`
`for example, based on the sensed characteristics of the receive subsystem and its
`
`behavioral pattern.” Id. In particular, frequency generation and control subunit 430
`
`can adjust the transmission frequency to match resonance frequency of the transmit
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`and receive antennas. Id., 4:62-5:10; Ex-1002, ¶121. Though Cook discloses that
`
`this option is less preferred, it is expressly taught as one of two options. See Allergan,
`
`Inc. v. Apotex Inc., 754 F.3d 952, 959 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“[W]here a disclosure was
`
`written to provide an optional ingredient, structure, or step, we have held that the
`
`
`8 The ’537 Patent similarly discloses a “lookup table” for adjusting duty cycle to
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`allegedly achieve maximum power transfer efficiency. Ex-1001, 8:9-13.
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`21
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`U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537
`Petition for Inter Partes Review
`optional component still anticipates,” and “[i]ndeed, even if the reference discloses
`
`the option within the context of a reference that ‘disparages’ or ‘teaches away,’ we
`
`do not consider those issues in the context of an anticipation analysis.”).
`
`2.
`
`Claim 2
`The method according to claim 1, wherein said
`a.
`characteristic comprises at least one of