0 X F O R D
`PAPERBACK REF ERE NCE
`
`THIRD E DI TIO N
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`FRESENIUS EXHIBIT 1028
`Page 1 of 4
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`Oxfo,d Uniu,,rity Prn,, Wo/10,, St,nt, O,ifo,d ou 6DP
`O,ifo,d N..., York
`Athens Auckland Bo,rgkok Bombay
`Calcutta Cupe Toum Dor,, SallJlml o,thi
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`Mexi'co City Nt1.irobi Poris Shr1aport
`Taipei Toltyo Tor!Nlto
`and onodolt'd co11tj>OHid1 in
`Btrlin lbnd<m
`
`Oxjo,d is o lr'!dt ,narlt of Oxford Um't.-v-1ity Prto
`
`O Market fl ou,e Book, Ltd. 1985, 199(), 1996
`
`Pi,st publi1lt1d /985 tu A ConciK Dictionary of C hemistry
`S6t<Jffd t((ition J 990
`Tltird ediU011 I 996
`
`Alf righu rn1rved. No ptlrt of 1hi1 pubUcotion 11ray 1H reprod1u;ed,
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`FRESENIUS EXHIBIT 1028
`Page 2 of 4
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`buckyball
`
`80
`
`Buckminsterfullerene
`to produce forms of car~n in which the atoms are linked in a cylindrical,
`rather than spherical, framework with a diameter of a few nanometres.
`They are known as buckytubes (or nanotubes).
`buckyball See buckminsterfullerene.
`buckytube See buckminsterfullerene.
`buffer A solution that resists change in pH when an acid or alkali is
`added or when the solution is diluted. Acidic buffers consist of a weak acid
`with a salt of the acid. The salt provides the negative ion A-, which is the
`conjugate base of the acid HA. An example is carbonic acid and sodium
`hydrogencarbonate. Basic buffers have a weak base and a salt.of the base
`(to provide the conjugate acid). An example is ammonia solution with
`ammonium chloride.
`In an acidic buffer, for example, molecules HA and ions K are present.
`When acid is added most of the extra protons are removed by the base:
`A- + H• ➔ HA
`When base is added, most of the extra hydroxide ions are removed by
`reaction with undissociated acid:
`OW + HA ➔ K + Hz()
`Thus, the addition of acid or base changes the pH very little. The hydrogen(cid:173)
`ion concentration in a buffer is given by t_he expression
`K, = IH41 = Wl/[HAI
`i.e. it depends on the ratio of conjugate base to acid. As this is not altered
`by dilution, the hydrogen-ion concentration for a buffer does not change
`much during dilution.
`In the laboratory. buffers are used to prepare solutions of known stable
`pH. Natural buffers occur in living organisms, where the biochemical
`reactions are very sensitive to change in pH. The main natural buffers are
`H2CO:JH~- and H2P04-/HPOi-. Buffer solutions are also used in medicine
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`FRESENIUS EXHIBIT 1028
`Page 3 of 4
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`81
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`butano.ic acid
`
`(e.g. in intravenous injections). in agriculture, and in many industrial
`processes (e.g. dyeing. fermentation processes. and the food industry).
`bumping Violent boiling of a liquid caused by superheating so that
`bubbles form at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. It can be ·
`prevented by putting pieces of porous pot in the liquid to enable bubbles
`of vapour to form at th-e normal boiling point.
`Bunsen bumer A laboratory gas burner having a vertical metal tube into
`which the gas is led, with a hole in the side of the base of the tube to
`admit air. The amount of air can be regulated by a sleeve on t he tube.
`When no air is admitted t he flame is luminous and smoky. With air, it has
`a faintly visible hot outer part (the oxidizing part) and an inner blue cone
`where combustion is incomplete (the cooler reducing part of the flame).
`The device is named after the. German chemist Robert Bunsen (1811-99),
`who used a si milar device (without a regulating sleeve) in 1855.
`Bunsen cell A *primary cell col)sisting of a zinc cathode immersed in
`dilute sulphuric acid and a c-c1rbon anode immersed in concent rated nitric
`acid. The electrolytes are separated by a porous pot. The cell gives an e.m.f.
`of about 1.9 volts.
`·
`burette A graduated glass tube with a tap at one end leading to a fine
`outlet tube, used for delivering known volumes of a liquid (e.g. in
`titration).
`buta-1,3-dlene (butadiene) A colourless gaseous hydrocarbon,
`CH2:CHCH:CH2; m.p. - 109°C; b.p. - 4.5°C. It is made by catalytic
`dehydrogenat ion of butane (from petroleum or natural gas) and
`polymerized in t he prod uction of synthetic rubbers. The compound is a
`conjugated *diene in which the electrons in the pi orbitals are partially
`delocalized over the whole molecule. It can have trans and cis forms, the
`latter taking part in *Diels·-Alder reactions.
`butanal (butyraldehyde) A colourless flammable liquid aldehyde, C3H:,CHO;
`r.d. 0.8; m.p. -99°C; b.p. 75.7°C.
`butane A gaseous hydr ocar bon, C4H10; d. 0.58 gcm-3; m.p. -138°C; b.p. o•c.
`Butane is obtained from petroleum (from refinery gas or by cracking
`higher hydrocarbons). The fourth member of the *alkane series, it has a
`straight chain of carbon atoms and is isomeric with 2-rnethylpropane
`(CH3CH(CH3)CH3, formerly called isobµtane). It can easily be liquefied .under
`pressure and is supplied in cylinders for use as a fuel gas. It is also a raw
`material for making buta-1.3-diene (for synthetic rubber).
`butanedlolc acid (sucdnic 'lcid) A colourless crystalline fatty acid,
`(CH2h(COOH)i; r.d. 1.6; m.p. 185°C; b.p. 235°C. A weak carboxylic acid, it is
`produced by fermentation of sugar or ammonium tartrate and used as.a
`sequestrant and in making dyes. It occurs in living organisms as an
`intermediate in metabolism, especially in the *Krebs cycle.
`butanolc acid (butyrlc acid) A colourless liquid water-soluble add,
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`FRESENIUS EXHIBIT 1028
`Page 4 of 4
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