RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification,
`Second Edition
`Klaus Finkenzeller
`Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
`ISBN: 0-470-84402-7
`
`RFID
`Handbook
`Second Edition
`
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`

`RFID
`Handbook
`
`Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart
`Cards and Identification
`
`Second Edition
`
`Klaus Finkenzeller
`Giesecke&DevrientGmbH,Munich,Germany
`
`Translated by
`Rachel Waddington
`MemberoftheInstituteofTranslationandInterpreting
`
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`First published under the title RFID-Handbuch, 2 Auflage by Carl Hanser Verlag
` Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG, 1999 All rights reserved
`Authorized translation from the 2nd edition in the original German language
`published by Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG
`Copyright  2003
`
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
`Telephone (+44) 1243 779777
`Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
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`the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West
`Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571.
`This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject
`matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
`services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
`professional should be sought.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
`
`John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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`Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA
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`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
`in print may not be available in electronic books.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Finkenzeller, Klaus.
`[RFID Handbuch. English]
`RFID handbook : fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and
`identifcation/Klaus Finkenzeller; translated by Rachel Waddington. — 2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-470-84402-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Inventory control — Automation. 2. Radio frequency identification systems. 3. Smart.
`cards.
`I. Title.
`
`TS160.F5513 2003
`(cid:1)
`87 — dc21
`658.7
`
`2002192439
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0-470-84402-7
`
`Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
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`Contents
`
`PREFACE
`LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
`
`1 Introduction
`1.1 Automatic Identification Systems
`1.1.1 Barcode systems
`1.1.2 Optical character recognition
`1.1.3 Biometric procedures
`1.1.3.1 Voice identification
`1.1.3.2 Fingerprinting procedures (dactyloscopy)
`1.1.4 Smart cards
`1.1.4.1 Memory cards
`1.1.4.2 Microprocessor cards
`1.1.5 RFID systems
`1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems
`1.3 Components of an RFID System
`
`2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems
`2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features
`2.2 Transponder Construction Formats
`2.2.1 Disks and coins
`2.2.2 Glass housing
`Plastic housing
`2.2.3
`Tool and gas bottle identification
`2.2.4
`2.2.5 Keys and key fobs
`2.2.6 Clocks
`ID-1 format, contactless smart cards
`2.2.7
`2.2.8 Smart label
`2.2.9 Coil-on-chip
`2.2.10 Other formats
`2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling
`2.4 Information Processing in the Transponder
`Low-end systems
`2.4.1
`2.4.2 Mid-range systems
`2.4.3 High-end systems
`2.5 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems
`2.5.1 Operating frequency
`2.5.2 Range
`
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`CONTENTS
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`2.5.3 Security requirements
`2.5.4 Memory capacity
`
`3 Fundamental Operating Principles
`3.1 1-Bit Transponder
`3.1.1 Radio frequency
`3.1.2 Microwaves
`Frequency divider
`3.1.3
`3.1.4 Electromagnetic types
`3.1.5 Acoustomagnetic
`3.2 Full and Half Duplex Procedure
`Inductive coupling
`3.2.1
`3.2.1.1 Power supply to passive transponders
`3.2.1.2 Data transfer transponder → reader
`3.2.2 Electromagnetic backscatter coupling
`3.2.2.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.2.2.2 Data transmission → reader
`3.2.3 Close coupling
`3.2.3.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.2.3.2 Data transfer transponder → reader
`3.2.4 Electrical coupling
`3.2.4.1 Power supply of passive transponders
`3.2.4.2 Data transfer transponder → reader
`3.2.5 Data transfer reader → transponder
`3.3 Sequential Procedures
`Inductive coupling
`3.3.1
`3.3.1.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.3.1.2 A comparison between FDX/HDX and SEQ systems
`3.3.1.3 Data transmission transponder → reader
`3.3.2 Surface acoustic wave transponder
`
`4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems
`4.1 Magnetic Field
`4.1.1 Magnetic field strength H
`4.1.1.1 Path of field strength H (x) in conductor loops
`4.1.1.2 Optimal antenna diameter
`4.1.2 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
`Inductance L
`4.1.3
`4.1.3.1 Inductance of a conductor loop
`4.1.4 Mutual inductance M
`4.1.5 Coupling coefficient k
`Faraday’s law
`4.1.6
`4.1.7 Resonance
`Practical operation of the transponder
`4.1.8
`4.1.8.1 Power supply to the transponder
`4.1.8.2 Voltage regulation
`
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`4.1.9
`
`Interrogation field strength Hmin
`Energy range of transponder systems
`4.1.9.1
`Interrogation zone of readers
`4.1.9.2
`4.1.10 Total transponder — reader system
`4.1.10.1 Transformed transponder impedance Z’T
`4.1.10.2 Influencing variables of Z’T
`4.1.10.3 Load modulation
`4.1.11 Measurement of system parameters
`4.1.11.1 Measuring the coupling coefficient k
`4.1.11.2 Measuring the transponder resonant frequency
`4.1.12 Magnetic materials
`4.1.12.1 Properties of magnetic materials and ferrite
`4.1.12.2 Ferrite antennas in LF transponders
`4.1.12.3 Ferrite shielding in a metallic environment
`4.1.12.4 Fitting transponders in metal
`4.2 Electromagnetic Waves
`The generation of electromagnetic waves
`4.2.1
`Transition from near field to far field in conductor loops
`4.2.1.1
`Radiation density S
`Characteristic wave impedance and field strength E
`Polarisation of electromagnetic waves
`Reflection of electromagnetic waves
`4.2.4.1
`Antennas
`4.2.5.1 Gain and directional effect
`EIRP and ERP
`4.2.5.2
`Input impedance
`4.2.5.3
`Effective aperture and scatter aperture
`4.2.5.4
`Effective length
`4.2.5.5
`Dipole antennas
`4.2.5.6
`Yagi–Uda antenna
`4.2.5.7
`Patch or microstrip antenna
`4.2.5.8
`Slot antennas
`4.2.5.9
`Practical operation of microwave transponders
`Equivalent circuits of the transponder
`4.2.6.1
`Power supply of passive transponders
`4.2.6.2
`Power supply of active transponders
`4.2.6.3
`Reflection and cancellation
`4.2.6.4
`Sensitivity of the transponder
`4.2.6.5
`4.2.6.6 Modulated backscatter
`Read range
`4.2.6.7
`4.3 Surface Waves
`The creation of a surface wave
`4.3.1
`Reflection of a surface wave
`4.3.2
`Functional diagram of SAW transponders (Figure 4.95)
`4.3.3
`The sensor effect
`4.3.4
`Reflective delay lines
`4.3.4.1
`Resonant sensors
`4.3.4.2
`
`4.2.2
`4.2.3
`4.2.4
`
`4.2.5
`
`4.2.6
`
`vii
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`viii
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`CONTENTS
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`Impedance sensors
`4.3.4.3
`Switched sensors
`
`4.3.5
`
`5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations
`5.1 Frequency Ranges Used
`Frequency range 9–135 kHz
`5.1.1
`Frequency range 6.78 MHz
`5.1.2
`Frequency range 13.56 MHz
`5.1.3
`Frequency range 27.125 MHz
`5.1.4
`Frequency range 40.680 MHz
`5.1.5
`Frequency range 433.920 MHz
`5.1.6
`Frequency range 869.0 MHz
`5.1.7
`Frequency range 915.0 MHz
`5.1.8
`Frequency range 2.45 GHz
`5.1.9
`5.1.10 Frequency range 5.8 GHz
`5.1.11 Frequency range 24.125 GHz
`5.1.12 Selection of a suitable frequency for inductively coupled RFID systems
`5.2 European Licensing Regulations
`CEPT/ERC REC 70-03
`5.2.1
`Annex 1: Non-specific short range devices
`5.2.1.1
`Annex 4: Railway applications
`5.2.1.2
`Annex 5: Road transport and traffic telematics
`5.2.1.3
`Annex 9: Inductive applications
`5.2.1.4
`Annex 11: RFID applications
`5.2.1.5
`Frequency range 868 MHz
`5.2.1.6
`EN 300 330: 9 kHz–25 MHz
`Carrier power — limit values for H field transmitters
`5.2.2.1
`Spurious emissions
`5.2.2.2
`EN 300 220-1, EN 300 220-2
`5.2.3
`EN 300 440
`5.2.4
`5.3 National Licensing Regulations in Europe
`5.3.1 Germany
`5.4 National Licensing Regulations
`USA
`5.4.1
`Future development: USA–Japan–Europe
`5.4.2
`
`5.2.2
`
`6 Coding and Modulation
`6.1 Coding in the Baseband
`6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures
`Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
`6.2.1
`2 FSK
`6.2.2
`2 PSK
`6.2.3
`6.2.4 Modulation procedures with subcarrier
`
`7 Data Integrity
`7.1 The Checksum Procedure
`
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`CONTENTS
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`Parity checking
`7.1.1
`LRC procedure
`7.1.2
`CRC procedure
`7.1.3
`7.2 Multi-Access Procedures — Anticollision
`Space division multiple access (SDMA)
`7.2.1
`Frequency domain multiple access (FDMA)
`7.2.2
`Time domain multiple access (TDMA)
`7.2.3
`Examples of anticollision procedures
`7.2.4
`ALOHA procedure
`7.2.4.1
`Slotted ALOHA procedure
`7.2.4.2
`Binary search algorithm
`7.2.4.3
`
`8 Data Security
`8.1 Mutual Symmetrical Authentication
`8.2 Authentication Using Derived Keys
`8.3 Encrypted Data Transfer
`Stream cipher
`8.3.1
`
`9.1.3
`
`9.2.2
`
`9 Standardisation
`9.1 Animal Identification
`ISO 11784 — Code structure
`9.1.1
`ISO 11785 — Technical concept
`9.1.2
`Requirements
`9.1.2.1
`Full/half duplex system
`9.1.2.2
`Sequential system
`9.1.2.3
`ISO 14223 — Advanced transponders
`Part 1 — Air interface
`9.1.3.1
`Part 2 — Code and command structure
`9.1.3.2
`9.2 Contactless Smart Cards
`ISO 10536 — Close coupling smart cards
`9.2.1
`Part 1 — Physical characteristics
`9.2.1.1
`Part 2 — Dimensions and locations of coupling areas
`9.2.1.2
`Part 3 — Electronic signals and reset procedures
`9.2.1.3
`Part 4 — Answer to reset and transmission protocols
`9.2.1.4
`ISO 14443 — Proximity coupling smart cards
`Part 1 — Physical characteristics
`9.2.2.1
`Part 2 — Radio frequency interference
`9.2.2.2
`Part 3 — Initialisation and anticollision
`9.2.2.3
`Part 4 — Transmission protocols
`9.2.2.4
`ISO 15693 — Vicinity coupling smart cards
`Part 1 — Physical characteristics
`9.2.3.1
`Part 2 — Air interface and initialisation
`9.2.3.2
`ISO 10373 — Test methods for smart cards
`Part 4: Test procedures for close coupling smart cards
`9.2.4.1
`Part 6: Test procedures for proximity coupling smart cards
`9.2.4.2
`Part 7: Test procedure for vicinity coupling smart cards
`9.2.4.3
`
`9.2.3
`
`9.2.4
`
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`CONTENTS
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`9.3 ISO 69873 — Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices
`9.4 ISO 10374 — Container Identification
`9.5 VDI 4470 — Anti-theft Systems for Goods
`Part 1 — Detection gates — inspection guidelines for customers
`9.5.1
`Ascertaining the false alarm rate
`9.5.1.1
`Ascertaining the detection rate
`9.5.1.2
`Forms in VDI 4470
`9.5.1.3
`Part 2 — Deactivation devices, inspection guidelines for customers
`9.5.2
`9.6 Item Management
`ISO 18000 series
`9.6.1
`9.6.2 GTAG initiative
`9.6.2.1 GTAG transport layer (physical layer)
`9.6.2.2 GTAG communication and application layer
`
`10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers
`10.1 Transponder with Memory Function
`10.1.1 HF interface
`10.1.1.1 Example circuit — load modulation with subcarrier
`10.1.1.2 Example circuit — HF interface for ISO 14443 transponder
`10.1.2 Address and security logic
`10.1.2.1 State machine
`10.1.3 Memory architecture
`10.1.3.1 Read-only transponder
`10.1.3.2 Writable transponder
`10.1.3.3 Transponder with cryptological function
`10.1.3.4 Segmented memory
`10.1.3.5 MIFARE application directory
`10.1.3.6 Dual port EEPROM
`10.2 Microprocessors
`10.2.1 Dual interface card
`10.2.1.1 MIFARE plus
`10.2.1.2 Modern concepts for the dual interface card
`10.3 Memory Technology
`10.3.1 RAM
`10.3.2 EEPROM
`10.3.3 FRAM
`10.3.4 Performance comparison FRAM — EEPROM
`10.4 Measuring Physical Variables
`10.4.1 Transponder with sensor functions
`10.4.2 Measurements using microwave transponders
`10.4.3 Sensor effect in surface wave transponders
`
`11 Readers
`11.1 Data Flow in an Application
`11.2 Components of a Reader
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`11.2.1 HF interface
`11.2.1.1 Inductively coupled system, FDX/HDX
`11.2.1.2 Microwave systems — half duplex
`11.2.1.3 Sequential systems — SEQ
`11.2.1.4 Microwave system for SAW transponders
`11.2.2 Control unit
`11.3 Low Cost Configuration — Reader IC U2270B
`11.4 Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems
`Connection using current matching
`11.4.1
`Supply via coaxial cable
`11.4.2
`The influence of the Q factor
`11.4.3
`11.5 Reader Designs
`11.5.1
`11.5.2
`11.5.3
`
`OEM readers
`Readers for industrial use
`Portable readers
`
`12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless
`Smart Cards
`12.1 Glass and Plastic Transponders
`12.1.1 Module manufacture
`12.1.2 Semi-finished transponder
`12.1.3 Completion
`12.2 Contactless Smart Cards
`12.2.1 Coil manufacture
`12.2.2 Connection technique
`12.2.3 Lamination
`
`13 Example Applications
`13.1 Contactless Smart Cards
`13.2 Public Transport
`13.2.1 The starting point
`13.2.2 Requirements
`13.2.2.1 Transaction time
`13.2.2.2 Resistance to degradation, lifetime, convenience
`13.2.3 Benefits of RFID systems
`13.2.4 Fare systems using electronic payment
`13.2.5 Market potential
`13.2.6 Example projects
`13.2.6.1 Korea — seoul
`13.2.6.2 Germany — L¨uneburg, Oldenburg
`13.2.6.3 EU Projects — ICARE and CALYPSO
`13.3 Ticketing
`13.3.1 Lufthansa miles & more card
`13.3.2 Ski tickets
`
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`xii
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`CONTENTS
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`13.4 Access Control
`13.4.1 Online systems
`13.4.2 Offline systems
`13.4.3 Transponders
`13.5 Transport Systems
`Eurobalise S21
`13.5.1
`International container transport
`13.5.2
`13.6 Animal Identification
`Stock keeping
`13.6.1
`Carrier pigeon races
`13.6.2
`13.7 Electronic Immobilisation
`The functionality of an immobilisation system
`13.7.1
`Brief success story
`13.7.2
`Predictions
`13.7.3
`13.8 Container Identification
`13.8.1 Gas bottles and chemical containers
`13.8.2 Waste disposal
`13.9 Sporting Events
`13.10 Industrial Automation
`13.10.1 Tool identification
`13.10.2 Industrial production
`13.10.2.1 Benefits from the use of RFID systems
`13.10.2.2 The selection of a suitable RFID system
`13.10.2.3 Example projects
`13.11 Medical Applications
`
`14 Appendix
`14.1 Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals
`Industrial associations
`14.1.1
`Technical journals
`14.1.2
`RFID on the internet
`14.1.3
`14.2 Relevant Standards and Regulations
`Sources for standards and regulations
`14.2.1
`14.3 References
`14.4 Printed Circuit Board Layouts
`Test card in accordance with ISO 14443
`14.4.1
`Field generator coil
`14.4.2
`
`INDEX
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`357
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`361
`361
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`372
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`376
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`378
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`381
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`387
`388
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`Preface to the
`2nd Edition
`
`This book is aimed at an extremely wide range of readers. First and foremost it is
`intended for students and engineers who find themselves confronted with RFID tech-
`nology for the first time. A few basic chapters are provided for this audience describing
`the functionality of RFID technology and the physical and IT-related principles under-
`lying this field. The book is also intended for practitioners who, as users, wish to or
`need to obtain as comprehensive and detailed an overview of the various technologies,
`the legal framework or the possible applications of RFID as possible.
`Although a wide range of individual articles are now available on this subject, the
`task of gathering all this scattered information together when it is needed is a tiresome
`and time-consuming one — as researching this book has proved. This book therefore
`aims to fill a gap in the range of literature on the subject of RFID. The need for
`well-founded technical literature in this field is proven by the fortunate fact that this
`book has now also appeared in Chinese and Japanese translation. Further information
`on the German version of the RFID handbook and the translations can be found on
`the homepage of this book, http://RFID-handbook.com.
`This book uses numerous pictures and diagrams to attempt to give a graphic repre-
`sentation of RFID technology in the truest sense of the word. Particular emphasis is
`placed on the physical principles of RFID, which is why the chapter on this subject is
`by far the most comprehensive of the book. However, practical considerations are also
`assigned great importance. For this reason the chapter entitled ‘Example Applications’
`is also particularly comprehensive.
`Technological developments in the field of RFID technology are proceeding at such
`a pace that although a book like this can explain the general scientific principles it is
`not dynamic enough to be able to explore the latest trends regarding the most recent
`products on the market and the latest standards and regulations. I am therefore grateful
`for any suggestions and advice — particularly from the field of industry. The basic
`concepts and underlying physical principles remain, however, and provide a good
`background for understanding the latest developments.
`Unfortunately, the market overview that was previously included has had to be
`omitted from the 2nd edition of the book, as the growing number of providers has made
`it increasingly difficult to retain an overview of the numerous transponders available
`on the market. However, a detailed introduction to the physical principles of UHF and
`microwave systems (Section 4.2), which will become increasingly important in Europe
`with the approval of the corresponding frequency ranges in the 868 MHz band, has
`been added. The chapter on standardisation has been extended in order to keep up with
`the rapid development in this field.
`
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`

`xiv
`
`PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION
`
`At this point I would also like to express my thanks to those companies which
`were kind enough to contribute to the success of this project by providing numerous
`technical data sheets, lecture manuscripts, drawings and photographs.
`
`Munich, Summer 2002
`
`Klaus Finkenzeller
`
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`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`µP
`µs
`ABS
`ACM
`AFC
`AFI
`AI
`AM
`APDU
`ASIC
`ASCII
`ASK
`ATQ
`ATR
`AVI
`BAPT
`Bd
`BGT
`BMBF
`
`BP
`C
`CCG
`
`CEN
`CEPT
`CICC
`CIU
`
`CLK
`CRC
`CCITT
`
`dBm
`
`DBP
`DIN
`EAN
`
`Microprocessor
`−6 seconds)
`Microsecond (10
`Acrylnitrilbutadienstyrol
`Access Configuration Matrix
`Automatic Fare Collection
`Application Family Identifier (see ISO 14443-3)
`Application Identifier
`Amplitude Modulation
`Application Data Unit
`Application Specific Integrated Circuit
`American Standard Code for Information Interchange
`Amplitude Shift Keying
`Answer to Request (ATQA, ATQB: see ISO 14443-3)
`Answer to Reset
`Automatic Vehicle Identification (for Railways)
`Bundesamt f¨ur Post und Telekommunikation
`Baud, transmission speed in bit/s
`Block Guard Time
`Bundesministerium f¨ur Bildung und Forschung (Ministry for
`Education and Research, was BMFT)
`Bandpass filter
`Capacitance (of a capacitor)
`Centrale f¨ur Coorganisation GmbH (central allocation point
`for EAN codes in Germany)
`Comit´e Europ´een de Normalisation
`Conf´erence Europ´eene des Postes et T´el´ecommunications
`Close Coupling Integrated Circuit Chip Card
`Contactless Interface Unit (transmission/receiving module for
`contactless microprocessor interfaces)
`Clock (timing signal)
`Cyclic Redundancy Checksum
`Comit´e Consultatif International T´el´egraphique et
`T´el´ephonique
`Logarithmic measure of power, related to 1 mW HF-power
`(0 dBm = 1 mW, 30 dBm = 1 W)
`Differential Bi-Phase encoding
`Deutsche Industrienorm (German industrial standard)
`European Article Number (barcode on groceries and goods)
`
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`xvi
`
`EAS
`EC
`ECC
`EDI
`EEPROM
`EMC
`EOF
`ERC
`ERM
`ERO
`ERO
`ERP
`ETCS
`ETS
`ETSI
`EVC
`FCC
`FDX
`FHSS
`FM
`FRAM
`FSK
`GSM
`
`GTAG
`HDX
`HF
`I2C
`ICC
`ID
`ISM
`ISO
`L
`LAN
`LF
`LPD
`
`LRC
`LSB
`MAD
`MSB
`NAD
`nomL
`
`NRZ
`
`LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
`
`Electronic Article Surveillance
`Eurocheque or electronic cash
`European Communications Committee
`Electronic Document Interchange
`Electric Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory
`Electromagnetic Compatibility
`End of Frame
`European Radiocommunications Committee
`Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters
`European Radiocommunications Organisation
`European Radio Office
`Equivalent Radiated Power
`European Train Control System
`European Telecommunication Standard
`European Telecommunication Standards Institute
`European Vital Computer (part of ETCS)
`Federal Commission of Communication
`Full-Duplex
`Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
`Frequency modulation
`Ferroelectric Random Access Memory
`Frequency Shift Keying
`Global System for Mobile Communication (was Groupe
`Sp´ecial Mobile)
`Global-Tag (RFID Initiative of EAN and the UCC)
`Half-Duplex
`High Frequency (3 . . .30 MHz)
`Inter-IC-Bus
`Integrated Chip Card
`Identification
`Industrial Scientific Medical (frequency range)
`International Organization for Standardization
`Loop (inductance of a coil)
`Local Area Network
`Low Frequency (30 . . .300 kHz)
`Low Power Device (low power radio system for the
`transmission of data or speech over a few hundred metres)
`Longitudinal Redundancy Check
`Least Significant Bit
`MIFARE Application Directory
`Most Significant Bit
`Node Address
`Non-public mobile land radio (industrial radio, transport
`companies, taxi radio, etc.)
`Non-Return-to-Zero Encoding
`
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`

`LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
`
`xvii
`
`NTC
`NVB
`OCR
`OEM
`OTP
`PC
`PCD
`PICC
`PKI
`PMU
`PP
`PPS
`PSK
`PUPI
`PVC
`R&TTE
`
`RADAR
`RAM
`RCS
`REQ
`RFID
`RFU
`RTI
`RTI
`RTTT
`RWD
`SAM
`SAW
`SCL
`SDA
`SEQ
`SMD
`SNR
`SOF
`SRAM
`SRD
`
`TR
`UART
`
`UCC
`
`Negative Temperature Coefficient (thermal resistor)
`Number of Valid Bits (see ISO 14443-3)
`Optical Character Recognition
`Original Equipment Manufacturer
`One Time Programmable
`Personal Computer
`Proximity Card Device (see ISO 14443)
`Proximity Integrated Contactless Chip Card (see ISO 14443)
`Public Key Infrastructure
`Power Management Unit
`Plastic Package
`Polyphenylensulfide
`Phase Shift Keying
`Pseudo Unique PICC Identifier (see ISO 14443-3)
`Polyvinylchloride
`Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment (The
`Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal
`Equipment Directive (1999/5/EC))
`Radio Detecting and Ranging
`Random Access Memory
`Radar Cross-Section
`Request
`Radio Frequency Identification
`Reserved for Future Use
`Returnable Trade Items
`Road Transport Information System
`Road Transport & Traffic Telematics
`Read Write Device
`Security Authentication Module
`Surface Acoustic Wave
`Serial Clock (I2C Bus Interface)
`Serial Data Address Input Output (I2C Bus Interface)
`Sequential System
`Surface Mounted Devices
`Serial Number
`Start of Frame
`Static Random Access Memory
`Short Range Devices (low power radio systems for the
`transmission of data or voice over short distances, typically
`a few hundred metres)
`Technische Richtlinie (Technical Guideline)
`Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
`(transmission/receiving module for computer interfaces)
`Universal Code Council (American standard for barcodes on
`groceries and goods)
`
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`xviii
`
`UHF
`UPC
`VCD
`VDE
`
`VICC
`VSWR
`XOR
`ZV
`HITAG and
`MIFARE
`LEGIC
`
`MICROLOG
`TIRIS
`TROVAN
`
`LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
`
`Ultra High Frequency (300 MHz . . .3 GHz)
`Universal Product Code
`Vicinity Card Device (see ISO 15693)
`Verein Deutscher Elektrotechniker (German Association of
`Electrical Engineers)
`Vicinity Integrated Contactless Chip Card (see ISO 15693)
`Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
`eXclusive-OR
`Zulassungsvorschrift (Licensing Regulation)
`
`are registered trademarks of Philips elektronics N.V.
`is a registered trademark of Kaba Security Locking
`Systems AG
`is a registered trademark of Idesco
`is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments
`is a registered trademark of AEG ID systems
`
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`

`

`RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification,
`Second Edition
`Klaus Finkenzeller
`Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
`ISBN: 0-470-84402-7
`
`1I
`
`ntroduction
`
`In recent years automatic identification procedures (Auto-ID) have become very popular
`in many service industries, purchasing and distribution logistics, industry, manufactur-
`ing companies and material flow systems. Automatic identification procedures exist to
`provide information about people, animals, goods and products in transit.
`The omnipresent barcode labels that triggered a revolution in identification systems
`some considerable time ago, are being found to be inadequate in an increasing number
`of cases. Barcodes may be extremely cheap, but their stumbling block is their low
`storage capacity and the fact that they cannot be reprogrammed.
`The technically optimal solution would be the storage of data in a silicon chip. The
`most common form of electronic data-carrying device in use in everyday life is the
`smart card based upon a contact field (telephone smart card, bank cards). However, the
`mechanical contact used in the smart card is often impractical. A contactless transfer
`of data between the data-carrying device and its reader is far more flexible. In the ideal
`case, the power required to operate the electronic data-carrying device would also be
`transferred from the reader using contactless technology. Because of the procedures
`used for the transfer of power and data, contactless ID systems are called RFID systems
`(Radio Frequency Identification).
`The number of companies actively involved in the development and sale of RFID
`systems indicates that this is a market that should be taken seriously. Whereas global
`sales of RFID systems were approximately 900 million $US in the year 2000 it is
`estimated that this figure will reach 2650 million $US in 2005 (Krebs, n.d.). The RFID
`market therefore belongs to the fastest growing sector of the radio technology industry,
`including mobile phones and cordless telephones, (Figure 1.1).
`Furthermore, in recent years contactless identification has been developing into an
`independent interdisciplinary field, which no longer fits into any of the conventional
`pigeon holes. It brings together elements from extremely varied fields: HF technology
`and EMC, semiconductor technology, data protection and cryptography, telecommuni-
`cations, manufacturing technology and many related areas.
`As an introduction, the following section gives a brief overview of different auto-
`matic ID systems that perform similar functions to RFID (Figure 1.2).
`
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`

`1 INTRODUCTION
`
`Security/access control
`Asset management
`Transportation
`Supply chain management
`Point of sale
`Rental item tracking
`Toll collection
`Automobile immobilisers
`Baggage handling
`Animal tracking
`Real time location systems
`Other
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`Global market ($us m)
`
`2
`
`0
`2000
`
`2001
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`Year
`
`Figure 1.1 The estimated growth of the global market for RFID systems between 2000 and
`2005 in million $US, classified by application
`
`Barcode
`system
`
`Auto-
`ID
`
`Optical
`character
`recognition
`(OCR)
`
`Biometric
`MM
`
`Fingerprint
`procedure
`
`Voice
`identific-
`ation
`
`Smart
`cards
`
`RFID
`
`Figure 1.2 Overview of the most important auto-ID procedures
`
`1.1 Automatic Identification Systems
`
`1.1.1 Barcode systems
`
`Barcodes have successfully held their own against other identification systems over the
`past 20 years. According to experts, the turnover volume for barcode systems totalled
`around 3 billion DM in Western Europe at the beginning of the 1990s (Virnich and
`Posten, 1992).
`
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`

`1.1 AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS
`
`3
`
`The barcode is a binary code comprising a field of bars and gaps arranged in a
`parallel configuration. They are arranged according to a predetermined pattern and
`represent data elements that refer to an associated symbol. The sequence, made up of
`wide and narrow bars and gaps, can be interpreted numerically and alphanumerically.
`It is read by optical laser scanning, i.e. by the different reflection of a laser beam from
`the black bars and white gaps (ident, 1996). However, despite being identical in their
`physical design, there are considerable differences between the code layouts in the
`approximately ten different barcode types currently in use.
`The most popular barcode by some margin is the EAN code (European Article
`Number), which was designed specifically to fulfil the requirements of the grocery
`industry in 1976. The EAN code represents a development of the UPC (Universal
`Product Code) from the USA, which was introduced in the USA as early as 1973.
`Today, the UPC represents a subset of the EAN code, and is therefore compatible with
`it (Virnich and Posten, 1992).
`The EAN code is made up of 13 digits: the country identifier, the company identifier,
`the manufacturer’s item number and a check digit (Figure 1.3).
`In addition to the EAN code, the following barcodes are popular in other industrial
`fields (see Figure 1.4):
`• Code Codabar: medical/clinical applications, fields with high safety requirements.
`• Code 2/5 interleaved: automotive industry, goods storage, pallets, shipping con-
`tainers and heavy industry.
`• Code 39: processing industry, logistics, universities and libraries.
`
`1.1.2 Optical character recognition
`
`Optical character recognition (OCR) was first used in the 1960s. Special fonts were
`developed for this application that stylised characters so that they could be read both
`
`Country
`identifier
`
`Company identifier
`
`Manufacturer’s item
`number
`
`CD
`
`4
`
`0
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`0
`
`8
`
`1
`
`5
`
`0
`
`9
`
`FRG
`
`Company Name
`1 Road Name
`80001 Munich
`
`Chocolate Rabbit
`100 g
`
`Figure 1.3 Example of the structure of a barcode in EAN coding
`
`Figure 1.4 This barcode is printed on the back of this book and
`contains the ISBN number of the book
`
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`

`4
`
`1 INTRODUCTION
`
`in the normal way by people and automatically by machines. The most important
`advantage of OCR systems is the high density of information and the possibility of read-
`ing data visually in an emergency (or simply for checking) (Virnich and Posten, 1992).
`Today, OCR is used in production, service and administrative fields, and also in
`banks for the registration of cheques (personal data, such as name and account number,
`is printed on the bottom line of a cheque in OCR type).
`However, OCR systems have failed to become universally applicable because of
`their hig