`
`
`
`Apple EX1017 Page 1
`
`PE UMTSLong Term Evolution
`ysl ©) (Gee menmamee’ > | OMMmmeR:
`a
`bs
`tee by: Stefania Sesia « Issam Toufik « Matthew Baker
`
`@WILEY
`@WILEY
`
` 1PR2022-00648
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 1
`
`

`

`LTE -The UMTS
`
`Long Term Evolution
`
`From Theory to Practice
`
`
`
`Stefania Sesia
`
`
`
`ST-NXP Wireless/ETSI, France
`
`Issam Toufik
`
`
`
`ST-NXP Wireless, France
`
`
`
`Matthew Baker
`
`
`
`Philips Research, UK
`
`@2)WILEY
`
`
`
`A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 2
`
`

`

`Thiscdilion firsl published 2009
`
`
`
`© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
`
`
`
`
`
`John Wiley & Sous Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichc�ter. Wes1 Sus.sex. POI 9 8SQ,
`
`
`
`Ri:gislered office
`
`
`Um1cd Kingdom
`
`Fur de1ails of our global ediLOrial offices. for customer services and fur ittformaIion about hnw 10 apply
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`for pennis3ion Lo rcu:.c 1he copyright material in Lhis book -please see our wchsilc at www.wilcy.com.
`
`The right of Lhc author 10 beidcn1iticd as the author of this work h:is Ileen as,ertcJ ia accordonce with
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`lhc Copyrighl. De.�igns and Palcnl� Acl 1988.
`
`system. or 5lored in a retrieval may be reproduced. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`transmiucd. in an) form or by any mean�. electronic. m�hanical. photocopying. recording or
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mhcrwisc, except as permiued by Lhe UK Copyright, Designs and PillcnLs Act 1988, without ihc prior
`
`pertnission or lhe puhlishcr.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure on cover: Reproduced by permission of O 3GPP1 \1 _
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`muy no1 be available in clcc:lronic book:,.
`
`
`
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some contem that appears in prinl
`
`All Designations used tiy compunies co distinguish products ilfe oflen claimed as frndemarks.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`their
`
`
`
`
`
`hr.md name, und product names u�cd in this book are Lrnde names. service marks. trademarks or
`
`
`wi1h any rroduc.:t or owI1ers The rublisht:ar i, not =ociated
`
`n..'gistered Lrademark� of their rc,p..:ctivc:
`
`
`
`
`
`anJ aulhoriuuive 10 provide accura,c vendor memioned in tlih book. This publication is de,igncd
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`information in regard 10 the subject mailer covered. Il is sold on the understanding tbat the puhlisher is
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1101 eugaged in rendc1ing professional services. If profes�ional advice or OLher expert assistance is
`
`
`
`
`
`required, Lhc services of a compe1cnt rrofcs,ional should be sought.
`
`lihra1y of Co11gress Caralogi11g•u1·1'ublicatio11 Dula
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Stefunia.
`Scsia.
`
`
`lssilm Toufik.
`p.cm.
`Jncludcs hibliogruphic:il reference� and index.
`
`
`
`ISBN 978-0-47/).6':1716-0 (cloth)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`HI. Tille.
`TK5103.488:tS47 2009
`
`
`62 l.1R45" 6-dc22
`
`
`
`I :J'E-thc lJMTS long renn evolution : from theory to prnctice / Stefania ScsiM, Matlhew Baker. and
`
`
`
`�samP . .I.) II. Tourik. System. Matthew (Maubew I. Universal Mobile Tck�-ommunications I. Raker,
`
`20080-+1823
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`A calaloguc record for this book is .i,ailable from lhe British Library.
`
`
`
`ISBN 9780-1-70697160 (11/B)
`
`FSC
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 3
`
`

`

`List of Acronyms
`
`ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry
`
`3GPP 3rd Generatioo Partnership Project
`
`
`AS Angular Spread*
`A-SEM Additional SEM
`
`JGPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
`
`ATDMA Advanced TOMA
`AC Access Class
`
`
`
`
`ACI Adjacent Channel Interfe1-ence
`Solutions
`
`
`
`ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio
`AuC Authentication Centre
`ACK Acknowledgement
`
`
`AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
`ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
`
`BCC Base station Colour Code
`
`
`ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity
`
`BCH Broadcast CHannel
`
`
`ADC Analogue to Digital Converter
`
`
`BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel
`
`ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
`
`BCJR Algorithm named after its inventors,
`
`AGI Antenna Gain Imbalance
`
`Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv
`
`AM Acknowledged Mode
`BER Bil Error Rate
`
`
`AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
`
`BLER BLock Error Rate
`
`
`AMPS Analogue Mobile Phone System
`BM-SC Broadcast-Multicast Service Centre
`
`
`AMR Adaptive MultiRate
`
`BP Belief Propagation
`
`
`ANR Automatic Neighbour Relation
`BPRE Bits Per Resource Element
`
`
`
`ANRF Automatic Neighbour Relation Function
`bps bits per second
`AoA Angle-of-Arrival
`
`BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
`AoD Angle-of-Departure
`
`BSIC Base Station Identification Code
`
`APN Access Point Name
`
`BSR Buffer Status Repo1ts
`APP A-Posteriori Probability
`
`
`CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero
`AutoCorrelation
`
`
`ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
`Number
`
`CB Circular Buffer
`
`
`
`CCCH Common Control CHannel
`Businesses
`
`
`CCE Control Channel Element
`
`ARP Almost Regular Permutation*
`
`CCI Co-Channel Interference
`
`
`ARP Allocation and Retention Priority*
`CCO Cell Change Order
`
`ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest
`CCSA China Communications Standards
`Association
`AS Access Stratum*
`
`ARIB Associalion of Radio Indusiries and
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 4
`
`

`

`LIST OF ACRONYMS
`xxx
`FeedBack
`Channel
`DCFB Direct
`COD Cyclic Delay Diversity
`lnformotion
`Control
`DCI Downlink
`Function
`Distribution
`CDF Cumulative
`Transform
`Fourier
`Dl<'T Discrete
`Delay Line
`CDL Clustered
`DFf-S-OFDM OFT-Spread
`OFDM
`Multiplex(ed/ing)
`CDM Code Division
`Differentiated
`Services
`Diff'serv
`Access
`Multiple
`CDMA Code Division
`DL DownUnk
`C/I Can·ier-to-lntcrference
`ratio
`Shared CHannel
`DL-SCH DownLink
`CF Contenlion-free
`Mobile Broadcasting
`Dl.\-ffi Digital
`Format Indicator
`CFl Control
`OM RS DeModulation
`RS
`Offset
`Frequency
`CFO Carrier
`Of Arrival
`DOA Direction
`CINR Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise
`Ratio
`DPC Dirty-Paper
`Coding
`Response
`Impulse
`CIR Channel
`ORB Data Radio Bearer
`Reception
`DRX Discontinuous
`CM Cubic Metiic
`Modulus HouseHolder
`Code Division
`DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence
`CMHH Constant
`Access
`Multiple
`CN Core Network
`CODIT UMTS Code DlvisionTestbed
`Processor
`Signal
`DSP Digitnl
`CHannel
`Traffic
`DTCH Dedicated
`COFDM coded OFDM
`Transmission
`DTX Discontinuous
`CP Cyclic Prefix
`-Handheld
`Video Broadcasting
`DVB-H Digital
`CPlCH Common PIiot CHannel
`-Terrestrial
`Video Broadcasting
`DVU-T Digital
`CPR Common Phase Rotation
`Pilot TimeSlot
`DwPTS Downlink
`CPT Control
`PDU Type
`Managemenl
`ECM EPS Connection
`Indicator
`Quality
`CQl Channel
`Data rates for GSM Evolution
`EDGE Enhanced
`CRC Cydic Redundancy
`Check
`SINR Mapping
`Effective
`EESM Exponential
`Temporary
`C-RNTI Cell Radio Network
`Management
`El\-1M EPS Mobj\jty
`Identifier
`NodeB
`eNodeB evolved
`CS Cit·cuit-Swllcned
`Pedestrian
`A
`EPA E,:,r.tended
`CSG Closed Subscriber
`Group
`Packet
`Core
`EPC Evolved
`State lnforiootion
`CSI Channel
`Packet System
`EPS Evolved
`Stnte Information
`at the
`CSJT Channel
`Payload
`Security
`ESP Encapsulating
`Transmitter
`Telecommunications Standards
`Function
`ETSI European
`Transfer
`CTF Channel
`Institute
`Algorithm
`Viterbi
`CVA Circular
`Urban
`Typical
`ETU Ex.ten<led
`Quantization
`Vector
`CVQ Channel
`E-UTRA Evolvcd-UTRA
`CW Continuous-Wave
`E-UTRAN Evo!ved-UTRAN
`Audio Broadcasting
`DAB Digital
`Vehicular
`A
`EVA Extended
`Converter
`to Analogue
`DAC Digilal
`EVM Error Vector Mognitude
`dB deci-Bel
`FACH Forward Access
`CHanne!
`d.c. dlrecl current
`FB Fre(luen<.--y
`Burst
`CHannel
`Control
`DCCH Dedicated
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 5
`
`

`

`
`IFDMA Interleaved Frequency Division
`FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
`
`Multiple Access
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`LIST OF ACRONYMS
`
`xxxi
`
`ICIC InterCell Interference Coordination
`FCCH Frequency Control CHannel
`
`
`
`
`
`FDD Frequency Division Duplex
`
`
`
`
`
`IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
`
`
`
`FDE Frequency Domain Equalizer
`
`
`
`IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
`
`
`
`
`
`FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
`
`
`FDSS Frequency Domain Spectral Shaping
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
`
`FIT Fast Fourier Transform
`
`i.i.d. Independently identically distributed
`
`FI Framing Info
`
`
`
`IM Implementation Margin
`
`
`
`IMD lnterModulation Distortion
`
`
`FIR Finite Impulse Response
`
`
`FMS First Missing SDU
`
`IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
`
`
`
`
`
`IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
`
`
`FSTD Frequency Switched Transmit Diversity
`
`IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
`
`
`
`FrP File Transfer Protocol
`
`FI'TH Fibre-To-The-Home
`
`
`
`GBR Guaranteed Bit Rate
`
`
`
`IP Internet Protocol
`
`
`
`IR Incremental Redundancy
`
`
`
`IRC Interference Rejection Combining
`
`ISD InterSite Distance
`
`
`
`ISi lnterSymbol Interference
`
`
`
`GMSK Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying
`
`
`
`
`GCL Generalized Chirp-Like
`
`GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
`
`
`GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
`IST-WINNER Information Society
`
`
`
`Technologies-Wireless world INitiative
`NEwRadio
`
`
`
`GPRS General Packet Radio Service
`
`
`
`GPS Global Positioning System
`
`
`ITU International Telecommunication Union
`
`GSM Global System for Mobile
`
`communications
`
`GT Guard Time
`
`ITU-R ITU Radiocommunication sector
`
`J-TACS Japanese Total Access Communication
`
`System
`
`
`
`GTP GPRS Tunnelling Pmtocol
`
`
`
`GTP-U GTP-User plane
`
`LA Local Area
`
`LB Long Block
`
`
`
`HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeal reQuest
`
`
`
`
`LBP Layered Belief Propagation
`
`
`
`HD-FDD Half-Duplex FDD
`
`
`
`LBRM Limited Buffer Rate Matching
`
`HFN Hyper Frame Number
`
`
`
`LCID Logical Channel ID
`
`HII High Interference Indicator
`LDPC Low-Density Parity Check
`
`HLR Home Location Register
`LI Length Indicator
`
`HRPD High Rate Packet Data
`
`
`LLR Log-Likelihood Ratio
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
`LMMSE Linear MMSE
`
`HSPA High Speed Packet Access
`LNA Low Noise Amplifier
`
`
`
`HSPA+ High Spee.cl Packet Access Evolution
`
`
`LO Local Oscillator
`
`
`
`HSS Home Subsctiber Server
`
`LOS Line-Of-Sight
`
`
`
`
`
`HSUPA High Spi..-ed Uplink Packet Access
`LS Least Squares
`
`
`
`
`
`HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
`
`
`
`LSF Last Segment Flag
`
`
`
`ICI lnterCarrier Interference
`
`LTE Long-Torm Evolution
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 6
`
`

`

`LIST OF ACRONYMS
`x.x.xii
`ACKoowledgemenl
`NACK Negative
`M...\ Metropolitan
`Are11
`Selectivity
`Channel
`NACS NonAdjacent
`MAC Medium Access Control
`NAS Non Access Stratum
`Authentication
`Code for
`MAC-I Message
`Colour Code
`NCC Network
`Integrity
`Cell List
`NCL Neighbour
`Area Network
`MAN Metropolitan
`NDl New Data indicator
`Probability
`MAP Maximum A posteriori
`Broadcast/Multicast
`NF Noise Figure
`Service
`MDMS Multimedia
`Mobile Networks
`NGMN Next Generation
`MUMS GW MBMS �teWay
`Least-Me3n-Square
`NLMS Normalized
`MBR Maitimum Bit Rate
`NLOS Non-Line-Of-Sighl
`Single
`Broodcast
`MBSFN Mullimedia
`NMT Nordic Mobile Tele-phone
`Network
`Frequency
`Function
`NNSF NAS Node Selection
`CHannel
`Control
`MCCH Mullic!lSt
`in WCDMA systems
`Coordination
`Node"B The base station
`Entity
`MCE MulticeIUMulticast
`and Maintenance
`o&M Operation
`CHannel
`MCH Multicast
`Power De-raLing
`Bandwidth
`OBPD Occupied
`MCL Minimum Coupling
`Loss
`BandWidth
`and Coding Scheme
`OBW Occupied
`MCS Modulation
`Divtsion
`frequency
`OFDM Orthogonal
`per second
`Mcps Megachips
`Multiplexing
`Signal
`MDS Minimum Discernible
`Division
`Frequency
`OFDMA Orthogonal
`Link Only
`MediaFLO Media Forward
`Access
`Multiple
`MIB Master lnformation
`Block
`Indicator
`01 Overload
`Multiple-Outp
`MIMO Multiple-Input
`OOB Out-Of-Band
`Protocol
`PIS Parallel-to-Serial
`1\flP Mobile Internet
`Single-Output
`MlSO Mulliple-Jnpul
`PA Power Amplifier
`ML Maximum Like\ihood
`Area Network
`PAN Personal
`Detector
`MLD Maximum Likelihood
`PAPR Peak-to-Average
`Power Ratio
`Entity
`Management
`CHannel
`Broadcast
`MME Mobility
`PilCH Physical
`PBR Prioriti7..ed
`"MMSE Minimum MSE
`Bit Rate
`and Charging
`MO Mobile Originated
`Control
`PCC Policy
`M-PSK M-ary Phase-ShifL
`Keying
`CHannel
`PCCH Paging Control
`Physical
`Common Control
`MQE Minimum Quantization
`Error
`P-CCPCH Primary
`CHannel
`MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
`Function
`Enforcement
`Control
`MSAP MCH Subframe Allocation
`PCEF Policy
`Pauern
`Format indicator
`Control
`PCFICH Physical
`MSB Most Significant
`Bil
`CHanne!
`Error
`MSE Minimum Squared
`Coordination Group
`PCG Project
`Reduction
`MSR Mmdmum Sensitivity
`PCH Paging CHannel
`Trame CHannel
`MTCH Multicast
`Cell Identity
`PCl Physical
`MU-MIMO Multi-User
`MIMO
`Common Pllot CHannel
`P-CPICB Primary
`Cell Change
`Assisted
`NACC Network
`
`ut
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 7
`
`

`

`LIST OF ACRO!'I-YMS
`
`xxxiii
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`RAN Radio Access Network
`PCRF Policy Control and charging Rul<.-s
`
`
`Function
`RAR Random Access Response
`CHannel PDCCH Physical Downlink Control
`RA-IL"'lTI Random Access Radio Network
`
`Temporary Identifier
`RAT Radio Access Technolo
`gy
`RB Resoorce Block
`
`
`
`PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`
`PDN Packet Data Network
`
`PDP Power Delay Profile
`
`
`
`
`
`
`RE Resource Element
`PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
`REG Resource Element Group
`
`
`RF Radio Frequency
`
`
`
`PDU Protocol Daia Unit
`
`PF Paging Frame
`
`P-GW PDN Gate Way
`
`
`
`PFS Proportional Fair Scheduling
`
`RFC Request For Comments
`
`RI Rank Indicator
`RLC Radio Link Control
`PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
`
`
`RLS Recursive Least Squares
`CHannel
`
`
`
`PLL Phase-Locked Loop
`
`
`
`PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
`
`
`
`P-MCCH Primary MCCH
`
`PMCH Physical Multicast CHannel
`
`
`P�II Precoding Matrix Indicators
`PMIP Proxy M!P
`PN Pseudo-Noise
`
`PO Paging Occasion
`
`
`
`"'
`
`RM Rate Matching
`RNC Radio Network Controller
`RNTI Radio Network Temporal)' ldentifie1·
`
`
`
`
`RNTP Relative Nanowband Transmit Power
`
`ROHC RObust Hender Compression
`RoT Rise over Thermal
`
`RPF RePetition Factor
`R-PLMN Registered
`PLMN
`
`RRC Radio Resource Control
`PRACH Physical Random Access CHnnnel
`RRC Root-Raised-Cosine*
`
`
`
`
`
`PUB Physical Resource Block
`
`P-R!'.'Tl Paging RNTI
`
`PS Packet-Switched
`
`RRM Radio Resource Management
`
`
`RS Reference Signal
`
`
`
`RSCP Received Signal Code Power
`
`
`
`CHannel P·SCH Primary Synchronization
`
`
`
`
`PSD Power Spectral Density
`
`
`
`RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
`
`
`
`RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality
`
`
`
`
`RSSI Received Signal Strength lndicator
`PUCCH Physical Uplink Control CHanncJ
`
`RTCP Real-time Transport Control Protocol
`PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared CHannel
`
`
`PSS Primary Synchronizatioo Signal
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`RTD Round-Trip Delay
`
`
`
`PVI Precoding Vector [ndicator
`
`
`
`
`
`QCI QoS CUlss Jdenti!!er
`
`RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
`
`
`QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulatioo
`RTT Round-Trip Time
`
`RV Redundancy Version
`SIP Serial-to-Parallel
`QPP Quadratic Permutation Polynomial
`
`
`QoS Qualily-of-Service
`
`
`
`
`SlAP SI Application Protocol
`
`
`
`QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
`
`RA Random Access
`
`SAE System Architecture Evolution
`
`
`SAP Service Access Point
`
`RACH Random Access CHannel
`
`SAW Stop-And-Wait
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 8
`
`

`

`xxxiv
`
`LIST OF ACRONYMS
`
`SB Short Block*
`
`
`
`SR Scheduling Request
`
`
`
`SB Synchronization Burst*
`
`
`
`SRB Signalling Radio Bearer
`
`
`
`SBP Systematic Bit Punctuiing
`
`
`
`
`
`SRNS Serving Radio Network Subsystem
`
`
`
`SC-FDMA Single-Carrier Frequency Division
`
`Multiple Access
`
`
`
`SRS Sounding Reference Signal
`
`
`
`S.SCH Secondary Syncronization CHannel
`
`
`
`SCH Synchronization CHannel
`
`
`
`
`
`SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal
`
`
`
`
`
`SCM Spatial Channel Model
`
`STBC Space-Time Block Code
`
`
`SCME Spatial Channel Model Extension
`S-TMSI SAE-Temporary Mobile Subscriber
`
`SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
`Identity
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SDMA Spatial Division Multiple Access
`
`
`SDO Standards Developmenl Organization
`SU-MIMO Single-User MIMO
`
`
`
`
`
`STTD Space-Time Transmit Diversity
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SDU Service Data Unit
`
`
`
`SVD Singular-Value Decomposition
`
`
`
`
`
`SEM Spectrum Emission Mask
`
`TA Tracking Area
`
`
`
`
`
`SFBC Space-Frequency Block Code
`
`TACS Total Access Communication System
`
`
`
`SFDR Spurious-Pree Dynamic Range
`
`TB Transport Block
`
`SFN System Frame Number
`
`
`
`SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
`
`
`
`
`
`TCP Transmission Control Protocol
`
`
`
`
`
`S-GW Serving GateWay
`
`
`
`
`
`TDD Time Division Duplex
`
`TDL Tapped Delay Line
`
`
`
`SJ System Information
`
`TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
`
`TD•SCDl.\ilA Time Division Synchronous Code
`
`
`SID System Information Block
`
`
`
`
`
`Division Multiple Access
`SIC Successive Interference Cancellation
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SIMO Single-Input Multiple-Output
`
`
`
`TEID Tunnelling End 1D
`
`SINR Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio
`
`
`
`TF Transport Format
`
`
`
`
`
`SIP Session Initiation Protocol
`
`TFI' Traffic Flow Template
`SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
`
`Thl Transparent Mode
`
`SI-R.t."'i!TI System lnfonnation Radio Network
`TMD Transparent Mode Dala
`Temporary Identifier
`
`
`
`TNL Transport Network. Layer
`
`
`SISO Single-Input Single-Output*
`
`Error
`
`
`
`TNMSE Truncated Normalized Mean-Squared
`
`
`
`SISO Soft-Input Soft-Output
`
`"'
`
`
`
`S-MCCH Secondary MCCH
`
`
`
`SMS Short Message Service
`
`
`
`SN Sequence Number
`
`
`
`TPC Transmitter Power Control
`
`g
`
`TPD Total Power De-ratin
`
`TR Tone Reservation
`
`
`
`SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
`
`
`
`TSC Training Sequence Code
`
`
`
`SO Segmentation Offset
`
`
`
`SON Self-Optimizing Networks
`
`
`
`SPA Sum-Product Algorithm
`
`
`
`
`
`TSG Technical Specification Group
`
`TIA Tulecommunications Tuclmology
`
`Association
`
`
`
`SPS Semi-Persistent Scheduling
`
`
`Committee
`SPS-CRNTI Semi-Persistent Schedulin
`g
`
`TTI Transmission Time Interval
`C-RNTI
`
`TIC Telecommunications Technology
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 9
`
`

`

`LIST OF ACRONYMS
`
`XXXV
`
`Urban
`TU Typical
`
`Block
`VRB Vinual Resource
`
`Prolocol
`UDP User Dacagram
`
`WA WideArca
`
`UE User Equipment
`
`UL UpLink
`
`WAN Wide Area Network
`WCDMA Wideband
`Multipk
`Code Division
`Access
`
`UL-SCH UpLink Shared CHannel
`UM Unacknowledged
`Mode
`
`Transform
`Fourier
`WFT Winograd
`WG Wrnidng Group
`UMB Ultra-Mobile Broadband
`interoperability
`for
`WiMAX Worldwide
`Mobile Telecommunications
`UMTS Universal
`Access
`Microwave
`System
`
`Preceding
`UP Unitary
`
`UpPTS Uplink Pilot TimeSlot
`
`NEw Radio
`world INiLiative
`WINNER Wireless
`WLAN Wireless
`Local Area Network
`
`Power De-rating
`WPD Waveform
`US Uncorrelate<l-Scauered
`Conference
`WRC World Rodiocommunication
`USlM Universal
`Module
`Identity
`Subscriber
`WSS Wide-Sense
`Stationary
`Radio Access
`Tcrres1ri11I
`UTRA Universal
`WSSUS Wide-Sense
`Uncorrelated
`Stationary
`Radio Access
`Terrestrial
`UTRAN Universal
`Scallering
`Network
`
`Algorithm
`VA Viterbi
`ZCZ Zero Correlation
`Zone
`vcn Virttllll
`Buffer
`Circular
`VCO Voltage-Controlled
`ZF Zero-Forcing
`Oscillator
`VoIP Voice-over-IP
`ZFEP Zero-Forcing
`Equal Power
`
`ZC Zadoff-Chu
`
`on the comexL The meaning is clearly
`depending
`meanings
`*This acrnnym can have different
`when used.
`in the chapter
`indicated
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 10
`
`

`

`2
`
`Network Architecture
`
`Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin
`
`2.1 Introduction
`
`As mentioned in the preceding chapter, LTE has been designed to support only packet­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`switched services, in contrast to the circuit-switched model of previous cellular systems. It
`
`
`
`
`aims to provide seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between User Equipment (UE)
`
`
`
`
`and the Packet Data Network (PDN), without any disruption to the end users' applications
`
`
`
`
`during mobility. While the term 'LTE' encompasses the evolution of the radio access through
`
`
`
`
`
`the Evolved-UTRAN (E-UTRAN), it is accompanied by an evolution of the non-radio aspects
`
`
`
`
`
`under the term 'System Architecture Evolution' (SAE) which includes the Evolved Packet
`
`
`
`
`Core (EPC) network. Together LTE and SAE comprise the Evolved Packet System (BPS).
`
`
`
`
`in the PDN to to route IP traffic from a gateway BPS uses the concept of EPS bearers
`
`
`
`the of Service (QoS) between the UE. A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality
`
`
`
`
`gateway and the UE. The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required
`by applications.
`In this chapter, we present the overall EPS network architecture, giving an overview of the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`functions provided by the Core Network (CN) and E-UTRAN. The protocol stack across the
`
`
`
`
`
`different interfaces is then explained, along with an overview of the functions provided by
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the different protocol layers. Section 2.4 outlines the end-to-end bearer path including QoS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`aspects and provides details of a typical procedure for establishing a bearer. The remainder of
`
`
`
`
`the chapter presents the network interfaces in detail, with particular focus on the E-UTRAN
`
`
`
`
`
`
`interfaces and the procedures used across these interfaces, including those for the support of
`
`
`
`
`
`user mobility. The network elements and interfaces used solely to support broadcast services
`
`
`are covered in Chapter 14.
`
`LTE- The UMTS Long Term Evolmion: from 11ieory to Practice
`
`
`Stefania Sesia, !ssam Toufik and Matthew Baker
`
`
`
`
`
`© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 11
`
`

`

`24
`
`LTE-THE UMTS LONG TERM EVOLUTION
`
`: ,---��----G
`SI-MME I�
`r---r-�---: ,---�-----,
`Rx1
`Gx' �-
`
`I
`
`I
`I
`
`1$11
`I
`I
`I
`
`N d B ,__�� - -< Serving
`i--�-- --< PDN
`L TE-Uu c o e SI -U Gateway S5/S8 Galeway
`SGi
`
`UE
`
`
`Operator's "'-.
`IJ-services )
`
`(e.g.'!MS, .PSS etc.)
`
`
`
`Figure 2.1 The EPS network elements.
`
`
`
`
`
`2.2 Overall Architectural Overview
`
`
`
`The network must also provide sufficient security and privacy for the user and protection
`
`
`
`EPS provides the user with IP connectivity to a PDN for accessing the Internet, as well as for
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`running services such as Voice over IP (VoIP). An EPS bearer is lypically associated with a
`
`
`
`
`
`QoS. Multiple bearers can be established for a user in order to provide different QoS streams
`
`
`
`
`
`or connectivity to different PDNs. For example, a user might be engaged in a voice (VoIP) call
`
`
`
`
`while at the same time p_erforming web browsing or File Transfer Protocol (FTP) download.
`
`
`
`
`A VoIP bearer would provide the ne-cessary QoS for the voice call, while a best-effort bearer
`
`
`would be suitable for the web browsing or FTP session.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`for the network against frau�ulent use.
`This is achieved by means of several BPS network elements which have different roles.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 2.1 shows the overall network architecture including the network elements and
`
`
`
`
`
`the standardized interfaces. At a high level, the network is comprised of the CN (EPC)
`
`
`
`and the access network (E-UTRAN). While the CN consists of many logical nodes, the
`
`
`
`access network is made up of essentially just one node, the evolved NodeB (eNodeB),
`
`
`
`
`which connects to the UEs. Each of these network elements is inter-connected by means of
`interfaces which are standardized
`
`
`in order to allow multiveodor interoperability. This gives
`
`
`
`
`
`
`network operators the possibility to sourcedifferentnetwork elements from different vendors.
`
`
`
`
`In fact, network operators may choose in their physical implementations to split or merge
`
`
`
`
`
`
`these logical network elements depending on commercial considerations. The functional split
`
`
`
`between the EPC and E-UTRAN is shown in Figure 2.2. The EPC and E-UTRAN network
`
`
`
`elements are described in more detail below.
`
`2.2.1 The Core Network
`
`The CN (called EPC in SAE) is responsible for the overall control of the UE and
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`establishment of the bearers. The main logical nodes of the EPC are:
`
`
`
`•PDN Gateway (P-GW);
`
`
`
`
`
`•Serving Gateway (S-GW);
`
`
`
`•Mobility Management Entity (MME).
`
`
`
`
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 12
`
`

`

`NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
`
`25
`
`eNs··
`'�-__ lnl_er_c_e_ll
`R_R_M_ �
`RB Control
`
`
`· 1 Connection Mobility Cont.
`. : r. R�dio Adrr:��� ��•nt�oJ
`eNS Measul'ement
`
`Configuration & Provision
`
`M��/'._ .," .f:.•.·c [': ·,\.•
`NAS Security 1 ·
`idle State Mobil�y
`Handling
`
`SI
`
`E-UTRAN
`
`EPC
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 2.2 Functional split between E-UTRAN and EPC. Reproduced by permission of
`
`
`©3GPP.
`
`In addition to these nodes, EPC also .includes other logical nodes and functions such as
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the Home Subscriber Server (HSS) and Lhe Policy Control and Charging Rules Function
`
`
`
`(PCRF). Since the EPS only provides a bearer path of a certain QoS, control of multimedia
`
`
`
`applications such as VoIP .is provided by the JP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) which is
`
`
`considered to be outside the EPS itself
`
`
`
`
`detail in the following.
`
`The logical CN nodes (specified in [ I]) are shown in Figure 2.1 and discussed in more
`
`•PCRF. It is responsible for policy control decision-making, as well as for controlling
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement Function
`
`
`
`(PCEF) which resides in the P-GW. The PCRF provides the QoS autho1faation (QoS
`
`
`
`
`
`class identifier and bitrates) that decides how a certain data tlow will be treated in the
`
`
`
`
`PCEF and ensures that this is in accordance with the user's subscription profile.
`
`users' SAE subscription data•Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR contains
`
`
`
`
`
`such a� the BPS-subscribed QoS profile and any access restrictions for roaming (see
`
`
`
`Section 2.2.3). It also holds information about the PDNs to which the user can connect.
`This could be in the form of an Access Point Name (APN) (which is a label according
`
`to DNS1 naming conventions describing the access point to the PDN), or a PON
`
`
`
`
`
`Address (indicating subscribed IP address(es)). In addition the HLR holds dynamic
`
`
`
`
`information such as the identity of the MME to which the user is currently attached
`
`1 Domain Name Sys1em.
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 13
`
`

`

`26
`
`LTB -THE UMTS LONG TERM EVOLUTION
`
`or registered. The HLR may also integrate the Authentication Centre (AuC) which
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`generates the vectors for authentication and security keys.
`
`for the UE, as well as QoS•P-GW. The P-GW is responsible for IP address allocation
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`enforcement and flow-based charging according to rules from the PCRF. The P-GW is
`
`
`
`
`
`responsible for the filtering of downlink user IP packets into the different QoS based
`
`
`
`
`bearers. This is performed based on Traffic Flow Templates (TFTs) (see Section 2.4).
`
`
`
`
`The P-GW performs QoS enforcement for Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearers. It also
`
`
`
`serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with non-3GPP tech1plbgies such
`
`
`as CDMA2000 and WiMAX networks (see Section 2.2.4 and Chapter 13 for more
`
`information about mobility).
`
`•S-G\.V. All user IP packets are transferred through the S-GW, which serves as the local
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`mobility anchor for the data bearers when the UE moves between eNodeBs. It also
`
`retains the information
`
`about the bearers when the UE is in idle state (known as ECM­
`
`
`
`
`IDLE, see Section 2.2.1.1) and temporarily buffers downlink data while the MME
`
`
`
`
`initiates paging of the UE to re-establish the bearers. Jn addition, the S-GW performs
`
`
`
`
`
`some administrative functions in rhe visited network such as collecting information
`
`
`
`for charging (e.g. the volume of data sent to or received from the user), and legal
`
`
`
`interception. It also serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with other 3GPP
`
`
`
`technologies such as GPRS and UMTS (see Section 2.2.4 and Chapter 13 for more
`
`information about mobility).
`
`between the UEthe signalling •MME. The MME is the control node which processes
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and the CN. The protocols running between the UE and the CN are known as the
`(NAS) protocols.
`
`Non-Access Stratum
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The main functions supported by the MME are classified as:
`
`Functions-related to bearer management. This includes the establishment, mainte­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`nance and release of the bearers, and is handled by the session management layer in
`the NAS protocol.
`
`Functions related to connection management. This includes the establishment of the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`connection and security between the network and UE, and is handled by the connection
`
`
`
`or mobility management layer in the NAS protocol layer.
`
`
`
`NAS control procedures are specified in [1] and are discussed in more detail in the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`following section.
`
`
`
`2.2.1.1 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Procedures
`
`The NAS procedures, especially the connection management procedures, are fundamentally
`
`
`
`
`of some similar to UMTS. The main change from UMTS is that EPS allows concatenation
`
`
`
`
`
`
`procedures to allow faster establishment of the connection and the bearers.
`It to the network. when a UE is turned on and attaches The MME creates a UE con.text
`
`
`
`
`
`
`assigns a unique short temporary identity termed the SAE-Temporary Mobile Subscriber
`
`
`
`
`Identity (S-TMSI) to the UE which identifies the UE context in the MME. This UE
`
`
`
`
`
`context holds user subscription information downloaded from the HSS. The local storage
`
`
`
`
`of subscription data in the MME allows faster execution of procedures such as bearer
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 14
`
`

`

`NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
`
`27
`
`establishment since it removes the need to consult the HSS every time. In addition, the UE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`context also holds dynamic information such as the list of bearers that are established and the
`
`terminal capabilities.
`To reduce the overhead in the E-UTRAN and processing in the UE, all OE-related
`
`
`
`
`
`
`information in the access network can be released during long periods of data inactivity.
`
`
`
`
`
`This state is called BPS Connection Management IDLE (ECM-IDLE). The MME retains the
`
`
`
`
`UE context and the information about the established bearers during these idle periods.
`
`
`
`
`To allow the network to contact an ECM-IDLE UE, the UE updates the network as to
`
`
`
`
`its new location whenever it moves out of its current Tracking Area (TA); this procedure
`
`
`
`
`
`is called a 'Tracking Area Update'. The MME is responsible for keeping track of the user
`
`location while the UE is in ECM-IDLE.
`
`
`When there is a need to deliver downlink data to an ECM-IDLE UE, the MME sends a
`
`
`
`paging message to all the eNodeBs in its current TA, and the eNodeBs page the UE over the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`radio interface. On receipt of a paging message, the UE performs a service request procedure
`
`
`is which results in moving the UE to ECM-CONNECTED state. OE-related information
`
`
`
`
`
`
`thereby created in the E-UTRAN, and the bearers are re-established. The MME is responsible
`
`
`
`
`
`for the re-establishment of the radio bearers and updating the UE context in the eNodeB. This
`
`
`
`
`
`
`transition between the UE states is called an idle-to-active transition. To speed up the idle-to­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`active transition and bearer establishment, BPS supports concatenation of the NAS and AS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`procedures for bearer activation (see also Section 2.4.1). Some inter-relationship between
`
`
`
`the NAS and AS protocols is intentionally used to allow procedures to run simultaneously
`
`
`
`
`
`
`rather than sequentially, as in UMTS. For example, the bearer establishment procedure can
`
`
`
`
`
`be executed by the network without waiting for the completion of the security procedure.
`
`
`
`
`Security functions are the responsibility of the MME for both signalling and user data.
`
`
`
`
`When a UE attaches with the network, a mutual authentication of the UE and the network is
`
`
`
`performed between the UE and the MME/HSS. This authentication function also establishes
`
`
`
`
`
`
`the security keys which are used for encryption of the bearers, as explained in Section 3.2.3. l.
`
`
`
`The security architecture for SAE is specified in [2].
`
`2.2.2 The Access Network
`
`The Access Network of LTE, E-UTRAN, simply consists of a network of eNodeBs, as
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`illustrated in Figure 2.3. For normal user traffic (as opposed to broadcast), there is no
`
`
`
`centralized controller in E-UTRAN; hence the E-UTRAN architecture is said to be flat.
`
`
`The eNodeBs are normally inter-connected with each other by means of an interface
`
`known as X2, and to the EPC by means of the SJ interface -more specifically, to the MME
`
`by means of the SI-MME interface and to the S-GW by means of the SI-U interface.
`
`
`The protocols which run between the eNodeBs and the UE are known as the Access
`Stratum (AS) protocols.
`
`
`
`briefly as:
`
`
`
`The E-UTRAN is responsible for all radio-related functions, which can be summarized
`
`•Radio Resource Management. This covers all functions related to the radio bearers,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`such as radio bearer control, radio admission control, radio mobility control, schedul­
`
`
`
`ing and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (see
`
`Chapter 13).
`
`IPR2022-00648
`Apple EX1017 Page 15
`
`

`

`28
`
`LTE -THE UMTS LONG TERM EVOLUTION
`
`MME/ S-GW
`•
`\\
`l \
`I \
`l \
`
`MME/ S-GW
`I
`I I
`f I
`I i
`/ l
`
`I ;,
`l �
`'
`
`.. { I
`0
`J
`I I ·
`
`E-UTRAN
`
`/ r,< ))
`i. >If \
`x� / 7�NB#3
`�N��
`+'i'"';
`�� \_JI�eNB#2
`
`.. J
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 2.3 Overall E-UTRAN architecture. Reproduced by permission of© 3GPP.
`
`
`
`•Header Compres,sion. This helps to ensure efficient use of the radio interface by
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`compressing the IP packet headers which could otherwise represent a significant
`
`
`
`
`overhead, especially for small packets such as VoIP (see Section 4.2.2).
`
`
`
`•Security. All data sent over the radio interface is encrypted (see Sections 3.2.3.1 and
`
`
`
`
`
`4.2.3).
`
`• Connectivity to the EPC. This consists of the signalling towards the MME and the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`bearer path towa!·ds the S-GW.
`
`On the network side, all of these functions reside in the eNodeBs, each of which can