`
`MICROSOFT PRESS°
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`Apple EX1044 Page1
`
`~ STANDARD FOR
`BUSINESS, SCHOOL,
`LIBRARY, AND HOME
`
`5
`)
`
`ae
`
`COMPLETELY
`REVISED AND
`UPDATED, WITH NEW
`
`LS
`
`‘THE COMPREHENSIVE
`
`IPR2022-00602
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`IPR2022-00602
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`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`OneMicrosoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1994 by Microsoft Press
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means withoutthe written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`the comprehensive standard for
`Microsoft Press computer dictionary :
`business, school, library, and home / Microsoft Press. -- 2nd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 1-55615-597-2
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`1. Computers--Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press.
`II. Title: Computerdictionary.
`QA76.15.M54
`1993
`004'.03--de20
`
`93-29868
`CIP
`
`Printed and boundin the United States of America.
`
`456789 MLML 98765
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Mzcmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`Distributed to the booktrade outside the United States and Canada by
`Penguin BooksLtd.
`
`Penguin BooksLtd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
`Penguin BooksAustralia Ltd., Ringwood, Victoria, Australia
`Penguin Books N.Z.Ltd., 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand
`
`British Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
`
`Project Editor: Casey D. Doyle
`Manuscript Editor: Alice Copp Smith
`Technical Editors: Mary DeJong,JeffCarey, Dail Magee,Jr.,Jim Fuchs, Seth McEvoy
`
`_—<
`
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`CONTENTS
`
`Introduction
`
`Vii
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms
`
`1
`
`Appendix A: ASCII Character Set
`
`425
`
`Appendix B:
`
`IBM Extended Character Set
`
`427
`
`Appendix C: Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`
`428
`
`Appendix D: EBCDIC Character Set
`
`431
`
`Appendix E: Numeric Equivalents
`
`437
`
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`
`
`cell In spreadsheet terminology, the intersection
`of a row and a column. Each row and columnin
`a spreadsheet
`is unique, so each cell can be
`uniquely identified—for example, cell B17, at the
`intersection of column B and row 17. Each cellis
`displayed as a rectangular space that can hold
`text, a value, or a formula. See theillustration.
`Similarly, although less familiarly, a cell is an ad-
`dressable (named or numbered) storage unit for
`information. A binary cell, for example, is a stor-
`age unit that can hold 1 bit of information—that
`is, it can be either on oroff.
`
` |
`
`
`|
`. Perfermence|ReliabiiyWovrenyEaseofsepees
`a
`4
`I
`2
`3
`4]a
`3|
`3
`|
`
`
`3
`53)
`
`|
`
`
`
`3 _
`
`Cell.
`
`Cell
`
`central office In communications, the switching
`center where interconnections between custom-
`ers’ communications lines are made.
`central processing unit Abbreviated CPU. The
`computational and control unit of a computer;
`the device that interprets and executes instruc-
`tions. Mainframes and early minicomputers con-
`tained circuit boards full of integrated circuits
`that
`implemented the central processing unit.
`Single-chip central processing units, called mi-
`croprocessors, made possible personal comput-
`ers and workstations. Examples of single-chip
`CPUs are the Motorola 68000, 68020, and 68030
`chips andthe Intel 8080, 8086, 80286, 80386, and
`i486 chips. The CPU—or microprocessor, in the
`case of a microcomputer—has the ability to
`fetch, decode, and execute instructions and to
`transfer information to and from other resources
`over the computer’s main data-transfer path, the
`bus. By definition, the CPU is the chip that func-
`tions as the “brain” of a computer. In some in-
`stances, however,
`the term encompasses both
`the processor and the computer's memory or,
`even more broadly, the main computer console
`(as opposed to peripheral equipment). See also
`microprocessor.
`Centronics parallel interface A de facto stan-
`dard for parallel data exchange paths between
`computers and peripherals, originally developed
`by the printer manufacturer Centronics, Inc. The
`Centronicsparallel interface provides eightparal-
`lel data lines plus additional lines for control and
`status information.
`CGA Acronym for Color/Graphics Adapter, a video
`adapter board introduced by IBMin 1981. The
`CGAis capable of several character and graphics
`modes,
`including character modes of 40 or 80
`horizontal characters (columns) by 25 vertical
`lines with 16 colors, and graphics modes of 640
`horizontal pixels by 200 vertical pixels with 2 col-
`ors, or 320 horizontal pixels by 200 vertical pixels
`with 4 colors. See also graphics adapter, video
`adapter.
`CGI See Computer GraphicsInterface.
`CGM See Computer Graphics Metafile.
`chad The paper removed when a hole is punched
`
`69
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`cellular automata In computerscience, theoreti-
`cal models of parallel computers. They enable
`the investigation of parallel computers without
`the need to actually build them. The cellular au-
`tomaton is composed of a network of multiple
`cells, each representing a processorin the paral-
`lel computer. The cells must be identical, and
`they must have a finite amount of available
`memory. Each cell outputs a value calculated
`from the input values it receives from its neigh-
`boring cells, and all cells output
`their values
`simultaneously.
`center To align characters around a point located
`in the middle of a line, page, or other defined
`area;
`in effect,
`to place text an equal distance
`from each margin or border. See also align.
`centi- Prefix meaning “one hundred” or, more
`usually, “one hundredth,” as in centimeter—one
`hundredth of a meter.
`centralized processing The location of com-
`puter processing facilities and operations in a
`single (centralized) place. Compare decentral-
`ized processing, distributed processing.
`
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`damping
`
`
`
`Peat
`
`database machine
`
`damping A technique for preventing overshoot
`ing to it. The term is also used to refer to descrip-
`tive structural information about a data field in a
`(exceeding the desired limit) in the response of a
`record.
`circuit or device. An amplifier circuit, for ex-
`data bank A repository of data; any substantial
`ample, might contain components that damp the
`collection of data.
`output, preventing it from exceedingacritical
`level.
`database Loosely, any aggregation of data; a file
`consisting of a number of records (or tables),
`Darlington circuit Sometimescalled a Darlington
`each of which is constructed of fields (columns)
`pair. An amplifer circuit consisting of twotransis-
`of a particular type, together with a collection of
`tors, often mounted in the same housing. The
`operations that facilitate searching, sorting, re-
`collectors of the twotransistors are connected,
`and the emitter of the first is connected to the
`combination, and similar activities.
`database administrator Abbreviated DBA. The
`base of the second. Darlington circuits are used
`individual or group of individuals responsible for
`to provide high-gain current amplification.
`a database. Typically, the DBA is responsible for
`Darlington pair See Darlingtoncircuit.
`determining the information content of the data-
`DASD Sometimes pronounced “dazz-dee.” Acro-
`base; determining the internal storage structure
`nym for direct access storage device, a data stor-
`and access strategy for the database; defining
`age device on which information can be accessed
`data security and integrity checks; and monitor-
`directly, rather than by starting at the beginning
`ing database performance and responding to
`of the data and passing sequentially overall in-
`changing requirements.
`tervening storage areas. Thus, a disk drive is a
`database analyst An individual whoprovides the
`DASDunit. A tape is not a DASD unit because the
`analytic functions required to design and/or
`data is stored as a linear block. Compare sequen-
`maintain applications requiring use of a data-
`tial access; see also direct access.
`base. The functions performed by a database
`DAT See digital audio tape, dynamic address
`translation.
`analyst are, in a database context, muchlike the
`functions performed by a systems analyst in a
`data Plural of the Latin datum, meaning an item
`programming context.
`of information. Following classical usage, one
`database designer An individual who provides
`item of information should be called a datum,
`the design and implementation functions re-
`and more than oneitem should be called data:
`quired to implement and/or maintain appli-
`“The datum is,” but “the data are.” In practice,
`cations that use a database. The functions per-
`however, data is frequently used for the singular
`formed are, in a database context, muchlike the
`as well as the plural form of the noun. Compare
`information.
`functions performed by a programmerin a pro-
`gramming context.
`data acquisition The process of obtaining data
`database engine The program module or mod-
`from another source,
`typically one outside the
`ules that provide access to the functions of a da-
`system. It can be done byelectronic sensing, as
`tabase management system (DBMS). A database
`in process control or communications, or through
`engine is used as an interface between the data
`data terminal input, as in online transaction pro-
`manipulation language (DML) or programswrit-
`cessing, or from some magnetic medium, as in
`ten in conventional programming languages and
`batch database processing.
`the functions supported by the DBMS.
`data aggregate A collection of data records or
`database machine A computer peripheral device
`blocks that typically includes a description of the
`that, from the viewpoint of the computer,directly
`placement of each block within the collection
`executes database-related tasks, relieving the main
`andits relationship to the entire set.
`data attribute Structural information about data
`computer of the execution of these tasks. Data-
`base machines can be attached to the computer
`that servesto establish its context and give mean-
`
`
`105
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`trailer label
`
`
`
`transformer
`
`the accuracy andstatus of the transmission. Com-
`pare header.
`trailer label A small block of information used in
`tape processing that marksthe endofa file or the
`end of the tape andthat can contain otherinfor-
`mation, such as the numberofrecordsin thefile
`or files on the tape.
`Also, a label used in communications data
`frames, or packets,
`that follows the data and
`might contain an end-of-message mark, a check-
`sum, and some synchronization bits. Compare
`headerlabel.
`
`On local area networks, a transceiver is the device
`that connects a computerto the network.
`transducer A device that converts one form of
`energyinto another.Electronic transducerseither
`convert electric energy to another form of energy
`or convert nonelectric to electric energy. For ex-
`ample, a loudspeaker transduceselectric energy
`to sound, and a microphonetransduces sound to
`electric energy.
`transfer The movementof data from onelocation
`to another, or the passing of program control
`from oneportion of code to another.
`transfer rate Therate at which a circuit or a com-
`munications channel transfers information from
`
`trailing edge Thelatter part of an electronic sig-
`nal. If a digital signal switches from off to on and
`source to destination, as over a networkor to and
`then backto off, the transition from off to on is
`from a disk drive. The transfer rate is measured in
`the leading edge andthetransition from onto off
`units of information per unit of time—for ex-
`is the trailing edge ofthe signal.
`ample, bits per second or characters per sec-
`train As a verb, to teach someone to perform a
`ond—and can be measuredeither as a raw rate,
`particular task or job. As a noun, a sequence of
`which is the maximum transfer speed, or as an
`items or events, such as a digital pulse train con-
`average rate, which includes gaps between
`sisting of transmitted binary signals.
`blocks of data as part of the transmission time.
`transactionAdiscrete activity within a computer
`transfer statement A statement
`in a program-
`system—for example, an entry of a customeror-
`ming language that transfers the flow of execu-
`der or an update of an inventory item. Transac-
`tion to anotherlocation in the program. See also
`tions
`are usually associated with database
`GOTOstatement.
`management, order-entry, and other online sys-
`transfer time The time elapsed betweenthestart
`tems. By definition, however, making a deletion
`of a data-transfer operation and its completion.
`or creating a file copy on a microcomputercould
`transform In general, to change the appearance
`as easily be considered a transaction.
`or formatof data withoutaltering its content—for
`transaction file A file that contains the details of
`example,
`to encode information according to
`transactions, such as items and prices on in-
`predefined rules. In mathematics and computer
`voices, andthatis to be used to update a master
`graphics, transform meansto alter the position,
`database file. Transaction files are typical of
`size, or nature of an object by moving it to an-
`transaction-based systems, such as those com-
`other location (translation), making it larger or
`posed of online order-entry terminals that are
`smaller (scaling), turning it (rotation), changing
`connected to a main computer.
`its description from one type of coordinate sys-
`transaction processing A processing methodin
`tem to another, and so on.
`which transactions are executed immediately af-
`transformer A device used to changethe voltage
`ter they are received by the system. Compare
`of an alternating current signal or to change the
`batch processing.
`impedance of an alternating currentcircuit. See
`transceiver A device that can both transmit and re-
`the illustration. A transformer consists of two or
`ceive signals; derived from transmitter/receiver.
`more coils or windings of wire, usually wrapped
`Transceivers are used for a variety of communi-
`around a ferromagnetic core. The individual
`cations, among them telephones, citizens band
`windings are notelectrically connected to each
`other but are coupled by magnetic induction. As
`radio, and ship-to-shore or air-to-ground radio.
`
`
`394
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`

`MICROSOFT PRESS*
`
`(COMPUTER DICTIONARY
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`The Comprehensive Standard for Business, School, Library, and Home
`
`ere is a rich and comprehensive dictionary that meets the information needs of today’s microcomputeruser.
`Newlyupdatedtoreflect the changes andinnovations in the microcomputer world, the secondedition has
`manynewdefinitions,illustrations, and photographs. This dictionaryis ideal for the hundreds of thousands of
`people whowork with microcomputersbut are not computer professionals. Wide-ranging in scope, it covers:
`
`System Software
`gm Applications Hardware mGraphics
`PwCeamyenrrontont
`a Programming Printing
`om Electronics Communications
`w Desktop Publishing
`ws Computer-Industry Slang Data Storage
`sm Networks
`
`The MICROSOFT PRESS COMPUTERDICTIONARYwaswritten, reviewed, and edited byadistinguished team
`of experts whose experience is drawn from the computer industry andthe business and academic communities.
`
`adapter With personal computers, especially those
`from IBM®
`or
`thosethat are IBM compatible, usually a
`|
`printed circuit board (also called an interface card) that
`enables the computerto usea peripheral device for whichit
`does not already have the necessary connections or circuit
`
`permit upgradingto newor different hardware. Most often,
`the term is encountered in video,
`as in Color/Graphics
`
`Guides. Where appropriate
`ciation
`fe
`ronunciavion Guides.
`vere appropriate,
`definitions include phonet Ic pronunciations
`that reflect industry usage —for example:
`
`yavers61d
`
`GUI, —_ “gooey.”
`K| | ere A.
`tc 10 the more than
`vo © written in clear, standard
`English. Most go beyond simple defini
`tion to provide additional detail. You'll find
`definitionsfor termsas basic.to computing
`as hard disk, boot, Operating system, and
`double-click: as well as more advanced terms
`Maliasiobicc
`Pan
`;
`ae
`as
`object-oriented programming, fractal,
`expert system, andvirtual memory.
`
`{Recommended}
`
`theillustration. Adapters are often used to
`See
`boards.
`(CGA), Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), and
`Adapter
`Video Graphics Array (VGA). Other commonadapters
`include game-controller hardware for
`joysticks, adapters
`for serial communications with devices suchas modems,
`adapters for parallel interfaces for devices suchasprinters,
`and adapters for other types of peripheral devices such as
`CD-ROM drives.
`Commonly, a single adapter card can
`have more than one adapter onit.
`For example, a single
`adapter card can haveboth aserial port and a parallel port
`Adapter
`
`Illustrations. Drawings, photographs, and
`diagrams enhance manydefinitions.
`
`Cross-References. Entries are fully cross
`referencedto provide supplementaryinfor-
`mationandinvitefurther exploration.
`
`See also port
`
`ISBN 1-55615-597-2
`—smcomeee meme mm mE RANNN
`
`!Reference
`
`4012-9-315-934170
`$19.95
`U.S.A.
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictionzary
`£18.49
`U.K.
`The Comprehensive Standard for
`
`
`
`Canada 18|English|Paperback$26.95 54983629|
`
`PRESS
`
`zrMETASA ve
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