Europaisches Patentamt
`European Patent Office
`Office europeen des brevets
`
`(n) Publication number:
`
`0 3 3 0 7 6 7
`A 1
`
`E U R O P E A N PATENT A P P L I C A T I O N
`
`■>>
`
`© Application number: 88301738.6
`
`© Date of filing: 29.02.88
`
`© Date of publication of application:
`06.09.89 Bulletin 89/36
`
`© Designated Contracting States:
`DE FR GB
`
`© int. ci/h G06K 1 1 / 0 6
`
`0 Applicant: PIONEER ELECTRONIC
`CORPORATION
`No. 4-1, Meguro 1-chome
`Meguro-ku Tokyo 153(JP)
`
`@ Inventor: Araki, Morio Pioneer Elec. Corp.
`Kawagoe Works
`No. 25-1, Aza Nishimachi Oaza Yamada
`Kawagoe-shi Saitama(JP)
`Inventor: Mori, Shigeto Pioneer Elec. Corp.
`Kawagoe Works
`No. 25-1, Aza Nishimachi Oaza Yamada
`Kawagoe-shi Saitama(JP)
`Inventor: Kaneko, Michihiro Pioneer Elec.
`Corp. Kawagoe Work
`No. 25-1, Aza Nishimachi Oaza Yamada
`Kawagoe-shi Saitama(JP)
`Inventor: Go, Yasunao Pioneer Elec. Corp.
`Kawagoe Works
`No. 25-1, Aza Nishimachi Oaza Yamada
`Kawagoe-shi Saitama(JP)
`
`© Representative: Brunner, Michael John et al
`GILL JENNINGS & EVERY 53-64 Chancery
`Lane
`London WC2A1HN(GB)
`
`© Touch panel control device with touch time and finger direction discrimination.
`
`© In a touch panel control device for providing
`^■control signals to select an operation made for an
`^electronic device according to how the finger touch-
`p%es a touch panel (1), a timer (3) starts its operation
`COfrom the time instant when the finger touches the
`^ touch panel, and the direction and distance of move-
`Oment °f tne finger in a predetermined period of time
`CO are detected, to control the operation of the elec-
`^tronic device or the like.
`
`a .
`LLJ
`
`FIG. 3
`
`V
`WSTEM CWTWXLEH
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`Xerox Copy Centre
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`IPR2022-00602
`Apple EX1034 Page 1
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`

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`EP 0 330 767 A1
`
`TOUCH PANEL CONTROL DEVICE WITH TOUCH TIME AND FINGER DIRECTION DISCRIMINATION
`
`The invention relates to a touch panel control
`device for acoustic equipment.
`Acoustic entertainment devices for vehicles,
`such as a cassette tape player, compact disk play-
`er and radio tuner are installed in a considerably
`small space such as an in-dash console, and there-
`fore must be small in size. Accordingly, the switch-
`es or push-buttons of the acoustic devices must
`also be small. These small switches or push-but-
`the
`tons are difficult to operate. Furthermore,
`acoustic devices are used in different modes and
`operated in various manners. Therefore they em-
`ploy a variety of switches, push-buttons, etc. Since
`the operator cannot easily locate them while driv-
`ing, his attention to the road may be distracted
`when operating the acoustic devices causing a
`dangerous condition.
`In this connection, a method has been dis-
`closed in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No.
`89720/1986 (the term "OPI" as used herein means
`an "unexamined published application") in which
`instead of switches or push-buttons for operating
`acoustic devices, there is provided a touch panel,
`the different controls of the devices being effected
`by touching different positions on the touch panel.
`The conventional touch panel method will be
`described with reference to Fig. 1. A touch panel
`80 having interior detecting electrodes is scanned
`with a scanner 20 to detect when and at what point
`the touch, panel 80 has been touched. The detec-
`tion output data of the scanner 20 are applied to a
`first memory 30, where the detection output data of
`a scan are temporarily stored. The detection output
`data of one scan read out of the the first memory
`30 are supplied to a recognizing block 40. A touch
`on the touch panel is pattern-recognized by the
`recognizing block 40 for each scan of the scanner
`20.
`
`The output pattern data of the recognizing
`block 40 are applied to a second memory 50 and a
`data comparator 60. The second memory 50 tem-
`porarily stores the recognized pattern data pro-
`duced during one scan and supplied thereto from
`the recognizing block 40. The data comparator 60
`compares the output pattern data of the recogniz-
`ing block with the pattern data of the preceding
`scan read out of the second memory 50, to thereby
`detect any change in the pattern data. The com-
`parison output data of the data comparator 60 is
`supplied to a decision block 70 which output con-
`trol data corresponding to the comparison output
`data. In response to the comparison output data,
`the decision block 70 refers to a data table (not
`shown) and outputs predetermined control data ac-
`cording to the touch on the touch panel 80.
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`As is apparent from the above description, in
`the conventional touch panel control device, the
`touch data of the present scan is merely compared
`with that of the preceding scan. Therefore, if the
`scanning speed is increased, the control device
`may judge no change in the touch position be-
`tween two successive scans because the distance
`the finger can move over a scanning period is
`related to the scanning speed. If, on the other
`hand, the scanning speed is decreased, the follow-
`ing error may be encountered. If a finger finely
`touches and is removed from the panel and the
`touched has not yet been
`the panel
`part of
`scanned (for instance the right part of the panel in
`the case of scanning the panel in the left-to-right
`direction), then that touch on the panel may not be
`detected.
`Referably, the entire panel surface should be
`scanned in about 10 msec to prevent a detection
`20 miss. However, if the scanning speed is set to
`about 10 msec, there may be an erroneous detec-
`tion because, as mentioned herein before, finger
`speed cannot follow a rapid scanning speed.
`Accordingly, an object of this invention is to
`eliminate the above-described difficulties with a
`conventional touch panel control device.
`The foregoing object and other objects of the
`invention have been achieved by the touch panel
`control device of the invention for outputting control
`data to select an operating mode for an electronic
`device according to how the finger touches a touch
`panel. The touch panel control device of the inven-
`tion comprises: touch position detecting means,
`arranged in matrix form on the touch panel, for
`detecting the coordinates of a touch position on the
`touch panel; scanning means for periodically scan-
`ning the touch position detecting means; memory
`means for storing the coordinates of an initial touch
`position on the touch panel or those of a touch
`position obtained when the control data is output-
`ted; coordinate comparing means for comparing
`the coordinates stored in the memory means with
`those of a current touch position determined for
`each scan while the finger touches the panel; timer
`45 means for performing a time measuring opeation
`with the aid of the output of the touch position
`detecting means; and an operation discriminator for
`outputting operation content data predetermined
`according to time measurement data of the timer
`so means and the results of the comparison of the
`coordinate comparing means. The nature, principle
`and utility of the invention will become more appar-
`ent from the following detailed description when
`read in conjunction with the accompanying draw-
`ings.
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`EP 0 330 767 A1
`
`In the accompanying drawings:
`Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing a conven-
`tional touch panel control device;
`Fig. 2 is a front view showing a touch panel
`in a touch panel control device according to the
`invention;
`Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing the touch
`panel control device according to the invention;
`Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of one example of
`a touch position detecting means in the touch
`panel control device of the invention;
`Fig. 5 is a timing chart for a description of
`the operation of the touch position detecting means
`shown in Fig. 4;
`Figs. 6, 7 and 8 are three parts of a flow
`chart for describing the operation of the touch
`panel control device of the invention; and
`Figs. 9(a) and 9(b) are illustrations of dis-
`plays on the touch panel.
`
`An example of a touch panel control device
`according to this invention will be described with
`reference to Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, reference numeral 1
`designates a touch panel. Along the four sides of
`the touch panel are LEDs (light emitting diodes)
`101 through 114 and light receiving means, name-
`through 214. They are
`ly, photo-transistors 201
`alternately arranged in such a manner that the
`through 214 receive
`photo-transistors 201
`light
`beams from the LEDs 101 through 114, respec-
`tively. The photo-transistors 201 through 214 pro-
`vide "H" (high level) outputs upon reception of the
`light beams. The LEDs and the photo-transistors
`are alternately arranged along the sides of the
`touch panel to eliminate the possibility that a
`photo-transistors might erroneously detect the light
`beam emitted by an adjacent LED rather than its
`corresponding LED.
`is
`A control system for the touch panel 1
`shown in Fig. 3. The control system includes a
`touch operation discriminator 2. The discriminator 2
`detects when the operator's finger touches the
`touch panel 1, and discriminates the operation to
`be performed from the direction of finger move-
`ment and the time period over which the finger
`touches the touch panel. The discriminated opera-
`tion is applied to a command discriminator 12. The
`command discriminator 12 supplies an operation
`command to a system controller 13 in response to
`the discriminated operation. The operation com-
`mand controls the operation of an electronic device
`such as a cassette player, radio tuner, or compact
`disk player, and feed back the operating condition
`thereof, as data, to the command discriminator 12.
`The operation discriminator 2 also applies a
`scanning pulse signal (STB signal) to a timing
`circuit 3 with a period of about 10 msec as shown
`in a timing chart of Fig. 5. The scanning time is not
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`necessarily 10 msec. It should be determined on
`the basis of the speed of the finger scanning the
`panel. During the generation of the STB signal, the
`timing circuit 3 produces pulses for activating the
`LEDs 101 through 114 in Fig. 2 so that turn on
`input voltages are successively applied to the input
`terminals 301 through 314 of the LEDs 101 through
`114. The light from the LEDs 101 through 114 are
`applied to the photo-transistors 201 through 214,
`respectively, the outputs of which are provided at
`an output terminal 400 in Fig. 4. The timing of the
`serial outputs is as indicated in Fig. 5. The serial
`outputs are applied to a serial-to-parallel converter
`4, where they are converted into parallel outputs,
`75 which are latched by a data latch 5. One scanning
`operation is completed when the timing circuit 3
`has applied the input voltages to all the LEDs.
`During a waiting time T, the data latched by the
`data latch 5 are successively transferred to the
`operation discriminator 2.
`The timing chart of Fig. 5 represents the case
`where the finger touches the touch panel at a point
`marked with a circle in Fig. 2. In this case, the
`outputs of the LEDs 106 and 111 being blocked,
`and therefore the outputs of photo-transistors 206
`and 211 are maintained at the "L" (low level).
`Therefore, the data latched by the data latch circuit
`5 are:
`in the X-direction
`1 1 1 1 1 0 11
`in the Y-direction
`110 111
`As apparent from the above, the coordinates of the
`touch position can be detected from the positions
`of the "O" levels in the data latch.
`During the waiting time T, the output of the
`data latch circuit 5 are simultaneously applied to a
`NOR gate 8, the output of which is raised to "H"
`when the finger touches the panel.
`With further reference to Fig. 3, reference nu-
`meral 6 designates a coordinate memory for stor-
`ing the coordinates of a touch position at the start
`of a touch or at the end of an operation; and 7, a
`timer which is reset in synchronism with the storing
`operation of the coordinate memory 6, to start its
`time counting operation. The control system further
`comprises an arithmetic circuit (not shown) for
`comprising the coordinates of the present touch
`position with those stored in the coordinate mem-
`ory 6, to detect the direction of movement of the
`finger on the panel 1; a touch memory 10 for
`storing the touch and non-touch on the touch panel
`1; and a command memory 11 for storing the
`operation content which is discriminated by the
`operation discriminator 2 and applied tothe com-
`mand discriminator 12.
`The operation discriminator 2 supplies a CMD
`signal representing the content of an operation
`given to the touch panel 1 to the command dis-
`criminator 12. In response to the CMD signal the
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`Apple EX1034 Page 3
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`EP 0 330 767 A1
`
`command discriminator 12 applies a command to
`the system controller 13 for operating the acoustic
`device.
`In general, the following commands are re-
`quired for acoustic devices used in vehicles:
`
`(1) Tape deck
`
`Fast forward, rewind, stop, repetitive playback,
`iump for station, and playback
`
`(2) Tuner
`
`Up sweep, down sweep, preset channel up,
`preset channel down, channel preset, and auto
`tuning
`
`(3) Compact disk
`
`Playback, partial repeat, whole repeat, skip,
`stop, jump for music, and disk take-out
`As is apparent from the above, six or seven
`different commands are required for each acoustic
`device used in vehicles.
`These commands can be issued by utilization
`of, for instance, seven finger operations on the
`touch panel; movements of the finger upwardly,
`downwardly, right and left (U, D, Ft and L), keeping
`the finger at a point (KEEP), touching the panel
`with panel with the finger twice (2HIT). The above-
`described seven finger operations are discriminat-
`ed so that the command discriminator 12 applies
`commands to the concerned acoustic device sepa-
`rately according to the finger operations.
`The above-described seven finger operations
`can be discriminated not only by the contents of
`the aforementioned arithmetic circuit, but also
`based on the content of the touch memory circuit
`10 in which the touch condition of the preceding
`scan is stored, the content of the command mem-
`ory 1 1 which stores the command which has been
`applied to the command discriminator 12 before
`the scan, and the time count in the timer 7.
`For instance, the commands can be issued as
`follows:
`(1 ) When the coordinate changes are at least
`four a second, the commands U, D, R and L are
`outputted separately according to the directions of
`movement thereof.
`(2) The command KEEP is outputted when
`the finger is kept on the touch panel for at least
`one second and moves three coordinates or less.
`(3) The command HIT is output when the
`finger is kept on the panel for 0.5 second or less,
`and moves three coordinates or less.
`
`(4) the command 2HIT is outputted when,
`within two seconds after the issue of the command
`HIT, the finger is operated in the same manner as
`in the case of outputting the command HIT.
`
`the above-de-
`A method of discriminating
`scribed finger operations will be described with
`reference to the flow charts of Figs. 6, 7, and 8.
`In these figures, steps 1 through 7 form a
`routine for starting when the finger touches the
`panel, storage of the coordinates of that position
`and the operation of the timer. When the operation
`discriminator 2 outputs a scan instruction signal
`(STB) in step 1 , in step 2 it is determined whether
`or not the finger touches the panel. When it is
`determined that the finger has touched the touch
`panel, in step 3 the coordinates of that position are
`read. In step 4, the content of the touch memory
`10, which stores the touch condition of the preced-
`ing scan, is read to determine whether or not the
`finger touches the panel for the first time. When it
`is determined that the content of the touch memory
`10 has been cleared, then in step 5 "1" is written
`in the touch memory, in step 6 the above-de-
`scribed coordinates of the position are stored in the
`coordinate memory 6, and step 7 the timer is reset
`and started.
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`(1) Discrimination of the finger operations U, D, R
`andT
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`
`Discrimination of the finger operations U, D, R
`and L are achieved in Steps 8 through 17.
`In step 8, the coordinates stored in the coordi-
`nate memory 10 are compared with the present
`coordinates to obtain the variations in the X- and Y-
`directions. In step 9, by referring to the command
`memory 11 which stores the operation content
`outputted previously, it is determined whether or
`not the upward, downward, rightward or leftward
`operation has been applied to the command dis-
`criminator 12. If it is determined that the command
`has been applied thereto, then it is unnecessary to
`discriminate the movement in that direction again,
`and steps 11 and 11 1 are effected in which, when
`the finger is moved eight coordinates or more, the
`movement in a direction perpendicular to the direc-
`tion of that movement is detected so that the finger
`so movement may not be regarded as "the finger is
`moved four coordinates twice". If no command is
`applied to the command discriminator 12, then in
`step 10 it is determined from the above-described
`variations whether the finger is moved horizontally
`or vertically.
`In step 12, it is determined whether, in each of
`the X- and Y-directions, the finger is moved in the
`positive ( + ) direction or in the negative (-) direc-
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`EP 0 330 767 A1
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`(3) Discrimination of tine finger operations HIT and
`2HIT
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`tion, so that in step 13 the operation content cor-
`responding to the direction of movement is pro-
`vided.
`In step 14, the operation content thus provided
`is applied in the command discriminator 12 (in this
`operation, the command discriminator 12 supplies
`the instruction to the system controller 13 which
`has been predetermined for the electronic equip-
`ment in use), and in step 15 the operation content
`is stored in the command memory 1 1 .
`In step 16, the coordinates stored in the coordi-
`nate memory are rewritten into those of the touch
`position obtained at the time of outputting the op-
`eration content. And in step 17, the timer is reset
`so that the following discrimination is carried out.
`
`(2) Discrimination of the finger operation KEEP
`
`The finger operations KEEP and HIT are distin-
`guished from each other according to how long the
`finger touches the touch panel. Therefore, if the
`finger operation KEEP is determined merely from
`the time count data of the timer 7, then the deter-
`mination may include the finger operation HIT. That
`is, in the following case:
`HIT
`0 to 0.5 second
`Not applicable
`0.5 to 1 second
`KEEP
`More than 1 second
`while the finger operation KEEP is discriminated,
`the finger operation HIT may occur. In the case
`where the touch time is 0.5 to 1 second, no action
`is taken, as was listed above. This is to prevent an
`erroneous operation which may be caused when
`the finger operations are not strictly defined. There-
`fore, the step may be eliminated as the case may
`be.
`Therefore, in a routine consisting of steps 18
`through 25 as shown in Fig. 7, when in step 20 the
`time count data of the timer exceeds one (1) sec-
`ond and in step 22 it is determined that the finger
`operation KEEP has not been supplied, as the
`operation content, to the command discriminator
`12, then it is supplied, as the operation content, to
`the command discriminator 12 in step 24. The
`reason why, in step 22, it is detected whether or
`not the finger operation KEEP has been supplied
`as the operation content is to prevent the difficulty
`that, when the finger touches the touch panel for
`more than two seconds, the finger operation KEEP
`may be provided as the operation content two or
`more times.
`When in step 18 the touch time is shorter than
`0.5 second, in step 19 the finger operation HIT is
`provided as the operation content; however, it is
`not applied to the command discriminator 12 yet in
`the flow chart.
`
`The finger operations HIT and 2HIT can be
`identified as shown in a flow chart of Fig. 8.
`When in step 2 of Fig. 6 it is determined that
`the finger is not in touch with the touch panel, then
`in step 26 it can be determined by referring to the
`touch memory 10 adapted to store the touch or
`non-touch detected in the preceding scan whether
`or not the touch was just now released. When it is
`determined that the touch was released just now,
`then the content of the touch memory 1 1 is "1 ". In
`step 27, the content of the touch memory 11 is
`cleared, and in step 29 it is determined whether or
`not the operation content is of the finger operation
`HIT. That is, if in step 19 of Fig. 7 the finger
`operation HIT is provided as the operation content,
`then step 30 is effected. In step 30, when it is
`the content of the command
`determined from
`memory 11 that nothing is provided, then the op-
`eration content, or HIT, is applied to the command
`discriminator 12. If the finger operation HIT is
`stored as the operation content in the command
`25 memory 11, then it is the second finger operation
`HIT, and therefore the finger operation 2 HIT is
`applied as the operation content to the command
`discriminator 12. If the storage data of the com-
`is other than that, then in a
`mand memory 11
`routine of steps 36 through 38 the command mem-
`ory and the operation content are cleared, and the
`timer is stopped.
`When in step 26 it is determined that the
`content of the touch memory 10 has been cleared
`since the preceding scan, then step 28 is effected.
`If, in step 28, the timer shows the lapse of two
`seconds; i.e., nothing is operated for two seconds,
`then the routine of steps 36, 37 and 38 is effected.
`The operation discriminator 2 can apply the
`seven operating modes to the command discrimi-
`nator 12 in the above-described manner.
`In the operation discriminator 2, the above-
`described operation contents are converted into
`commands suitable for the operations of the acous-
`tic devices to be controlled in such a manner that
`any one of the commands can be used for a
`plurality of acoustic devices - for instance the fin-
`ger operation R is used for the "up direction
`sweep" of a tuner and also for the "fast forward" of
`a tape deck. The commands are applied to the
`system controller 1 3. In response to the commands
`are applied to the system controller 13. In response
`to the commands, the system controller 13 controls
`the operations of the acoustic devices.
`In the above-described embodiment, the seven
`finger operations are discriminated, and in re-
`sponse to the seven finger operations thus dis-
`criminated the command discriminator outputs the
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`EP 0 330 767 A1
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`10
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`commands. If the seven finger operations are uti-
`lized in combination, then more commands can be
`issued.
`For instance, in the case of a tape deck, the
`finger operations, may be combined as follows:
`When, after the "fast forward" operation is selected
`by the finger operation R, the finger operation U is
`carried out, a so-called "FF SCAN" operation can
`be performed in which the "fast forward" operation
`of the tape is carried out to detect an intermusic
`region, and after the sound reproduction is per-
`formed, the "fast forward" operation is carried out
`again. And when the finger operation R is followed
`by the finger operation D, the "FF music search"
`operation is carried out.
`In this case, the system controller 13 applied
`data representing the operating condition of the
`acoustic device to the command discriminator 12
`at all times, and the command provided by the
`command discriminator is determined according to
`the operating condition.
`In the case of the tape deck described above,
`normally the finger operation R is used for the
`command "fast forward", and the finger operation
`U is for the command "volume up". However,
`during the "fast forward" operation, the finger op-
`eration U is used to output the command "FF
`scan".
`If a plurality of operation contents are com-
`bined to provide a command in the above-de-
`scribed manner, then the finger operations can be
`applied to a variety of operation modes of acoustic
`devices mounted in a vehicle.
`The touch panel 1 may comprise a picture
`display unit such as a cathode ray tub (CRT). The
`system controller 13 applies display mode data to
`a CRT driver 14 in correspondence to an acoustic
`device in use, to thereby control the display to the
`touch panel 1.
`Figs. 9(a) and 9(b) show examples of a CRT
`display, more specifically, the part (a) of Fig. 9
`shows a CRT display in the "tape deck" mode, and
`the past (b) of Fig. 9 shows a CRT display in a
`"tuner" mode.
`In Fig. 9, the finger operations U,D, R and L
`are indicated by the arrows which are extended
`upwardly downwardly, rightwardly and leftwardly,
`respectively; and finger operations HIT, 2HIT and
`KEEP are indicated by one dot, two dots and a bar,
`respectively; and the compound finger operations
`are indicated by the bent arrows - for instance the
`compound finger operation R U is indicated by the
`arrow which is extended rightwardly and then up-
`wardly.
`Therefore, merely by moving the finger accord-
`ing to the indications or marks displayed on the
`touch panel, the commands corresponding to the
`finger operations can be applied to the system
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`controller 13.
`The contents of the display on the display unit
`can be changed according to the operating con-
`ditions of an acoustic device to be controlled. For
`instance, for the "fast forward" operation of a tape
`deck, the mark " t> > " is caused to flicker or its
`color is changed, to that the operator can detect
`whether or not the finger operation on the touch
`panel has been carried out correctly, to thereby
`prevent erroneous operation.
`As shown in Fig. 9 the display mark "2nd" is
`provided for the finger operation KEEP. It can be
`utilized in the case where the number of finger
`operations is smaller than the number of com-
`rs mands to be issued. That is, in this case, the first
`picture display is switched over to the second
`picture display by one finger operation (KEEP in
`this case) so that the command discriminator 12
`can provide commands different from those used
`20 when the first picture display is employed. That is,
`more intricate operations of electronic devices can
`be controlled.
`As is apparent from the above description, the
`predetermined commands can be issued according
`to the distance of movement of the finger over the
`touch panel, the period of time for which the finger
`touches the touch panel, and the number of times
`the touch panel is touched with the finger, and one
`and the same touch panel can be used for a
`plurality of acoustic devices such as a cassette
`tape player and a radio tuner installed in a vehicle.
`Therefore, the limited space in the vehicle can be
`efficiently utilized, and the touch panel control de-
`vice installed will never obstruct the operator's driv-
`ing. Furthermore, since the touch panel serves as
`the display unit, the probability of erroneous opera-
`tion is decreased.
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`35
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`40
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`Claims
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`45
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`1. A touch panel control device for outputting
`control data to select an operation mode for an
`to how the finger
`electronic device according
`touches a touch panel (1) comprising:
`touch position detecting means (101,114,201,214)
`in a matrix form on said touch panel, for detecting
`the coordinates of a touch position on the touch
`panel;
`scanning means (2) for periodically scanning said
`touch position detecting means;
`memory means (6) for storing the coordinates of at
`least one initial touch position on the touch panel
`and the coordinates of a touch position obtained
`55 when the control data is outputted;
`coordinate comparing means for comparing for
`each scan, the coordinates stored in the memory
`means with those of a current touch position while
`
`so
`
`IPR2022-00602
`Apple EX1034 Page 6
`
`

`

`11
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`EP 0 330 767 A1
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`12
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`the finger touches the panel;
`timer means (3) for performing a time measuring
`operation with the aid of an output of the touch
`position detecting means; and
`an operation discriminator (2) for outputting the
`operation content data predetermined accordingly
`to time measurement data of the timer means and
`the results of comparison of the coordinate com-
`paring means.
`2. A