`
`
`THE INSIDER’S GUIDE TO AN OPEN OPECHOATON
`FOR GLOBAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
`
`
`
`
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`me i| ahYi (es =
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`BRENT A. MILLER © CHATSCHIK BISDIKIAN
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`f Congress Cataloging-Publication Data
`Library ©
`Miller, Brent A.
`at A. Miller, Chatschik Bisdikian.
`Bluetooth revealed / Bre
`m.
`5
`noesbibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0- 13-090294-2
`logy. 2. Telecommunication—Equipmentand supplies.
`1. Bluetooth techno
`ols. I. Bisdikian, Chatschik. II. Title.
`3. Computer Network protoc
`TK5103.3 -M55 2000
`004.6'20--de21
`Editorial/production supervision: Kathleen M. Caren
`Acqusition Editor: Mary Franz
`Editorial Assistant: Noreen Regina
`Marketing Manager: Bryan Gambrel
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`
`© 2001 Prentice Hall PTR
`Prentice-Hall, Inc.
`bed
`pemeee=Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
`
`All rights reserved. No part pf this book may be
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`i
`products or services mentioned in this book are the trademarks or service marks of their respective
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`Printed in the United States of America
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`
`ISBN 0-13-090294-9
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`CORTINALTIPALAASMVedPPTOOANTMYOK
`
`TTRTATTTPTETTVTSOFTeTe
`
`
`Contents
`
`
`
`Foreword=xi
`Preface
`xiii
`xv
`Acknowledgements
`Trademark List—xvi
`
`Part 1
`INTRODUCTION TO BLUETOOTH
`WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 1
`
`Chapter 1
`What Is Bluetooth? 3
`
`The Bluetooth Special Interest Group 5
`The Bluetooth Name andHistory 9
`Reader’s Guide to This Book 10
`
`Chapter 2
`Technology Basics 15
`Wired and Wireless Communications 15
`Radio Frequency Wireless Communications 16
`
`V
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`vi
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Infrared Wireless Communication 19
`The Bluetooth RF Communications Solution 20
`
`Chapter 3
`Bluetooth Usage Models 29
`
`The Cordless Computer 30
`The Ultimate Headset 32
`The Three-in-One Phone 34
`The Interactive Conference (File Transfer) 35
`The Internet Bridge 37
`The Speaking Laptop 40
`The Automatic Synchronizer 41
`The Instant Postcard 43
`Ad Hoc Networking 44
`Hidden Computing 44
`
`Chapter 4
`Introduction to the Bluetooth Specification 47
`Purpose of the Specification 48
`Scope 49
`The Specification’s Structure 50
`Relationships 52
`Guide to Understanding the Specification 53
`
`
`Part 2
`THE BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION EXAMINED 57
`
`Chapter 5
`The Bluetooth Protocol Stack 59
`The Protocol Stack Components 59
`The Transport Protocol Group 61
`
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`CONTENTS
`
`vil
`
`The Middleware Protocol Group 66
`The Application Group 72
`
`Chapter 6
`The LowerProtocols of the Transport Group 77
`The Bluetooth Radio 79
`The Link Controller and Baseband 83
`The Link Managerand Link Manager Protocol 108
`Summary 121
`
`Chapter 7
`The UpperProtocols of the Transport Group 123
`The L2CAP Layer 125
`The Host Controller Interface (HCI) 140
`Summary 153
`
`Chapter 8
`The RFCOMM and SDP Middleware Protocols 155
`
`The RFCOMM Protocol 156
`The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) 164
`
`Chapter 9
`IrDA Interoperability Middleware Protocols 177
`IrDA and Bluetooth Wireless Communication Compared 179
`The IrDA Interoperability Protocols 182
`
`Chapter 10
`Audio and Telephony Control 189
`Audio and Telephony Control Operation 190
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`vill
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`CONTENTS
`
`Part 3
`
`Chapter 11
`The Bluetooth Profiles 203
`
`The Version 1.0 Profiles 203
`
`Chapter 12
`The Generic Profiles 209
`
`Relationships 210
`The Generic Access Profile 211
`The Service Discovery Application Profile 217
`Summary 222
`
`Chapter 13
`The Telephony Profiles 223
`Relationships 224
`The Cordless Telephony Profile 225
`The Intercom Profile 231
`The Headset Profile 234
`
`Chapter 14
`The Serial and Object ExchangeProfiles 239
`Relationships 240
`The Serial Port Profile 240
`The Generic Object ExchangeProfile 243
`The Object Push Profile 245
`The File Transfer Profile 250
`The Synchronization Profile 253
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`CONTENTS
`
`ix
`
`Chapter 15
`The Networking Profiles 259
`Relationships 260
`The Dial-Up Networking Profile 261
`The LAN AccéssProfile 265
`DUNP and LAP Compared 271
`The Fax Profile 273
`
`Part 4
`THE FUTURE OF BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY 277
`
`Chapter 16
`Beyond the Version 1.0 Specification 279
`
`The SIG Reconstituted 280
`Bluetooth Products 285
`
`Chapter 17
`Concluding Thoughts 291
`
`Interoperability 291
`Opportunities 292
`
`Bibliography
`Cited References 295
`
`Index 297
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`18
`
`Chapter 2 » TECHNOLOGY BASICS
`
`spectrum is unlicensed, new usesfor it are to be expected (for example,
`a new generation of cordless telephones also uses the 2.4 GHzfre-
`quency) andas the spectrum becomes morewidely used, radio interfer-
`ence is more likely. Thus the requirement to anticipate and address
`interference in the 2.4 GHz range is importantfor all technologies that
`operatein it.
`Each technology using this spectrum has made design choices
`within the spectrum’s constraints that optimize that technology for par-
`ticular applications or domains. Bluetooth wireless communication is
`designed to take maximum advantage of the available channel band-
`width and to minimize RF interference andits effects while operatingat
`very low power.
`
`Spread Spectrum RF Communications
`Within RF communications, spread spectrum refers to dividing the avail-
`able spectrum based upon frequency, time, a coding scheme or some
`other method. Messagesto be sent are then divided into variousparts
`(packets) that are transmitted across the divided spectrum. Frequency
`division spread spectrum (or frequency hopping), which is the method
`employed with Bluetooth wireless communication, divides the spec-
`trum into different frequencies, or channels.” A single message packetis
`transmitted on a selected channel, then the radio selects a new channel
`(a process called hopping to a new frequency) to transmit the next
`packet, and the process repeats, thereby spreading the message across
`the available frequency spectrum. Each technology specifies its own
`methodfor establishing the frequency hopping pattern. Obviously the
`receiver(s) of the message must know the hoppingpattern to tune to the
`correct channels in succession to receive each packet and assemble the
`complete message. This process is called frequency hopping spread spec-
`trum, or FHSS.
`FHSSintroduces additional complexity as compared to using a
`single statically selected frequency, yet it also supplies some benefits.
`First, RF interference can be reduced since all radios hop (often ran-
`domly or at least pseudorandomly, and often rapidly) from onefre-
`quencyto another. Whenall of the participants in the spectrum employ
`FHSS,interference caused bycolliding transmissions on the samefre-
`quencyisless likely than it would beif each radio useda single channel
`
`2. Contrast frequency hopping spread spectrum with direct sequence spread spectrum, whichis
`not examined here. Direct sequenceis another form of spread spectrum RF communication
`employedin other technologies such as wireless LANsandis outside the scopeofthis book.
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`Infrared Wireless Communication
`
`19
`
`for a long duration. In addition, when collisions do occur, their effects
`are lessened, since only a single packet is lost and that packet could be
`retransmitted at a new frequency, whereagainitis less likely to encoun-
`ter interference. Second, FHSS can provide a degree of security for
`communications in that only a receiver that knowsthe frequency hop-
`ping pattern can receive and assemble all the packets of a message.
`Because the hopping pattern for a given spectrum could be constructed
`in a numberof ways, it could be difficult to deduce and follow an
`unknown hopping pattern, especially when the spectrum is heavily uti-
`lized with many radios. Thus FHSS can be employed to hinder eaves-
`dropping. In fact, this latter characteristic led to the invention of FHSS,
`usually attributed to George Antheil and Hedy Lamarr (the latteris
`more famous as an American actress). Their 1942 patent of the fre-
`quency hopping concept was motivated by an attempt to find a “secret
`communication system” using radio waves to control torpedoes during
`World WarII.
`Aspreviously noted, the use of spread spectrum is required in the
`2.4 GHz range, largely to minimize interference problems because the
`spectrum is unlicensed. The design for Bluetooth wireless communica-
`tion employsrelatively rapid frequency hopping (nominally 1,600 times
`per second) andis described morefully below and in Chapter6.
`
`Infrared Wireless Communication
`
`RF is not the only form of wireless communication. Infrared technology
`is used with devices such as notebook computers, personaldigital assis-
`tants and electronic remote controls. Infrared wireless communication
`makesuse of the invisible spectrum oflight just beyond redin thevisi-
`ble spectrum.
`In particular, one standard method for infrared communication is
`specified by the
`Infrared Data Association (IrDA;
`see
`__http://
`www.irda.org); this method is commonly used with mobile phones and
`notebook and handheld computers. IrDA technology is relevant when
`discussing Bluetooth technology because IrDA is also designed for
`short-range, low-power unlicensed communications. IrDA also defines
`
`3. The complete story ofthis invention is fascinating but is outside the scope of this book.Inter-
`ested readers are referred to, for example, [[AL99] or other accounts easily found via World
`Wide Websearch engines. Furthermore, any rationale or implications ofthe choice of naming
`the Bluetooth technology after a Danish king rather than an Americanactress are not explored
`here.
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`
`
`WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
`BLUETOOTH
`
`BLUETOOT H THE INSIDER'S GUIDE TO
`~ REVEALED FOR GLOBAL WIRELESS
`
`COMMUNICATIONS
`
`
`AN OPEN SPECIFICATION
`
`THE AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE TO BLUETOOTH! FROM TWO
`CONTRIBUTORS TO THE BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION!
`
`For users, the new Bluetooth wireless standard will cut through
`the complexity of wireless communications, enabling devices
`to communicate seamlessly. Bluetooth Revealed offers the first
`insider’s view of the Bluetooth standards: crucial information
`and insight professionals need to start implementing Bluetooth
`solutions—now. Written byleaders of the Bluetooth community,
`it presents the entire specification in unprecedented depth: its
`goals, scope, structure, interrelationships, and applications.
`Coverage includes:
`
`@ Design challenges: 2.4 GHz spectrum characteristics, power
`consumption, global standardization, and other key issues
`
`@ Usage models: cordless computing, advanced headsets,
`file transfer/sync, dial-up networking, conferencing, hidden
`computing, and more
`
`@ The entire Bluetooth protocol stack: radio, baseband, and
`software layers; hardware andinterfaces; and Link Manager
`and Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
`
`@ Bluetooth profiles: generic, telephony, networking, serial and
`object exchange
`
`Bluetooth Revealed previews Bluetooth’s future, including next-
`generation vertical and horizontal applications, and introduces
`today’s resources for Bluetooth development, includingsilicon
`and developers kits, as well as legacy product enablers. If you’re
`intending to build, deploy, or market Bluetooth solutions, start
`right here.
`
`802.15 working group.
`
`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`BRENT A. MILLER is
`Senior Software Engineer in
`the Pervasive Computing
`Division at IBM Research
`Triangle Park, NC, USA. He
`chaired the Bluetooth Service
`Discovery task force that
`producedthe V. 1.0 Service
`Discovery Protocoland Service
`Discovery ApplicationProfile,
`andis currently involved in the
`Bluetooth SIG’ Printing and
`Extended Service Discovery
`working groups.
`
`CHATSCHIK BISDIKIAN
`is Research Staff Memberat
`the IBM T. J. Watson Research
`‘Center, Hawthorne, NY,
`specializing in short-range
`wireless networks, service
`discovery, spontaneous
`networking, multimedia/
`broadband communications,
`and related research. He has
`contributed heavily to the
`Bluetooth specifications, and
`is involved with the standardi-
`zation ofthe Bluetooth wireless
`technology within the IEEE
`
`U.S.$44.99 Canada$68.00
`
`Prentice Hall
`Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
`www.phptr.com
`
`|
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`ollliz6 092
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`ISBN 0-13-0502| ll
`9"780130"902948'
`|
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