`
` |
`|J | Merriam-
`Webster's
`
`
`Collegiate}
`* Most definitions—over 215,000
`Dictionary
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`* Clear and precise
`* Best guidance on word choice
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`TENTH EDITION
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`SET ye
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`BHF
`‘arevprere:sierprit
`oFebalaracarelar,
`fulerecoverrr
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`
`
` A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER
`
` The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a
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`Copyright © 1998 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`Philippines Copyright 1998 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Mainentry undertitle:
`
`Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. — 10th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-87779-708-0 (unindexed : alk. paper). — ISBN 0-87779-709-9 (indexed :
`alk. paper). — ISBN 0-87779-710-2 (deluxe indexed : alk. paper). — ISBN
`0-87779-707-2 (laminated cover, unindexed).
`1. English language—Dictionaries.
`I. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
`PE1628.M36
`1998
`423—dc21
`
`97-41846
`CIP
`
`Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Tenth Edition principal copyright 1993
`
`COLLEGIATEis a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic,electronic, or mechani-
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`Madein the United States of America
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`21222324RMcN98
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`Co Nude
`
`Contents
`
`|
`
`Preface
`
`6a
`
`Explanatory Chart
`
`8a
`
`Explanatory Notes
`
`10a
`
`The English Languagein the Dictionary
`
`23a
`
`Guide to Pronunciation
`
`3la
`
`Abbreviations in This Work
`
`36a
`
`Pronunciation Symbols
`
`38a
`
`A Dictionary of the English Language
`
`Abbreviations and Symbols for Chemical Elements
`
`1379
`
`Foreign Wordsand Phrases
`
`1390
`
`Biographical Names
`
`1396
`
`Geographical Names
`
`1441
`
`Signs and Symbols
`
`1531
`
`A HandbookofStyle
`
`1535
`
`Index
`
`1559
`
`
`
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`

`

`IN.
`
`present e press-agentry
`922
`time or the time of speaking
`5 obs : ATTENTIVE 6 archaic :
`ent
`;
`re-shrink \(,)pré-'shrink, esp Southern -'srink\ vt -shrank \.-'shra
`Perak -shrunk \-'shrank, -'srank\ (1926) :
`to shrink (as a faba}
`STANT. IMMEDIATE — pres-ent-ness n
`4pres-ent \'pre-z°*nt\ n (14c)
`1) aobs: present occasion or affair b pl
`before making into a garment so that it will not shrink much when
`washed
`:
`the present words or statements: specif:
`the legal instrument or other
`writing in which these words are used
`2 a: the present tense of a
`pre-side \pri-'zid\ vi pre-sid-ed; pre-sid-ing [L praesidere to guard,
`language b: a verb form in the present tense 3: the present time —
`preside over, fr. prae- + sedére to sit — moreat SIT] (1608) 1: to
`at present: at or during this time: Now
`exercise guidance, direction, or control
`2
`a: to occupytheplaceof
`pre-sent-able \pri-'zen-ta-bal\ adj (ca. 1626)
`1
`: capable of being
`authority : act as president, chairman, or moderator b: to occupy a
`
`Presented 2: being in condition to be seen or inspected esp. by the
`position similar to that of a president or chairman 3: to occupy a
`critical
`pre-sent-abil-i-ty \-,zen-ta-"bi-la-te\ mn — pre-sent-able-
`Position of featured instrumental performer — usu. used with at (pre.
`ness\-'zen-ta-bal-nas\ 1 — pre-sent-ably \-ble\ adv
`sided at the organ) — pre-sid-er n
`pre-sent arms\pri-‘zent-\ n [fr. the command present arms!] (ca. 1884)
`pres-i-den-cy \‘pre-za-dan(t)-sé, ‘prez-dan(t)- also 'pre-za-,den(t)-se\ n,
`1: a position in the manual of arms in which therifle is held vertically
`pl -cies (1591)
`1 a: the office of president
`b (1): theoffice of
`in front of the body 2: a commandto assumethe position of present
`president of the U.S.
`(2) :
`the American governmental
`institution
`arms or to give a hand Salute
`comprising the office of president and various associated administra-
`a
`1
`,pre-z?n-, ,pré-z°n-\ n (1Sc)
`pre-sen-ta-tion \,pré-,zen-"ta-shan,
`tive and policy-making agencies 2: the term during whicha president
`:
`the act of presenting b: the act, power, or privilege esp. of a patron
`holds office 3: the action or function of one that presides : SUPERIN.
`of applying to the bishop or ordinary for instituting someone into a
`TENDENCE 4: a Mormonexecutive council of the church ora stake
`benefice
`2 : something presented: as a: a symbol or image that
`consisting of a president and two counselors
`represents something b: something offered or given: GIFT ¢: some-
`pres-i-dent \'pre-zo-dont, ‘prez-dont, ‘pre-za-,dent in rapid specch 'pre-
`thing set forth for the attention of the mind d: a descriptive or per-
`znt\ n[ME,fr. MF,fr. L praesident-, praesidens, fr. prp. of praesidére)
`suasive account (as by a salesman of a product) 3: the position in
`(14c) 1: an official chosen to preside over a meetingor assembly 2
`whichthe fetus lies in the uterus in labor with respect to the mouth of
`: an appointed governor of a subordinate political unit 3: the chief
`the uterus 4: an immediate object of perception, cognition, or mem-
`officer of an organization (as a corporation or institution) usu. en-
`ory 5 often cap: a church feast on November 21 celebrating the pre-
`trusted with the direction and administration of its policies 4: the
`sentation of the Virgin Mary in the temple 6: the method by which
`presiding officer of a governmental body
`5
`a: anelected official
`radio, navigation, or radar information is given to the operator (as the
`serving as both chief of state and chiefpolitical executive in a republic
`pilot of an airplane) — pre-sen-ta-tion-al \-shnal, -sha-n7I\ adj
`having a presidential government
`b : an elected official having the
`Pre-sen-ta-tive \pri-'zen-ta-tiv,
`'pre-z’n-,ta-\ adj (ca. 1842) : known,
`Position of chief of state but usu. only minimal Political Powers ina
`knowing, or capable of being known directly rather than through cogi-
`tation
`republic having a parliamentary government — pres-i-den-tial\,pre-
`za-'den(t)-shal, ,prez-‘den(t)-\ adj — pres-i-den-tial-ly \-sh(a-)lé\ adv
`pres-ent—day\‘pre-z°nt-'da\ adj (1887): now existing or occurring
`— pres-i-dent-ship \'pre-zo-dont-,ship, ‘prez-dant-, 'pre-za-,dent-\ n
`pre-sen-tee \,pre-z’n-'té, pri-,zen-\ n (15c) : one whois presented or to
`presidential government n (1902): a system of government in which
`whom something is presented
`the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature
`pre-sen-tient \pri-'sen(t)-sh(e-)ant, "pré-: pri-'zen(t)-\ adj [L praesen-
`Presidents’ Day n (1952) : WASHINGTON’S BIRTHDAY 2
`tient-, praesentiens, Prp. of praesentire] (1814): having a presentiment
`pre-sid-i-al \pri-'si-dé-al, pri-, -"zi-\ adj [LL praesidialis, fr. L praesid-
`pre-sen-ti-ment \pri-‘zen-to-mant\ n[F pressentiment, fr. MF,fr. press-
`ium garrison, fr. praesid-, praeses guard, governor,fr. praesidére] (1611)
`entir to have a presentiment, fr. L praesentire to feel beforehand,fr.
`1 (F présidial, fr. MF, alter. of presidal, fr. LL praesidalis of a provincial
`prae- + sentire to feel — more at SENSE] (1714) : a feeling that some-
`governor, fr. L praesid-, praeses] : PROVINCIAL 1
`2: of, having, or
`thing will or is about to happen : PREMONITION — pre-sen-ti-men-tal
`constituting a garrison 3: of or relating toa president : PRESIDENTIAL
`\-,zen-ta-'men-l\ adj
`pre-sid-i-ary \-dé-,er-€\ adj (1599) : PRESIDIAL 2
`pres-ent-ism \'pre-z’n-,ti-zam\ n [3present] (1923) : an outlook domi-
`pre-si-dio \pri-'sé-dé-,6, -'si-, -'zé-, -'zi-\ n, pl -di-os [Sp, fr. L praesid-
`nated hi present-day attitudes and experiences — pres-ent-ist \-z°n-
`tist\ adj
`ium] (1763) : a garrisoned place; esp: a military post or fortified set-
`tlement in areas currently or orig. under Spanish control
`pres-ent-ly \'pre-z°nt-lé\ adv (14c)
`1 aarchaic: at once b: before
`pre-sid-i-um \pri-'si-dé-am, pri-, -'zi-\ n, pl -ia \-dé-a\ or -iums [Russ
`long: without undue delay 2: at the present time: NOW
`prezidium,fr. L praesidium garrison] (1920) 1: a permanent executive
`usage Both senses 1b and 2 are flourishing in current English, but
`committee selected esp.
`in Communist countries to act for a larger
`many commentators have objected to sense 2. Since this sense has
`been in continuous use since the 15th century,it is not clear whyit is
`body 2: anongovernmental executive committee
`fr. prae- + sig-
`pre-sig-ni-fy \(,)pré-'sig-na-,fi\ vt [L praesignificare,
`objectionable. Perhaps a note in the Oxford English Dictionary (1909)
`that the sense has been obsolete since the 17th century in literary En-
`nificareto si nify] (1586):
`to intimate or signify beforehand : PRESAGE
`Ipre-soak pra: 'sOk\ vt (1919):
`to soak beforehand
`glish is to blame, but the note goes on to observe that the senseis in
`regular use in most English dialects. The last citation in that dictio-
`2pre-soak \'pré-,sok\ nm (1919) 1: an instance of presoaking 2: a
`Preparation used in presoaking clothes
`nary is from a 1901 Leeds newspaper, written in Standard English.
`Sense 2 is most commonin contexts relating to business and politics
`pre—So-crat-ic \,pré-sa-'kra-tik, -s6-\ adj (1871) : of or relating to
`Greek philosophers before Socrates — pre—Socratic n
`<the fastest-rising welfare cost is Medicaid, presently paid by the states
`and cities —William Safire)
`pre-sort \(,)pré-‘sort\ vt (1951) :
`to sort (outgoing mail) by zip code
`pre-sent-ment\pri-'zent-mant\ n (14c) 1: the act of presenting to an
`usu. before delivery to a postoffice
`authority a formal statement of a matter to be dealt with; specif: the
`1 asa
`Ipress \'pres\ n [ME presse, fr. OF, fr. presser to Press] (13c)
`notice taken or statement madeby a grand jury of an offense from their
`crowd or crowded condition : THRONG b: a thronging or crowding
`own knowledge without a bill of indictment laid before them 2: the
`forward or together
`2 a: an apparatus or machine by which a sub-
`act of offering at the proper time and place a document (asabill of
`stance is cut or shaped, an impression of a bodyis taken, a materialis
`exchange) that calls for acceptance or payment by another 3 a: the
`compressed, pressure is applied to a body, liquid is expressed, or a
`act of presenting to view or consciousness
`b : something set forth,
`cutting tool is fed into the work by pressure b: a building containing
`presented, or exhibited c: the aspect in which something is presented
`Presses or a business using presses
`3 : CLOSET, CUPBOARD 4
`a: an
`present participle n (1864): a participle that typically expresses pres-
`action of pressing or pushing : PRESSURE b: an aggressive pressuring
`ent action in relation to the time expressed by the finite verb in its
`defense employed in basketball often over the entire court area 5: the
`clause and that in English is formed with the suffix -ing and is used in
`properly smoothed and creased condition of a freshly pressed garment
`the formation of the progressive tenses
`<out of ~) 6 a: PRINTING PRESS b: theact or the process ofprint
`present perfect adj
`(1887): of, relating to, or constituting a verb tense
`ing c¢: a printing or publishing establishment
`7 a: the gathering
`that is formed in English with have and that expresses action or state
`and publishing or broadcasting of news : JOURNALISM b: newspapers,
`completed at the time of speaking — present perfect n
`Periodicals, and often radio and television news broadcasting
`¢
`present tense n (14c):
`the tense of a verb that expresses action or state
`: news reporters, publishers, and broadcasters d: comment ornotice
`in thepresent time and is used of what occurs oris true at the time of
`in newspapers and periodicals <is getting a good ~) 8: any of various
`speaking and of whatis habitual or characteristic or is always or neces-
`pressure devices (as one for keeping sporting gear from warping when
`sarily true, that is sometimes used to refer to action in the past, and
`not in use) 9: a lift in weight lifting in which the weight is raised to
`that is sometimes used for future events
`shoulder height and then smoothly extended overhead without assist
`present value n (1831):
`the sum of money whichif invested now at a
`from the legs — compare CLEAN AND JERK, SNATCH
`given rate of compoundinterest will accumulate exactly to a specified
`2press vb [ME,fr. MF presser, fr. L pressare, freq. of premere to press:
`amount at a specified future date
`prob. akin to Russ naperet’ to press] vt (14c) 1: to act upon through
`pres-er-va-tion-ist \,pre-zar-'va-sh(a-)nist\ n (1927) : one who advo-
`steady pushing or thrusting force exerted in contact ; SQUEEZE 2
`&
`cates preservation(as of a biological species or a historical landmark)
`: ASSAIL, HARASS b: AFFLICT. OPPRESS 3° a: to squeeze out the juice
`'pre-ser-va-tive \pri-'zor-vo-tiv\ adj
`(14c) : having the power of pre-
`serving
`or contents of b: to squeeze with apparatus or instruments to a de
`sired density, smoothness, or shape 4 a: toexert influence on: CON:
`2preservative n (15c) : something that preserves or has the power of
`STRAIN b: to try hard to persuade: BESEECH. ENTREAT 5: to move by
`Preserving; specif : an additive used to protect against decay, discolor-
`meansof pressure 6 a: to lay stress or emphasis on b: toinsist on
`ation, or spoilage
`Ipre-serve \pri-'zarv\ vb pre-served; pre-serv-ing [ME,fr. MF pre-
`or request urgently 7: to follow through (a course of action) 8: !0
`server, {r. ML praeservare, fr. LL, to observe beforehand, fr. L prae- +
`claspin affection or courtesy 9: to make (a phonograph record)from
`amatrix ™ vi 1: tocrowd closely : MASS 2: to force or push ones
`servare to keep, guard, observe — more at CONSERVE] wt (14c) 1: to
`keep safe from injury, harm, or destruction : PROTECT 2 a: to keep
`way 3: to seek urgently : CONTEND 4: to require haste or speed in
`action S: to exert pressure 6: to take or hold a press_7: lo em
`alive, intact, or free from decay b: MAINTAIN 3 a: to keep or save
`from decomposition b: to can, pickle, or similarly prepare for future
`Ploy a press in basketball — press-er n — pressthe flesh: 10 greel
`and shake handswith people esp. while campaigning forpolitical office
`use 4: to keep up and reserve for personal or special use ™ vi 1: to
`3press vb [alter. of obs. prest
`to enlist by giving pay in advance vw
`makepreserves 2: to raise and protect game for purposes of sport
`3
`:
`to be able to be preserved (as by canning) — pre-serv-abil-i-ty
`(1578) 1: to force into service esp. in an army or navy :
`IMPRESS
`ke
`\-,zar-va-'bi-la-té\ n — pre-serv-able \-'zar-va-bal\ adj — pres-er-va-
`: to take by authority esp. for public use : COMMANDEERDb: (0 [a
`
`tion \,pre-zar-'va-shan\ n — pre-serv-er \pri-'zar-var\ n
`and force into any usu. emergency service ~™ vi: to impress men a
`2preserve n (1600) 1: fruit canned or madeinto jamsorjellies or
`soldiers or sailors
`sa
`cooked whole or in large pieces in a syrup so as to keep its shape —
`‘press n (1599) 1: impressment into service esp. ina navy 2 bs!
`often used in pl. 2: an area restricted for the protection and preserva-
`warrant for impressing recruits
`and
`‘oh
`tion of natural resources (as animals or trees); esp : one used primarily
`press agent n ['press] (1883) : an agent employed to establish ae
`maintain good public relations through publicity — press—agen
`for regulated hunting or fishing 3: something regarded as reserved
`for certain persons
`— press—agent-ry \-'a-jon-tré\ n
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`WER
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`= 7 7 | ]Te
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