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`Ex.1008
`APPLEINC./ Page 1 of 3
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`Ex.1008
`APPLE INC. / Page 1 of 3
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`

`

`2359
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`2350
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`2349
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`2344
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`2343
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`Biographical listing ........................................... .
`
`Classification of living organisms .............................. .
`
`Geological time scale and related aspects ....................... .
`
`Schematic electronic symbols .................................. .
`
`Elementary particles ........................................... .
`
`2340
`
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Fundamental constants
`
`2338
`
`2338
`
`2336
`
`2333
`
`2332
`
`2332
`
`2329
`
`2329
`
`2327
`
`2327
`
`2325
`
`..........................................
`
`Mathematical notation
`
`Mathematical signs and symbols ............................... .
`
`Periodic table of the elements .................................. .
`
`Symbols in scientific writing .................................. .
`
`Chemical nomenclature ........................................
`
`Symbols for the chemical elements ............................. .
`
`Units of temperature in measurement systems ................... .
`
`Conversion factors for the measurement systems ................ .
`
`International System .......................................... .
`
`U.S. Customary System and the metric system .................. .
`
`Appendix .......................................................... .
`
`1-2324
`Pronunciation Key .................................................. . xvn
`Notes on Pronunciation ............................................... xv
`Scope of Fields ...................................................... .
`
`Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms ..................... .
`
`Xl
`
`t
`
`X
`
`ix
`
`Field Abbreviations ................................................... .
`
`How to Use the Dictionary ........................................... .
`
`Consulting Editors .................................................. . viii
`
`Staff ............................................................... . Vlll
`
`Preface .............................................................. . vii
`
`Contents
`
`2002026436
`
`2002
`
`503-dc21
`Q123.M15
`
`and technical terms.
`
`I. Title: Dictionary of scientific
`
`1. Science--Dictionaries. 2. Technology--Dictionaries.
`ISBN 0-07-042313-X (alk. paper)
`
`McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms--6th ed.
`
`cm.
`
`p.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`ISBN 0-07-042313-X
`
`08765432
`
`DOW/DOW
`
`1234567890
`
`in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
`reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act
`Copyright © 2003, 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
`Sixth Edition
`McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS,
`
`Commission.
`Mexico, National Bureau of Standards, AD 467-424; Nuclear Terms: A Glossary, 2d ed., Atomic Energy
`Control Terms, Federal Aviation Agency; A Glossary of Range Terminology, White Sands Missile Range, New
`Meteorological Society, 1959; ADP Glossary, Department of the Navy, NAVSO P-3097; Glossary of Air Traffic
`and Imperative Terms, Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1962; R. E. Huschke, Glossary of Meteorology, American
`Terminology, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force, 1963; Naval Dictionary of Electronic, Technical,
`Technical Terms for Aerospace Use, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965; Glossary of Stinfo
`Abbreviations, Royal Aircraft Establishment Technical Report 67158, 1967; W. H. Allen, ed., Dictionary of
`Terms, Department of Defense, 1967; J. M. Gilliland, Solar-Terrestrial Physics: A Glossary of Terms and
`Mineral, and Related Terms, Bureau of Mines, 1968; A DOD Glossary of Mapping, Charting and Geodetic
`Electronics Terminology, AF Manual 11-1, vol. 3, 1970; P. W. Thrush, comp. and ed., A Dictionary of Mining,
`in Information Sciences Technology, Federal Council for Science and Technology, 1970; Communications(cid:173)
`Air Force Glossary of Standardized Terms, AF Manual 11-1, vol. I, 1972; F. Casey, ed., Compilation of Terms
`Biology, McGraw-Hill, 2001; J. A. Pechenik, Biology of the Invertebrates, 4th~~d., McGraw-Hill, 2000; U.S.
`et al., Taxonomic Outline of the Procaryotes, Release 2, Springer-Verlag, January 2002; D. W. Linzey, Vertebrate
`Over the six editions of the Dictionary, material has been drawn from the following references: G. M. Garrity
`
`Dr. Luann Becker. Reproduced with permission.)
`when it hit the Earth, causing major changes in the environment. {Image copyright ©
`those found in meterorites, suggesting that a fireball meteorite or asteroid exploded
`have been found trapped inside fullerenes. They exhibit isotope ratios quite similar to
`inside. At the Permian· Triassic sedimentary boundary the noble gases helium and argon
`On the cover: Representation of a fullerene molecule with a noble gas atom trapped
`
`Ex.1008
`APPLE INC. / Page 2 of 3
`
`

`

`dust-devil effect
`
`dwarf galaxy
`
`665
`
`DVORAK KEYBOARD
`[] [) [J [J [J [] (0 [J [J CJ [fill(;]
`000~~(:JEJEJrJEJ[)
`~El[]li:i:JCJEl~l!J~~u
`\o [J eJ l:J l:J !!J ~ ~ ~ ~
`
`home row
`
`Layout of the Dvorak keyboard.
`
`per second that pulse power is applied. Also known as duty
`[ENG] 1. The time inter(cid:173)
`factor.
`See duty ratio.
`[ELECTR]
`vals devoted to starting, running, stopping, and idling when a
`device is used for intermittent duty. 2. The ratio of working
`time to total time for an intermittently operating device, usually
`expressed as a percent. Also known as duty factor.
`[MET]
`The percentage of time that current flows in equipment over
`a specific period during electric resistance welding.
`[NUCLEO]
`The fraction of time during which a pulsed accelerator beam
`is on target, usually expressed as a percent. Also known as
`{ 'diid·e ,sT·bl }
`duty factor.
`duty cyclometer
`[ENG] Test meter which gives direct read(cid:173)
`ing of duty cycle. { 'diid·e sr'kliim·;id·;ir }
`duty factor See duty cycle. { 'diid·e ,fak·t;ir }
`[HYD J The total volume of irrigation water
`duty of water
`required to mature a particular type of crop, including consump(cid:173)
`tive use, evaporation and seepage from ditches and canals, and
`the water eventually returned to streams by percolation and
`surface runoff. { 'diid ·e ;iv 'w6d ·;ir }
`duty ratio
`In a pulse radar or similar system, the
`[ELECTR]
`ratio of average to peak pulse power. Also known as duty
`cycle. { 'diid·e ,ra·sho }
`DUV See data under voice.
`duvetyn
`[TEXT] A twill fabric with a napped velvety surface
`which obscures the weave. { 'dii•v;i·t;in}
`D value
`[NAY) The difference between pressure altitude and
`absolute altitude, as. determined at a given time in flight,
`expressed algebraically; the absolute altitude is always minu(cid:173)
`end. Also known as D sounding. { 'de ,val·yii}
`D variometer See declination variometer.
`{ 'de ,ver·e'iim·
`;id·;ir}
`DVD
`[COMMUN) An optical disk that has formats for audio,
`video, and computer storage applications, and that uses the
`same basic structure as the compact disk (CD) to store data,
`but achieves a greater storage capability by usfog a track pitch
`less than half that of the CD, pits and lands as little as half as
`long as the shortest on a CD, and two substrates, bonded
`together. Derived from digital versatile disk; digital video disk.
`DVD-audio
`[COMMUN] A DVD format for digital storage of -
`audio information. Also known as Book C. { :cte:ve:de '6d·
`e·o J
`DVD-RAM See DVD-rewritable. { :de:ve:de 'ram }
`DVD-read-only
`[COMMUN) A DVD format in which data
`written on the disk at the time of its manufacture are permanent,
`and the disk cannot be written or erased after that. Also known
`as Book A; DVD-ROM. { :cte:ve:de ,red 'on·le}
`[COMMUN] A DVD format that allows
`DVD-rewritable
`audio or other digital data to be written, read, erased, and
`rewritten. Also known as Book E; DVD-RAM. { :de:ve:de
`re'nd•;i•b;il }
`DVD-ROM See DVD-read-only. { :de:ve:de 'ram }
`DVD-video
`[COMMUN] A DVD format for digital storage of
`video information. Also known as Book B. { :cte:ve:de 'vid·
`e·o}
`DVD-write once
`[COMMUN) A DVD format that allows
`users to record audio or other digital data in such a way that
`the recording is permanent and may be read indefinitely but
`cannot be erased. Also known as Book D. { :cte:ve:de ,nt
`'w;ins}
`Dvorak keyboard
`[ENG) A keyboard whose layout is altered
`from that of the standard qwerty keyboard to speed up typing;
`more of the frequently used keys are on the home row.
`( d;i:vor,ak 'ke,bord }
`dwarf
`BIOL] Being an atypically small form or variety of
`something.
`[MED] An abnormaliy small individual; espe(cid:173)
`cially one whose bodily proportions are altered. { dworf )
`dwarf Cepheids
`[ASTRON] A class of pulsating variable
`stars with periods of less than 6 hours and spectral type A or
`F; similar to o Scuti stars but sometimes distinguished from
`them by the slightly larger amplitudes of the.ir light curves.
`Also known as AI Velorum stars. { 'dworf 'sef·e•;idz )
`dwarf disease
`[PL PATH] A virus disease marked by the
`inhibition of fruit production; common
`in plum
`trees.
`{ 'dworf di,zez }
`dwarf galaxy
`[ASTRON] An elliptical galaxy with low mass
`and low luminosity, having at most a few tens of millions of
`stars.
`{ 'dworf 'gal·ik·se}
`
`0 [
`
`1 o to 100 feet (3 to 30 meters), and average height is about
`600 feet (180 meters).
`{ '<last ,dev·al }
`dust-devil effect
`[ GEO PHYS]
`In atmospheric electricity,
`rather sudden and short-lived change (positive or negative) of
`the vertical component of the atmospheric electric field that
`accompanies passage of a dust devil near an instrument sensi(cid:173)
`tive to the vertical gradient. { '<last ,dev·al i,fekt}
`dust explosion
`[ENG] An explosion following the ignition
`of flammable dust suspended in the air. { '<last ik'splo·zhan }
`[ OPTICS J The contribution to total extinction
`dust extinction
`of light made by scattering and absorption by dust particles in·
`the path of a light beam. { '<last ik'stiuk·shan }
`dust filter
`[ENG] A gas-cleaning device using a dry or vis(cid:173)
`cous-coated fiber or fabric for separation of particulate matter.
`{ 'dast ,fil-tar }
`dust horizon
`[METEOROL] The top of a dust layer which is
`confined by a low-level temperature inversion and has the
`appearance of the horizon when viewed from above, against
`the sky; the true horizon is usually obscured by the dust layer.
`{ 'd;ist ha,nz·an }
`dusting
`[MET] Spontaneous disintegration of a material on
`cooling due to expansion or inversion. { 'dast·il) }
`dusting clay
`[MATER] Finely pulverized clay used as an
`extender or carrier in insecticide dust formulations.
`{ '<last·
`iD ,kla}
`dust separator
`[ENG] Device or system to remove dust from
`a flowing stream of gas; includes electrostatic precipitators,
`wet scrubbers, bag filters, screens, and cyclones.
`{ '<last ,sep·
`;i,rad·ar}
`dust storm
`[METEOROL] A strong, turbulent wind carrying
`{ '<last ,storm }
`large clouds of dust.
`dust tail
`[ASTRON] A comet tail that consists of particles,
`typically I micrometer in diameter and primarily silicate in
`composition, and is usually curved with a length in the range
`from 106 to 107 kilometers. { '<last ,ta!}
`[ HYD J A pit in an ice surface produced when small,
`dust well
`dark particles on the ice are heated by sunshine and sink down
`into the ice. {.'<last ,we!}
`dust whirl
`[METEOROL] A rapidly rotating column of air
`over a dry and dusty or sandy area, carrying dust, leaves, and
`other light material picked up from the ground; when well
`developed, it is known as a dust devil. Also known as dancing
`dervish; dancing devil; desert devil; sand auger; sand devil.
`{ 'dast ,w;irJ }
`[BUILD J A door with upper and lower parts that
`Dutch door
`can be opened and closed independently. { :ct;ich 'd6r }
`Dutch el111 .disease
`[PL PATH] A lethal fungus disease of
`elm trees caused by Graphium ulmi, which releases a toxic
`substance that destroys vascular tissue; transmitted by a bark
`beetle.
`{ :ct;ich 'elm di,zez }
`Dutch liquid See ethylene chloride. { :ct;ich :1ik•wad }
`dutchman
`[ENG] A filler piece for closing a gap between
`two pipes or between a pipe or fitting and a piece of equipment,
`if the pipe is too short to achieve closure or if the pipe and
`equipment are not aligned. { 'dach•m;in}
`Dutchman's log
`[ENG] A buoyant object thrown overboard
`to determine the speed of a vessel; the time re.quired for a
`known length of the vessel to pass the object is measured, and
`the speed can then be computed. { :ct;ich•m;inz 'lag }
`Dutch metal
`[MET] An alloy of 80% copper and 20% zinc
`that is ductile, is easily drawn, and takes a high polish; used
`for low-priced jewelry. { 'd;ich ,med·;il }
`Dutch process . [ CHEM ENG J A process for making white
`lead; metallic lead is placed in vessels containing a dilute acetic
`acid, and the vessels are stacked in bark or manure.
`[FOOD
`ENG] A chocolate manufacturing process in which cocoa nibs
`are treated with alkali to neutralize the natural acids present
`Dand to enhance color.
`{ 'd;ich ,priis•;is }
`Ulch roll
`[AERO ENG] A motion of an airplane which con(cid:173)
`s~sts of simultaneous oscillations of the bank ( or roll) angle,
`t e shdeslip angle, and the heading angle, and which, when
`P{ oor!y damped,
`is annoying
`to passengers and pilots.
`,d;ich 'rol J
`duty classification of a relay
`[ELEC] Expression of the fre(cid:173)
`quency with which the relay may be required to operate without
`exceeding prescribed limitations.
`( 'diid·e ,klas•g•fa,ka·sh;in
`;iv ;i 're la }
`d
`,
`[ COMMUN] The product of the pulse duration and
`pu se repetition frequency of a pulse carrier, equal to the time
`
`ui cycle
`
`Ex.1008
`APPLE INC. / Page 3 of 3
`
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