UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`FANTASIA TRADING LLC d/b/a ANKERDIRECT.
`(“ANKER”),
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`SCRAMOGE TECHNOLOGY LTD.
`(“SCRAMOGE”),
`Patent Owner
`
`Case IPR2022-00499
`Patent No. 7,825,537
`
`DECLARATION OF TAMAS SZEPESI, Ph.D.
`
`1
`
`ANKER 1003
`
`1
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`

`

`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`
`
`
`
`Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9
`I.
`II. Background and Qualifications ................................................................... 10
`III. Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art ............................................................... 14
`IV. Materials Considered and Relied Upon ...................................................... 15
`V. Legal Standards ............................................................................................ 16
`A.
`Legal Standards for Prior Art .............................................................. 17
`B.
`Legal Standard for Priority Date ......................................................... 18
`C.
`Legal Standard for Anticipation .......................................................... 19
`D.
`Legal Standard for Obviousness ......................................................... 19
`VI. Technology Overview ................................................................................... 21
`A.
`Switching voltage regulators ............................................................... 21
`B.
`Switching voltage regulator control .................................................... 24
`C.
`Buck converter with voltage mode control ......................................... 26
`D. Wireless power transfer systems ......................................................... 32
`VII. Overview of the ’537 Patent ......................................................................... 43
`A.
`Subject Matter Overview .................................................................... 43
`B.
`File History of the ’537 patent ............................................................ 51
`C.
`Interpretation of the ’537 Patent Claims at Issue ................................ 52
`VIII. Overview of the Cited References ............................................................... 53
`A.
`Baarman (EX1004) .............................................................................. 53
`B.
`Partovi-002 (EX1005) ......................................................................... 63
`C.
`Partovi-413 (EX1006) ......................................................................... 64
`D.
`Flowerdew (EX1007) .......................................................................... 65
`
`
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`2
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`2
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`
`
`unit providing input power, to a target unit providing
`output power, where the base unit and the target unit are
`
`within a predetermined distance of a first inductive
`
`Jang (EX1010) ..................................................................................... 67
`E.
`IX. Ground 1(A): BAARMAN IN VIEW OF PARTOVI-002
`RENDERS CLAIMS 1-5, 8-16, 19-22, AND 28 OBVIOUS ..................... 69
`A.
`Independent claim 1 ............................................................................ 69
`[1.P] A method for inductively transferring power from a base
`electrically isolated, comprising: .............................................. 70
`[1.1] positioning a second inductive element of said target unit
`element of said base unit; .......................................................... 71
`[1.2] applying a time varying electric current to said first
`current in said second inductive element; ................................. 75
`[1.3] monitoring at least one parameter indicative of an
`target unit; ................................................................................. 75
`[1.4] automatically adjusting at least one characteristic of said
`base unit to said target unit. ...................................................... 80
`Claim 2 ................................................................................................ 80
`Claim 3 ................................................................................................ 81
`Claim 4 ................................................................................................ 81
`Claim 5 ................................................................................................ 83
`Claim 8 ................................................................................................ 87
`Claim 9 ................................................................................................ 89
`Claim 10 .............................................................................................. 91
`Claim 11 .............................................................................................. 92
`
`time varying electric current responsive to said parameter
`to maximize an efficiency of power transfer from said
`
`inductive element to produce a time varying magnetic
`field, said time varying magnetic field induces an electric
`
`efficiency of power transfer from said base unit to said
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
`H.
`I.
`
`
`
`3
`
`3
`
`

`

`J.
`
`
`
`base unit and said target unit for removably positioning
`said second inductive element at a predetermined
`orientation and distance relative to said first inductive
`
`time varying electric current to said first inductive
`element to produce a time varying magnetic field, said
`time varying magnetic field inducing an electric current
`
`parameter indicative of an efficiency of power transfer
`
`configured for providing input power to a second
`inductive element of a target unit providing output
`power, said base unit electrically isolated from said target
`
`Independent claim 12 .......................................................................... 92
`[12.P] An inductive power transfer system, comprising: .................... 93
`[12.1] a base unit comprising a first inductive element
`unit; 93
`[12.2] a positioning structure provided on at least one of said
`element; ..................................................................................... 94
`[12.3] a switch element configured for selectively applying a
`in said second inductive element; and ...................................... 96
`[12.4] a control circuit configured for monitoring at least one
`from said base unit to said target unit, and ............................... 97
`[12.5] automatically adjusting at least one characteristic of said
`base unit to said target unit. ...................................................... 98
`K.
`Claim 13 .............................................................................................. 98
`L.
`Claim 14 .............................................................................................. 98
`M. Claim 15 .............................................................................................. 99
`N.
`Claim 16 ............................................................................................100
`O.
`Claim 19 ............................................................................................103
`P.
`Claim 20 ............................................................................................103
`Q.
`Claim 21 ............................................................................................104
`
`time varying electric current responsive to said parameter
`to maximize an efficiency of power transfer from said
`
`
`
`4
`
`4
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`

`

`unit providing input power, to a target unit providing
`output power, where the base unit and the target unit are
`
`within a predetermined distance of a first inductive
`
`component of said base unit that is indicative of an
`efficiency of power transfer from said base unit to said
`
`on a value of said parameter to maximize said efficiency
`
`R.
`S.
`
`
`
`inductive element to produce a time varying magnetic
`field having an operating frequency, said time varying
`magnetic field inducing an electric current in said second
`
`Claim 22 ............................................................................................104
`Independent claim 28 ........................................................................104
`[28.P] A method for inductively transferring power from a base
`electrically isolated from each other, comprising: ..................105
`[28.1] positioning a second inductive element of said target unit
`element of said base unit; ........................................................105
`[28.2] applying a time varying electric current to said first
`inductive element; ...................................................................106
`[28.3] monitoring at least one parameter of an electronic
`target unit; and ........................................................................106
`[28.4] automatically adjusting said operating frequency based
`of power transfer from said base unit to said target unit. .......108
`X. Ground 1(B): BAARMAN IN VIEW OF PARTOVI-002 AND
`PARTOVI-413 RENDERS CLAIMS 6-7 AND 17-18 OBVIOUS ........108
`A. Overview of Combination .................................................................108
`Claim 6 ..............................................................................................110
`B.
`C.
`Claim 7 ..............................................................................................112
`D.
`Claim 17 ............................................................................................113
`E.
`Claim 18 ............................................................................................113
`XI. Ground 2(A): FLOWERDEW ANTICIPATES CLAIMS 1-2, 8,
`10-11, AND 28 ............................................................................................114
`A.
`Independent claim 1 ..........................................................................114
`
`
`
`5
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`5
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`
`
`unit providing input power, to a target unit providing
`output power, where the base unit and the target unit are
`
`within a predetermined distance of a first inductive
`
`inductive element to produce a time varying magnetic
`field, said time varying magnetic field induces an electric
`
`efficiency of power transfer from said base unit to said
`target unit; automatically adjusting at least one
`characteristic of said time varying electric current
`responsive to said parameter to maximize an efficiency
`
`[1.P] A method for inductively transferring power from a base
`electrically isolated, comprising: ............................................114
`[1.1] positioning a second inductive element of said target unit
`element of said base unit; ........................................................115
`[1.2] applying a time varying electric current to said first
`current in said second inductive element; ...............................119
`[1.3]-[1.4] monitoring at least one parameter indicative of an
`of power transfer from said base unit to said target unit. .......120
`Claim 2 ..............................................................................................122
`Claim 8 ..............................................................................................123
`Claim 9 ..............................................................................................124
`Claim 10 ............................................................................................125
`Claim 11 ............................................................................................127
`Independent claim 28 ........................................................................127
`[28.P] A method for inductively transferring power from a base
`electrically isolated from each other, comprising: ..................128
`[28.1] positioning a second inductive element of said target unit
`element of said base unit; ........................................................128
`[28.2] applying a time varying electric current to said first
`
`B.
`C.
`D.
`E.
`F.
`G.
`
`
`
`unit providing input power, to a target unit providing
`output power, where the base unit and the target unit are
`
`within a predetermined distance of a first inductive
`
`inductive element to produce a time varying magnetic
`field having an operating frequency, said time varying
`6
`
`6
`
`

`

`
`
`magnetic field inducing an electric current in said second
`
`component of said base unit that is indicative of an
`efficiency of power transfer from said base unit to said
`
`on a value of said parameter to maximize said efficiency
`
`inductive element; ...................................................................129
`[28.3] monitoring at least one parameter of an electronic
`target unit; and ........................................................................129
`[28.4] automatically adjusting said operating frequency based
`of power transfer from said base unit to said target unit. .......130
`XII. GROUND 2(B): FLOWERDEW IN VIEW OF JANG RENDERS
`CLAIMS 3-5, 12-16, AND 19-22 OBVIOUS ...........................................130
`Claim 3 ..............................................................................................130
`A.
`Claim 4 ..............................................................................................134
`B.
`C.
`Claim 5 ..............................................................................................136
`D.
`Independent claim 12 ........................................................................142
`[12.P] An inductive power transfer system, comprising: ..................143
`[12.1] a base unit comprising a first inductive element
`unit; 144
`[12.2] a positioning structure provided on at least one of said
`element; ...................................................................................144
`[12.3] a switch element configured for selectively applying a
`in said second inductive element; and ....................................145
`[12.4]-[12.5] a control circuit configured for monitoring at
`
`configured for providing input power to a second
`inductive element of a target unit providing output
`power, said base unit electrically isolated from said target
`
`base unit and said target unit for removably positioning
`said second inductive element at a predetermined
`orientation and distance relative to said first inductive
`
`time varying electric current to said first inductive
`element to produce a time varying magnetic field, said
`time varying magnetic field inducing an electric current
`
`least one parameter indicative of an efficiency of power
`transfer from said base unit to said target unit, and
`7
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`
`
`7
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`

`

`
`
`automatically adjusting at least one characteristic of said
`time varying electric current responsive to said parameter
`to maximize an efficiency of power transfer from said
`
`base unit to said target unit. ....................................................145
`Claim 13 ............................................................................................146
`E.
`Claim 14 ............................................................................................146
`F.
`Claim 15 ............................................................................................146
`G.
`Claim 16 ............................................................................................147
`H.
`Claim 19 ............................................................................................147
`I.
`Claim 20 ............................................................................................148
`J.
`Claim 21 ............................................................................................148
`K.
`Claim 22 ............................................................................................148
`L.
`XIII. GROUND 2(C): FLOWERDEW IN VIEW OF PARTOVI-413
`RENDERS CLAIMS 6 AND 7 OBVIOUS ..............................................149
`A. Overview of Combination .................................................................149
`B.
`Claim 6 ..............................................................................................151
`C.
`Claim 7 ..............................................................................................153
`XIV. GROUND 2(D): FLOWERDEW IN VIEW OF JANG AND
`PARTOVI-413 RENDERS CLAIMS 17-18 OBVIOUS ........................154
`A.
`Claim 17 ............................................................................................154
`B.
`Claim 18 ............................................................................................154
`XV. Additional Remarks ....................................................................................155
`
`
`
`
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`8
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`
`
`I, Tamas Szepesi, declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
` My name is Tamas Szepesi, and I have been retained by counsel for
`
`Petitioner Fantasia Trading LLC d/b/a Ankerdirect (“Anker” or “Petitioner”) as an
`
`expert witness to provide assistance regarding U.S. Patent No. 7,825,537 (“the ’537
`
`patent”). Specifically, I have been asked to consider the validity of claims 1-22 and
`
`28 of the ’537 patent (the “Challenged Claims”).
`
`
`
`I am being compensated for my time at my standard consulting rate. I
`
`am also being reimbursed for expenses that I incur during the course of this work.
`
`My compensation is not contingent upon the results of my study, the substance of
`
`my opinions, or the outcome of any proceeding involving the Challenged Claims. I
`
`have no financial interest in the outcome of this matter or in related litigation
`
`involving the ’537 patent.
`
` My analysis here is based on my years of education, research and
`
`experience, as well as my investigation and study of relevant materials, including
`
`those cited herein. I may rely upon these materials, my knowledge and experience,
`
`and/or additional materials to further explain and corroborate my analysis, and to
`
`respond to critiques of my analysis raised by Scramoge Technology Ltd. (“Scramoge”
`
`or “Patent Owner”) or the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”).
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` My analysis of the materials produced in this proceeding is ongoing and
`
`I will continue to review any new material as it is provided. This declaration
`
`represents only those opinions that I have formed to date. I reserve the right to revise,
`
`supplement, and/or amend my opinions stated herein based on new information and
`
`on my continuing analysis of the materials already provided.
`
`II. BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS
`
` My Curriculum Vitae (“CV”) is provided as Appendix A to this
`
`declaration. It includes a list of 14 publications that I have authored or co-authored,
`
`and a list of 23 patents for which I am a named inventor. In addition, I have co-
`
`authored two award winning university text books and written a chapter on power
`
`management ICs in an anthology published by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
`
` My expertise qualifies me for the type of technical analysis required in
`
`this case. I have been involved in the design and evaluation of DC-to-DC converters
`
`and in the definition, architectural design, circuit design and design management of power
`
`management integrated circuits, including switching voltage regulators, since 1981.
`
`
`
`I was an assistant and associate professor of electrical engineering at the
`
`Department of Instrumentation and Measurement Technology at the Technical University
`
`of Budapest, Hungary between 1969 and 1980. I taught undergraduate and graduate
`
`courses in analog circuit design, computer aided design (CAD) and instrumentation. Aside
`
`of my teaching and research activities I also had a busy industrial consulting practice.
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`
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`After emigrating from Hungary in 1980, I worked as a Staff Applications
`
`Engineer at National Semiconductor Corp. from 1981 to 1983 in Fuerstenfeldbruck,
`
`Germany. During that time I worked on the definition of custom integrated circuits,
`
`including the definition and architecture development of a controller circuit for an
`
`electronic ballast for fluorescent lights including a controller for a power factor correction
`
`circuit (PFC). As part of this work, I designed and built an 80W electronic ballast inverter
`
`customer demonstration unit, with a power factor correction AC/DC converter front end,
`
`including the design of all the magnetic components required. I was also assigned as an
`
`application engineer supporting the products of the Hybrid IC Product Line in Europe,
`
`including supporting the design-in of hybrid amplifiers, buffers and hybrid DC/DC
`
`converter circuits like the LH1605 and the HS7067. My responsibilities included
`
`supporting customers to select or design the magnetic components appropriate for their
`
`DC/DC converter designs.
`
`
`
`Between 1983 and 1994, I worked at National Semiconductor Corp.,
`
`Santa Clara, CA, as Staff Design Engineer, Design Manager and Senior Design
`
`Manager. During my tenure as a Design Manager/Senior Design Manager I managed
`
`a group of electrical engineers responsible for the design of linear and switching
`
`voltage regulators. Based upon my experience, I have an understanding as to the
`
`skills and creativity of such engineers, including their background knowledge, their
`
`facility with applying known techniques to solve problems.
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` During my tenure at National Semiconductor I defined, designed and
`
`managed the design of numerous integrated circuits in the power management area.
`
`These integrated circuits included buck switching regulators, boost switching
`
`regulators, offline DC/DC converter controllers and low dropout linear regulators,
`
`e.g. the LM2575, LM2576, LM2595, LM2603/2610, LM 2577, LM2587,
`
`LM3001/3002, LP2956, LP2957, etc., and their derivative products.
`
` From 1994 through 2002, I served as the Product Line Director for the
`
`Power Management Group of Analog Devices, Inc., in San Jose, California. I built
`
`this product line from the ground up. My responsibilities included strategy
`
`development, product definition, design, applications, product and test engineering
`
`and marketing. We developed voltage regulator and battery charger integrated
`
`circuits for desktop and laptop computers and cellular phones. Representative
`
`products in each category are listed in my CV (attached as Appendix A). I built the
`
`business from zero to a $62M profitable business in 6 years.
`
` From 2002 to 2004, I was Vice President of Engineering and member
`
`of the Board of Directors at iWatt, Inc. in Los Gatos, CA, a fabless start-up company.
`
`At iWatt Inc., we developed digital controllers for off-line switching voltage
`
`regulators. My responsibilities included managing system design, integrated circuit
`
`definition and design, as well as applications, iWatt was acquired by Dialog
`
`Semiconductor in 2013 for approximately $360M.
`
`
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` Since my retirement from full time work in the industry in 2004, I have
`
`been a consultant for semiconductor companies and law firms. I consulted in the
`
`areas of power electronics and related controllers and integrated circuits, which is
`
`the general field of art underlying the patent in this case.
`
`
`
` My industry consulting activity related to areas including architecture
`
`design, circuit design, design reviews, layout reviews, process development, etc. My
`
`clients included start-up companies (e.g., Adaptive Digital Power Inc., Fyrestorm
`
`Inc., Gazelle Semiconductor, Inc., and Zilker Laboratories Inc.), as well as
`
`established semiconductor companies (e.g., Dialog Semiconductor plc., Integration
`
`Associates, Intersil Inc., Maxim Integrated Products Inc. and UMC Group (USA)).
`
` Between 1996 and 2019 I was a Lecturer and Course Organizer of the
`
`yearly 5 day Continuing Education Course ”Power Management”, offered in the US
`
`and Europe by MEAD Education SA., Lausanne, Switzerland. My lectures related
`
`to wired and wireless battery chargers and circuits, battery pack protection circuits,
`
`as well as battery technology/chemistry.
`
` Since 2005, I have also acted as a testifying and non-testifying expert
`
`in numerous patent litigation cases, patent reexamination cases and IPRs in the
`
`power electronics and related integrated circuit areas.
`
`
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`
`
`III. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`
`
`
`In rendering my analysis set forth in this declaration, I was asked to
`
`consider the patent claims and the prior art through the eyes of a POSITA at the time
`
`of the alleged invention, which I understand is asserted to be November 14, 2008—
`
`the filing date of the ’537 patent. I understand that the factors considered in
`
`determining the ordinary level of skill in a field of art include the level of education
`
`and experience of persons working in the field; the types of problems encountered
`
`in the field; the teachings of the prior art; and the sophistication of the technology at
`
`the time of the alleged invention. I understand that a POSITA is not a specific real
`
`individual, but rather is a hypothetical individual having the qualities reflected by
`
`the factors above. I understand that a POSITA also would have knowledge from the
`
`teachings of the prior art, including the art cited below.
`
` Taking these factors into consideration, on or before November 14,
`
`2008, a POSITA relating to the technology of the ’537 patent would have had a
`
`Bachelor’s degree or higher in electrical engineering, with at least 3 years working
`
`experience in the design of electronic circuits and would be familiar with power
`
`electronics and the topologies and operation of switching voltage regulator circuits.
`
` Before November 14, 2008, my level of skill in the field of power
`
`electronics systems was at least that of a POSITA. I am qualified to provide opinions
`
`
`
`14
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`14
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`

`
`
`concerning what a POSITA would have known and understood at that time, and my
`
`analysis and conclusions herein are from the perspective of a POSITA as of that date.
`
`IV. MATERIALS CONSIDERED AND RELIED UPON
`
`
`
`In reaching the conclusions described in this declaration, I have relied
`
`on the documents and materials cited herein as well as those identified in this
`
`declaration, including the ’537 patent, the prosecution history of the ’537 patent, and
`
`prior art references cited herein. These materials comprise patents, related
`
`documents, and printed publications. Each of these materials is a type of document
`
`that experts in my field would have reasonably relied upon when forming their
`
`opinions.
`
`
`
`I have also relied on my education, training, research, knowledge, and
`
`personal and professional experience in the relevant technologies and systems that
`
`were already in use prior to, and within the timeframe of the alleged priority date of
`
`the ’537 patent (November 14, 2008).
`
`Exhibit
`EX1001
`
`Description
`U.S. Patent 7,825,537 to Freer (“the ’537 patent”)
`
`EX1002
`
`Prosecution History of the ’537 patent (Serial No. 12/271,023)
`
`EX1004
`
`U.S. Pub. 2009/0174263 (“Baarman”)
`
`EX1005
`
`U.S. Pub. 2007/0279002 (“Partovi-002”)
`
`EX1006
`
`U.S. Pub. 2009/0096413 (“Partovi-413”)
`
`EX1007
`
`U.S. Patent 7,211,986 (“Flowerdew”)
`
`
`
`15
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`15
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`
`
`Exhibit
`EX1009
`
`Description
`U.S. Prov. App. Serial No. 61/019,411 (“’411 Provisional”)
`
`EX1010
`
`U.S. Pub. 2004/0218406 (“Jang”)
`
`EX1012
`
`U.S. Pub. 2008/0079392 (“Baarman-392”)
`
`EX1013
`
`U.S. Patent 5,600,225 (“Goto”)
`
`EX1014
`
`EX1015
`
`EX1016
`
`EX1017
`
`EX1018
`
`EX1019
`
`Kim et al., A Contactless Power Supply for Photovoltaic Power
`Generation System, 2008 IEEE Applied Power Electronics
`Conference (pp. 1910-13 in the APEC 2008 Proceedings)
`
`Severns et al., MODERN DC-TO-DC SWITCH MODE POWER
`CONVERTER CIRCUITS, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. (1985)
`(selected excerpts)
`
`Baker et al., CMOS CIRCUIT DESIGN, LAYOUT, AND SIMULATION,
`IEEE Press (1998) (selected excerpts)
`
`Erickson, FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER ELECTRONICS, Chapman &
`Hall, International Thomson Publishing (1997) (selected excerpts)
`
`Horowitz et al., THE ART OF ELECTRONICS, 2nd Ed., Cambridge
`University Press (1989) (selected excerpts)
`
`Daniel M. Mitchell, DC-DC SWITCHING REGULATOR ANALYSIS,
`McGraw-Hill (1988 (selected excerpts)
`
`
`V. LEGAL STANDARDS
`
`
`
`I am not a lawyer and do not provide any legal opinions, but I have been
`
`advised that certain legal standards are to be applied by technical experts in forming
`
`opinions regarding meaning and validity of patent claims I have applied the legal
`
`standards described below, which were provided to me by counsel for the Petitioner.
`
`
`
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`

`
`
`A. Legal Standards for Prior Art
`
`
`
`I understand that a patent or other publication must first qualify as prior
`
`art before it can be used to invalidate a patent claim.
`
`
`
`I understand that a U.S. or foreign patent qualifies as prior art to a patent
`
`if the date of issuance of the U.S. or foreign patent is prior to the invention of the
`
`patent. I further understand that a printed publication, such as an article published
`
`in a magazine or trade publication, qualifies as prior art to a patent if the date of
`
`publication is prior to the invention of the patent. My understanding is that, for such
`
`prior art references, a patentee may attempt to show that the claimed invention was
`
`conceived prior to the issuance of the U.S. foreign patent or publication of the printed
`
`materials. To do so, it is my understanding that patentee must prove with
`
`corroborating evidence that the named inventors conceived of the complete claimed
`
`invention before the prior art, and were diligent in reducing the claimed inventions
`
`to practice.
`
`
`
`I understand that, regardless of the date of invention of the patent, a U.S.
`
`or foreign patent qualifies as prior art to a patent if the date of issuance of the U.S.
`
`or foreign patent is more than one year before the earliest filing date of the patent in
`
`the United States. I further understand that a printed publication, such as an article
`
`published in a magazine or trade publication, constitutes prior art to a patent if the
`
`
`
`17
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`

`
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`publication occurs more than one year before the earliest effective filing date of the
`
`patent in the United States, again regardless of the date of invention of the patent.
`
`
`
`I understand that a U.S. patent or published U.S. application qualifies
`
`as prior art to a patent if the application for that patent was filed in the United States
`
`before the invention of the patent. My understanding is that, for such prior art
`
`references, a patentee may attempt to show that the claimed invention was conceived
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`prior to the filing in the United States of the purported prior art U.S. patent or
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`application. To do so, it is my understanding that the patentee must prove with
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`corroborating evidence that the named inventors conceived of the complete claimed
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`invention before the prior art, and were diligent in reducing the claimed inventions
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`to practice.
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`I understand that prior art must contain an enabling disclosure that
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`allows one of ordinary skill to practice the claims without undue experimentation if
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`the prior art is to be relied upon in an anticipation or obviousness rejection.
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`I understand that documents and materials that qualify as prior art can
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`be used to invalidate a patent claim as anticipated or as obvious.
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`B.
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`Legal Standard for Priority Date
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`I understand that the “priority date” or “earliest effective filing date” of
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`a patent is the date on which it is filed, or the date on which an earlier-filed U.S. or
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`international patent application was filed if the patentee claims the benefit of priority
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`18
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`18
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`to that earlier-filed U.S. or international patent application. As I noted above
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`(Section III), I understand that the earliest priority date that has been asserted for
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`claims of the ’537 patent is November 14, 2008.
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`C. Legal Standard for Anticipation
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`I understand that a prior art reference anticipates a patent claim if that
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`reference, expressly or inherently, discloses all limitations of the claim in the same
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`arrangement as claimed. When considering a prior art reference, the scope of the
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`reference’s disclosure is assessed from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill
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`in the art at the time of the alleged invention.
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`D. Legal Standard for Obviousness
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` My understanding is that a patent claim is invalid as obvious only if the
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`subject matter of the claimed invention “as a whole” would have been obvious to a
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`POSITA at the time the invention was made. To determine the differences between
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`a prior art reference (or a proposed combination of prior art references) and the
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`claim