The UMTS Long Term Evolution
`F R () fvl T l I E () Ry T () p R 1\ C T I (: r
`
`Edited by: Stefania Sesia • Issam Toufik • Matthew Baker
`
`SECC)Nl) El)ITIC)N
`
`Including Release 10 for LTE-Advanced
`
`~WILEY
`
`IPR2022-00468
`Apple EX1008 Page 1
`
`

`

`LTE - The UMTS
`Long Term Evolution
`
`From Theory to Practice
`
`Second Edition
`
`Stefania Sesia
`
`ST-Ericsson, France
`
`Issam Toufik
`
`ETSI, France
`
`Matthew Baker
`
`Alcatel-Lucent, UK
`
`~WILEY
`
`A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
`
`IPR2022-00468
`Apple EX1008 Page 2
`
`

`

`This edition first published 2011
`© 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
`
`Registered office
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Su ssex, PO 19 8SQ,
`United Kingdom
`For detail s of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply
`for permi ssion to reuse the copyright material in thi s book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
`The ri g hts of the authors to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance
`with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
`All rights reserved . No part of thi s publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieva l system, or
`transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical , photocopying , recording or
`otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior
`permission of the publi sher.
`Photograph on cover courtesy of Alcatel-Lucent, from the ngConnect LTE-equipped car.
`3GPP website reproduced by permission of© 3GPP™ .
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content th at appears in print
`may not be available in electronic books.
`Designation s used by companies to distingui sh their products are often cl a imed as trademarks. All
`brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service mark s, trademarks or
`regi stered trademarks of their respective owners . The publi sher is not associated with any product or
`vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative
`information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is
`not engaged in rendering professiona l services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is
`required, the services of a competent profess iona l should be sought.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Sesia, Stefania.
`LTE-the UMTS long term evolution : from theory to practice/ Stefania Sesia, lssam Toufik ,
`Matthew Baker. - 2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographica l references and index .
`ISBN 978-0-470-66025-6 (hardback)
`l. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System . 2. Long-Term E volution (T elecommunications)
`I. Toufik, lssam . II . Baker, Matthew (Matthew P.J .) Ill . Title.
`TK5103.4883 .S47 2011
`62 l .3845'6-dc22
`
`2010039466
`
`A catalogue record for thi s book is available from the British Library.
`Print ISBN: 9780470660256 (H/B)
`ePDF ISBN : 9780470978511
`oBook ISBN : 9780470978504
`epub ISBN: 9780470978641
`Printed in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham , Wiltshire.
`
`IPR2022-00468
`Apple EX1008 Page 3
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`

`

`Contents
`
`
`
`
`Editors’ Biographies
`
`
`
`List of Contributors
`
`
`
`Foreword
`
`
`
`Preface
`
`
`
`XXi
`
`xxiii
`
`xxvii
`
`xxix
`
`
`
`1
`
`1.1
`
`1.2.1
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`
`
`List of Acronyms
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Introduction and Background
`Thomas Sc‘ilzer and Matthew Baker
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS ..............
`1.1.1 Historical Context ...........................
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`LTE in the Mobile Radio Landscape ..................
`1.1.2
`1.1.3
`The Standardization Process in 3GPP .................
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution ............
`
`
`
`
`
`System Performance Requirements ..................
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1.2.2 Deployment Cost and Interoperability ................. 12
`
`
`
`1.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution ................... 14
`
`
`
`
`1.3.1 Multicarrier Technology ........................ 14
`
`
`
`
`1.3.2 Multiple Antenna Technology ..................... 15
`Packet~Switched Radio Interface .................... 16
`1.3.3
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1.3.4 User Equipment Categories ...................... 17
`From the First LTE Release to LTE-Advanced ............. 19
`1.3.5
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1.4 From Theory to Practice ............................ 20
`References ....................................... 21
`
`xxxi
`
`xxxiii
`
`1
`
`1
`1
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`2
`5
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`7
`
`7
`
`.
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`viii
`
`
`
`
`
`Part I Network Architecture and Protocols
`
`
`
`CONTENTS
`
`23
`
`25
`
`2.3
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2 Network Architecture
`
`
`
`
`Sudeep Palm and Philippe Godin
`
`
`2.1
`Introduction ................................... 25
`
`
`
`
`2.2 Overall Architectural Overview ......................... 26
`
`
`
`
`The Core Network ........................... 27
`2.2.1
`
`
`
`
`2.2.2
`The Access Network .......................... 30
`
`
`
`2.2.3
`Roaming Architecture ......................... 31
`
`
`Protocol Architecture .............................. 32
`
`
`
`
`2.3.1 User Plane ............................... 32
`
`
`
`2.3.2 Control Plane .............................. 33
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers ...................... 34
`
`
`
`
`Bearer Establishment Procedure .................... 37
`2.4.1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2.4.2
`Inter-Working With other RATS .................... 38
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2.5 The E—UTRAN Network Interfaces: Sl Interface ............... 40
`
`
`
`
`
`2.5.1
`Protocol Structure over S] ....................... 41
`
`
`
`
`2.5.2
`Initiation over S] ............................ 43
`
`
`
`
`
`2.5.3
`Context Management over $1 ..................... 43
`
`
`
`
`
`2.5.4 Bearer Management over $1 ...................... 44
`
`
`
`
`Paging over Sl ............................. 44
`2.5.5
`
`
`
`
`2.5.6 Mobility over $1 ............................ 45
`
`
`
`
`
`Load Management over $1 ....................... 47
`2.5.7
`
`
`
`Trace Function ............................. 48
`2.5.8
`
`
`
`
`
`2.5.9 Delivery of Warning Messages ..................... 48
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2.6 The E—UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface ............... 49
`
`
`
`
`
`2.6.1
`Protocol Structure over X2 ....................... 49
`
`
`
`
`2.6.2
`Initiation over X2 ............................ 49
`
`
`
`
`2.6.3 Mobility over X2 ............................ 51
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2.6.4
`Load and Interference Management Over X2 ............. 54
`
`
`
`
`
`2.6.5 UE Historical Information Over X2 .................. 54
`
`
`2.7
`Summary .................................... 55
`
`References ....................................... 55
`
`
`
`57
`
`
`
`
`3 Control Plane Protocols
`
`
`
`Himke van. der Velde
`
`
`Introduction ................................... 57
`
`
`
`
`
`3.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) ......................... 58
`
`
`Introduction ............................... 5 8
`3 .2. 1
`
`
`
`3.2.2
`System Information ........................... 59
`
`
`
`
`
`3.2.3 Connection Control within LTE .................... 63
`
`
`
`
`3.2.4 Connected Mode Inter—RAT Mobility ................. 73
`
`
`
`3.2.5 Measurements ............................. 75
`
`
`
`
`
`3.2.6 Other RRC Signalling Aspects ..................... 78
`
`
`
`
`PLMN and Cell Selection ............................ 78
`
`3.1
`
`3.3
`
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`CONTENTS
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`
`
`ix
`
`
`
`3.3.1
`Introduction ............................... 78
`
`
`
`PLMN Selection ............................ 79
`3.3.2
`
`
`
`Cell Selection .............................. 79
`3.3.3
`
`
`
`
`Cell Reselection ............................ 80
`3.3.4
`
`
`Paging ...................................... 84
`3.4
`
`
`Summary .................................... 86
`3.5
`
`References ....................................... 86
`
`37
`
`4.1
`
`
`
`
`
`4 User Plane Protocols
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Patrick Fischer Seingune Yi, SungDuck Chum and YoungDae Lee
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Slack ................. 87
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`4.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) .................. 89
`
`
`
`
`Functions and Architecture ....................... 89
`4.2.1
`
`
`
`4.2.2 Header Compression .......................... 90
`
`
`Security ................................. 92
`4.2.3
`
`
`4.2.4 Handover ................................ 93
`
`
`
`
`
`
`4.2.5 Discard of Data Packets ........................ 95
`
`
`
`4.2.6
`PDCP PDU Formats .......................... 97
`
`
`
`
`
`4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) ........................... 98
`
`
`
`RLC Entities .............................. 99
`4.3.1
`
`
`
`4.3.2 RLC PDU Formats ........................... 105
`
`
`
`
`4.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) ........................ 108
`
`
`4.4.1 MAC Architecture ........................... 108
`
`
`4.4.2 MAC Functions ............................. 1 1 l
`
`
`
`
`
`
`4.5
`Summary of the User Plane Protocols ..................... 120
`References ....................................... 120
`
`
`
`
`
`Part H Physical Layer for Downlink
`
`
`
`
`
`121
`
`123
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slack
`
`
`5.1
`
`Introduction ................................... 123
`
`
`
`
`5.1.1 History of OFDM Development .................... 124
`
`5.2 OFDM ...................................... 125
`
`
`
`5.2.1 Orthogonal Multiplexing Principle ................... 125
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`.
`5.2.2
`Peak~to—Average Power Ratio and Sensitivity to Non—Linearity .
`. 131
`.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Sensitivity to Carrier Frequency Offset and Time—Varying Channels
`. 133
`5.2.3
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5.2.4
`Timing Offset and Cyclic Prefix Dimensioning ............ 135
`
`5.3 OFDMA ..................................... 137
`
`
`5.4
`Parameter Dimensioning ............................ 139
`
`
`
`
`
`Physical Layer Parameters for LTE .................. 140
`5.4.1
`
`Summary .................................... 142
`5.5
`References ....................................... 142
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`X
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`
`
`6
`
`CONTENTS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design
`
`Matthew Baker
`
`6.]
`Introduction ................................... 145
`
`
`
`6.2 Transmission Resource Structure ........................ 145
`
`
`6.3
`Signal Structure ................................. 148
`
`
`
`
`6.4
`Introduction to Downlink Operation ...................... 149
`References ....................................... 150
`
`145
`
`
`
`
`
`
`7 Synchronization and Cell Search
`
`
`
`
`Fabrizio Tomatz‘s and Stefania Sesia
`
`
`7.2
`
`7.1
`
`Introduction ................................... 151
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE .............. 151
`
`
`Zadoff~Chu Sequences ......................... 155
`7.2.1
`
`
`
`
`
`7.2.2
`Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences ........... 157
`
`
`
`
`
`Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Sequences ......... 158
`7.2.3
`
`
`
`
`7.3 Coherent Versus Non~Coherent Detection ................... 161
`References ....................................... 1 63
`
`151
`
`165
`
`8.1
`
`
`
`8.3
`
`
`
`8.4
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`8 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Garoklzov
`
`Introduction ................................... 165
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink ............... 167
`
`
`
`Cell—Specific Reference Signals .................... 168
`8.2.1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`8.2.2 UE-Specific Reference Signals in Release 8 .............. 171
`
`
`
`
`
`
`UE—Specific Reference Signals in Release 9 .............. 171
`8.2.3
`
`
`
`
`RS—Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation ................. 174
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Time—Frequency~Domain Correlation: The WSSUS Channel Model
`. 175
`8.3.1
`
`
`
`
`
`8.3.2
`Spatial-Domain Correlation: The Kronecker Model .......... 176
`
`
`Frequency—Domain Channel Estimation .................... 178
`
`
`
`Channel Estimate Interpolation ..................... 178
`8.4.1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`8.4.2 General Approach to Linear Channel Estimation ........... 179
`
`
`Performance Comparison ........................ 180
`8.4.3
`
`
`
`8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation ....................... 181
`
`
`
`
`
`8.5.1
`Finite and Infinite Length MMSE ................... 182
`
`
`8.5.2 Normalized Least—Mean—Square .................... 184
`
`
`
`Spatial—Domain Channel Estimation ...................... 184
`8.6
`
`
`8.7 Advanced Techniques .............................. 185
`References ....................................... l 86
`
`9.1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`9 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels
`
`
`
`
`Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley
`
`Introduction ................................... 189
`
`
`
`9.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels ..................... 189
`
`
`
`
`Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) .................. 189
`9.2.1
`
`
`
`
`
`9.2.2
`Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH) ............. 192
`
`
`
`1.89
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`xi
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`
`
`9.2.3
`Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) .................. 196
`
`
`
`
`9.3 Downlink Control Channels .......................... 196
`
`
`
`
`
`9.3.1
`Requirements for Control Channel Design ............... 196
`
`
`
`9.3.2 Control Channel Structure ....................... 198
`
`
`
`
`
`
`9.3.3
`Physical Control Format Indicator CHannel (PCFICH) ........ 198
`
`
`
`
`
`
`9.3.4
`Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) .......... 200
`
`
`
`
`
`Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH) ............ 202
`9.3.5
`
`
`
`PDCCH Scheduling Process ...................... 212
`9.3.6
`References ....................................... 21 4
`
`215
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`10 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesz'a and Issam Toufik
`
`10.1 Introduction ................................... 215
`
`
`
`
`
`10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback ...................... 217
`
`
`
`
`10.2.1 CQI Feedback in LTE ......................... 218
`
`
`10.3 Channel Coding ................................. 223
`
`
`
`
`
`10.3.1 Theoretical Aspects of Channel Coding ................ 223
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`10.3.2 Channel Coding for Data Channels in LTE .............. 232
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`10.3.3 Channel Coding for Control Channels in LTE ............. 244
`
`10.4 Conclusions ................................... 245
`References ....................................... 246
`
`249
`
`
`
`
`
`11 Multiple Antenna Techniques
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Thomas Salze}: David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian
`
`
`
`Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe
`
`
`
`
`
`1 1.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory ................... 249
`
`1 1.1.1 Overview ................................ 249
`
`
`
`11.1.2 MIMO Signal Model .......................... 252
`
`
`
`11.1.3 Single-User MIMO Techniques .................... 253
`
`
`
`11.1.4 Multi-User MIMO Techniques ..................... 258
`
`
`
`
`11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE ............................. 262
`
`
`11.2.1 Practical Considerations ........................ 263
`
`
`1 1.2.2 Single‘User Schemes .......................... 264
`
`
`11.2.3 Multi—User MIMO ........................... 274
`
`
`11.2.4 MIMO Performance .......................... 276
`
`11.3 Summary .................................... 276
`References ....................................... 277
`
`
`
`
`
`
`12 Multi—User Scheduling and Interference Coordination
`
`
`
`
`Issam Toufik and Raymond Knapp
`
`12.1 Introduction ................................... 279
`
`
`
`
`
`
`12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies .......... 280
`
`
`12.3 Scheduling Algorithms ............................. 283
`
`
`12.3.1 Ergodic Capacity ............................ 283
`
`
`12.3.2 Delay-Limited Capacity ........................ 285
`
`279
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`xii
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`CONTENTS
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`
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`12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE ................ 286
`
`
`
`
`
`12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse ................ 287
`
`
`
`
`
`
`12.5.1 Inter—eNodeB Signalling to Support Downlink Frequency—Domain
`
`
`ICIC in LTE .............................. 290
`
`
`
`
`
`
`12.5.2 Inter-eNodeB Signalling to Support Uplink Frequency—Domain
`
`
`ICIC in LTE .............................. 290
`
`
`
`
`12.5.3 Static versus Semi—Static ICIC ..................... 291
`
`
`12.6 Summary .................................... 291
`References ....................................... 292
`
`
`
`293
`
`
`
`13 Broadcast Operation
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Himke van. der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker
`
`13.1 Introduction ................................... 293
`
`
`13.2 Broadcast Modes ................................ 293
`
`
`
`13.3 Overall MBMS Architecture .......................... 295
`
`
`13.3.1 Reference Architecture ......................... 295
`
`
`13.3.2 Content Provision ............................ 295
`
`
`13.3.3 Core Network .............................. 296
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`13.3.4 Radio Access Network — E—UTRAN/UTRAN/GERAN and UE .
`.
`. 296
`
`
`13.3.5 MBMS Interfaces ............................ 297
`
`
`
`
`
`13.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission ............... 297
`
`
`
`13.4.1 Physical Layer Aspects ......................... 297
`
`
`13.4.2 MBSFN Areas ............................. 301
`
`
`13.5 MBMS Characteristics ............................. 303
`
`
`13.5.1 Mobility Support ............................ 303
`
`
`
`
`
`13.5.2 UE Capabilities and Service Prioritization ............... 303
`
`
`
`
`
`
`13.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling .............. 304
`
`
`13.6.1 Protocol Architecture .......................... 304
`
`
`
`
`13.6.2 Session Start Signalling ........................ 305
`
`
`
`
`
`
`13.6.3 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Si gnalling Aspects .......... 306
`
`
`13.6.4 Content Synchronization ........................ 308
`
`
`
`13.6.5 Counting Procedure .......................... 310
`
`
`
`
`13.7 Public Warning Systems ............................ 312
`
`
`
`
`
`13.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes .................... 312
`
`
`
`
`13.8.1 Delivery by Cellular Networks ..................... 312
`
`
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`13.8.2 Delivery by Broadcast Networks .................... 313
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`13.8.3 Services and Applications ....................... 313
`References ....................................... 3 1 4
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`Part III Physicai Layer for Uplink
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`14 Uplink Physical Layer Design
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`Robert Love and Vijay Nangia
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`14.1 Introduction ................................... 317
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`14.2 SC-FDMA Principles .............................. 318
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`315
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`14.2.1 SC—FDMA Transmission Structure ................... 318
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`14.2.2 Time-Domain Signal Generation .................... 318
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`14.2.3 Frequency-Domain Signal Generation (DFT—S-OFDM) ........ 320
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`14.3 SC—FDMA Design in LTE ........................... 321
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`14.3.1 Transmit Processing for LTE ...................... 321
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`14.3.2 SC—FDMA Parameters for LTE .................... 322
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`14.3.3 d.c. Subcairier in SC—FDMA ...................... 324
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`14.3.4 Pulse Shaping .............................. 324
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`14.4 Summary .................................... 325
`References ....................................... 326
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`327
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`15 Uplink Reference Signals
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`Robert Love and Vijay Nangia
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`15.1 Introduction ................................... 327
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`15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation ........................ 328
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`15.2.1 Base RS Sequences and Sequence Grouping .............. 330
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`15.2.2 Orthogonal RS Via Cyclic Time—Shifts of a Base Sequence ...... 330
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`15.3 Sequence—Group Hopping and Planning .................... 332
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`15.3.1 Sequence-Group Hopping ....................... 332
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`15.3.2 Sequence-Group Planning ....................... 333
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`15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping .............................. 333
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`15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM—RS) .................. 335
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`15.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) ................... 337
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`15.6.1 SRS Subframe Configuration and Position ............... 337
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`15.6.2 Duration and Periodicity of SRS Transmissions ............ 337
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`15.6.3 SRSSymbolStructure 338
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`15.7 Summary .................................... 340
`References ....................................... 341
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`343
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`16 Uplink Physical Channel Structure
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`Robert Love and Vz'jay Nangia
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`16.1 Introduction ................................... 343
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`16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure ................ 344
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`16.2.1 Scheduling on PUSCH ......................... 345
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`16.2.2 PUSCH Transport Block Sizes ..................... 347
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`16.3 Uplink Control Channel Design ........................ 348
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`16.3.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Structure ......... 348
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`16.3.2 Types of Control Signalling Information and PUCCH Formats .
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`16.3.3 Channel State Information Transmission on PUCCH (Format 2)
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`16.3.4 Multiplexing of CSI and HARQ ACK/NACK from a UE on PUCCH 355
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`16.3.5 HARQ ACK/NACK Transmission on PUCCH (Format la/lb)
`. 356
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`16.3.6 Multiplexing of CSI and HARQ ACK/NACK in the Same (Mixed)
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`PUCCH RB ............................... 363
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`16.3.7 Scheduling Request (SR) Transmission on PUCCH (Format 1) .
`. 363
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`16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL—SCH Data on PUSCH ...... 365
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`16.5 ACK/NACK Repetition ............................. 367
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`16.6 Multiple—Antenna Techniques ......................... 367
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`16.6.1 Closed—Loop Switched Antenna Diversity ............... 367
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`16.6.2 Multi—User ‘Virtual’ MIMO or SDMA ................. 368
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`16.7 Summary .................................... 369
`References ....................................... 369
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`371
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`17 Random Access
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`Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang
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`17.1 Introduction ................................... 371
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`17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE ............... 371
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`17.3 Random Access Procedure ........................... 372
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`17.3.] Contention-Based Random Access Procedure ............. 373
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`17.3.2 Contenti0n~Free Random Access Procedure .............. 376
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`17.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design ................... 376
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`17.4.1 Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and PUCCH .......... 376
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`17.4.2 The PRACH Structure ......................... 377
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`17.4.3 Preamble Sequence Theory and Design ................ 385
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`17.5 PRACH Implementation ............................ 396
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`17.5.1 UE Transmitter ............................. 397
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`17.5.2 eNodeB PRACH Receiver ....................... 398
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`17.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH ..................... 404
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`17.6.1 Preamble Format 4 ........................... 404
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`17.7 Concluding Remarks .............................. 405
`References ....................................... 406
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`467
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`18 Uplink Transmission Procedures
`
`Matthew Baker
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`181 Introduction ................................... 407
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`18.2 Uplink Timing Control ............................. 407
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`18.2.1 Overview ................................ 407
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`18.2.2 Timing Advance Procedure ....................... 408
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`18.3 Power Control .................................. 411
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`18.3.1 Overview ................................ 411
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`18.3.2 Detailed Power Control Behaviour ................... 412
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`18.3.3 UE Power Headroom Reporting .................... 419
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`18.3.4 Summary of Uplink Power Control Strategies ............. 420
`References ....................................... 420
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`Part EV Practical Deployment Aspects
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`19 User Equipment Positioning
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`Karrz’ Rama-aha and Zukang Shen.
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`19.1 Introduction ................................... 423
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`19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A—GNSS) Positioning ..... 425
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`19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning ......... 426
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`421
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`19.3.1 Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) ................. 427
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`19.3.2 OTDOA Performance and Practical Considerations .......... 430
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`19.4 Cell—ID—based Positioning ........................... 431
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`19.4.1 Basic CID Positioning ......................... 431
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`19.4.2 Enhanced CID Positioning using Round Trip Time and UE Receive
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`Level Measurements .......................... 431
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`19.4.3 Enhanced CID Positioning using Round Trip Time and Angle of
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`Arrival ................................. 432
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`19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols ........................... 433
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`19.6 Summary and Future Techniques ........................ 435
`References ....................................... 436
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`437
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`20 The Radio Propagation Environment
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`Julia Yliralo and Tommi Jamsa
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`20.1 Introduction ................................... 437
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`20.2 8180 and SIMO Channel Models ........................ 438
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`20.2.1 ITU Channel Model .......................... 439
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`20.2.2 3GPP Channel Model ......................... 440
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`20.2.3 Extended ITU Models ......................... 440
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`20.3 MIMO Channel Models ............................. 441
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`20.3.1 SCM Channel Model .......................... 442
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`20.3.2 SCM—Extension Channel Model .................... 444
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`20.3.3 WINNER Model ............................ 445
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`20.3.4 LTE Evaluation Model ......................... 446
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`20.3.5 Extended ITU Models with Spatial Correlation ............ 448
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`20.3.6 ITU Channel Models for IMT—Advanced ............... 449
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`20.3.7 Comparison of MIMO Channel Models ................ 453
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`20.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing ........... 454
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`20.4.1 Performance and Conformance Testing ................ 454
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`20.4.2 Future Testing Challenges ....................... 454
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`20.5 Concluding Remarks .............................. 455
`References ....................................... 455
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`457
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`21 Radio Frequency Aspects
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`Moray Ramney, Takahara Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne
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`21.1 Introduction ................................... 457
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`21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements ...................... 459
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`21.3 Transmitter RF Requirements .......................... 462
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`21.3.1 Requirements for the Intended Transmissions ............. 462
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`21.3.2 Requirements for Unwanted Emissions ................ 467
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`21.3.3 Power Amplifier Considerations .................... 471
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`21.4 Receiver RF Requirements ........................... 474
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`21 .4.1 Receiver General Requirements .................... 474
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`21.4.2 Transmit Signal Leakage ........................ 475
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`21.4.3 Maximum Input Level ......................... 477
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`21.4.4 Small Signal Requirements ....................... 478
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`21.4.5 Selectivity and Blocking Specifications ................ 482
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`21.4.6 Spurious Emissions ........................... 488
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`21.4.7 Intermodulation Requirements ..................... 489
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`21.4.8 Dynamic Range ............................. 49]
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`21.5 RF Impairments ................................. 492
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`21.5.1 Transmitter RF Impairments ...................... 492
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`21.5.2 Model of the Main RF Impairments .................. 495
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`21.6 Summary .................................... 500
`References ....................................... 501
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`22 Radio Resource Management
`
`Muhammad Kazmi
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`22.1 Introduction ................................... 503
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`222 Cell Search Performance ............................ 505
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`22.2.1 Cell Search Within E—UTRAN ..................... 505
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`22.2.2 E-UTRAN to E—UTRAN Cell Global Identifier Reporting
`Requirements .............................. 509
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`22.2.3 E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Search ................... 510
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`22.2.4 E—UTRAN to GSM Cell Search .................... 51 1
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`22.2.5 Enhanced Inter—RAT Measurement Requirements ........... 512
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`22.3 Mobility Measurements ............................. 513
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`22.3.1 E—UTRAN Measurements ....................... 513
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`22.3.2 UTRAN Measurements ........................ 514
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`22.3.3 GSM Measurements: GSM Carrier RSSI ............... 516
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`22.3.4 CDMA2000 Measurements ...................... 516
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`22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements ......... 516
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`22.4.1 E—UTRAN Event Triggered Reporting Requirements ......... 517
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`22.4.2 Inter—RAT Event-Triggered Reporting ................. 517
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`22.5MobilityPerformance..............................518
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`22.5.1 Mobility Performance in RRCVIDLE State .............. 518
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`22.5.2 Mobility Performance in RRC_CONNECTED State ......... 522
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`22.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance ................ 525
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`22.6.1 RRC Connection Re-establishment .................. 525
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`22.6.2 Random Access ............................. 525
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`22.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance ...................... 526
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`In-sync and Out—of—sync Thresholds .................. 526
`22.7.1
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`22.7.2 Requirements without DRX ...................... 527
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`22.7.3 Requirements with DRX ........................ 527
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`22.7.4 Requirements during Transitions .................... 527
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`22.8 Concluding Remarks .............................. 528
`References ....................................... 529
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`23 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum
`
`Nicholas Anderson
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`Introduction ................................... 53]
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`23.2 Duplex Modes .................................. 532
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`23.]
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`503
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`531
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`23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum ................... 533
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`23.3.1 Adjacent Carrier Interference Scenarios ................ 535
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`23.3.2 Summary of Interference Scenarios .................. 543
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`23.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects .
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`23.4.1 Accommodation of Transmit—Receive Switching ........... 544
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`23.4.2 Coexistence between Dissimilar Systems ............... 547
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`23.4.3 HARQ and Control Signalling for TDD Operation .......... 548
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`23.4.4 Half-Duplex FDD (HD—FDD) Physical Layer Operation ....... 551
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`23.5 Reciprocity ................................... 552
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`23.5.1 Conditions for Reciprocity ....................... 554
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`23.5.2 Applications of Reciprocity ...................... 558
`23.5.3 Summary of Reciprocity Considerations ................ 561
`References ....................................... 562
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`24
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`25
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`563
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`Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs
`Philippe Godin. and Nick Whinnett
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`24.1 Introduction ................................... 563
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`24.2 Home eNodeB Architecture .......................... 564
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`24.2.1 Architecture Overview ......................... 564
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`24.2.2 Functionalities ............................. 565
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`24.2.3 Mobility ................................ 566
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`24.2.4 Local IP Access Support ........................ 568
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`24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment ............. 569
`24.3.1 Interference Scenarios ......................... 570
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`24.3.2 Network Listen Mode ......................... 574
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`24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells ........................ 574
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`24.4.1 Transmitter Specifications ....................... 575
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`24.4.2 Receiver Specifications ......................... 576
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`24.4.3 Demodulation Performance Requirements.
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`24.4.4 Time Synchronization for TDD Operation ............... 579
`24.5 Summary .................................... 580
`References ....................................... 580
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`Self—Optimizing Networks
`Philippe Godin
`
`25.1 Introduction ................................... 581
`
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`25.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF) ............... 582
`2