(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0358111A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Dec. 10, 2015
`Marinier et al.
`
`US 20150358111A1
`
`(54)
`
`(71)
`
`(72)
`
`(73)
`
`(21)
`(22)
`(86)
`
`(60)
`
`SYSTEMAND METHOD FOR ADAPTIVE
`MODULATION
`
`on Jul. 23, 2013, provisional application No. 61/751,
`557, filed on Jan. 11, 2013.
`
`Applicant: INTERDIGITAL PATENT
`HOLDINGS, INC., Wilmington, DE
`(US)
`Inventors: Paul Marinier, Brossard (CA); J.
`Patrick Tooher, Montreal (CA);
`Ghyslain Pelletier, Laval (CA); Marian
`Rudolf, Montreal (CA)
`INTERDIGITAL PATENT
`HOLDINGS, INC., Wilmington, DE
`(US)
`14/760,373
`
`Appl. No.:
`
`Assignee:
`
`PCT Fled:
`
`Jan. 11, 2014
`
`PCT/US14/1118O
`
`PCT NO.:
`S371 (c)(1),
`Jul. 10, 2015
`(2) Date:
`Related U.S. Application Data
`Provisional application No. 61/821,189, filed on May
`8, 2013, provisional application No. 61/857,397, filed
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1O3/104/105
`RAN
`
`& >
`
`115/116/117
`
`115/
`116/117
`
`
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`H04L I/00
`H047 72/04
`H04L27/00
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`CPC ............ H04L I/0003 (2013.01); H04L I/0026
`(2013.01); H04L 27/0008 (2013.01); H04L
`I/0016 (2013.01); H04W 72/042 (2013.01)
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Systems, methods, and/or techniques for improving down
`link spectrum efficiency may be disclosed. For example, a
`higher order modulation (HOM) transmission may be pro
`vided to a device. The higher order modulation transmission
`may be configured to be indicated by the network or a device.
`Additionally, multiple modulation and coding scheme (MCS)
`tables, transport block size (TBS) tables, and/or channel qual
`ity index (CQI) tables may be provided to support the higher
`order modulation transmission.
`
`1OO
`
`C
`
`108
`PSTN
`
`-
`
`Y -
`
`/
`
`---------- f
`
`106/107/109
`Core Network
`
`\
`\
`
`Other
`NetWOrks
`
`110
`Internet
`
`Exhibit 2001
`IPR2022-00457
`U.S. Patent 9,509,440
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 10, 2015 Sheet 1 of 6
`
`US 2015/0358111A1
`
`
`
`y
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 10, 2015 Sheet 2 of 6
`
`US 2015/0358111A1
`
`115/116/117
`
`102 --
`
`Y
`
`
`
`12
`
`Speaker/
`Microphone
`
`118
`Processor
`
`GPS Chipset
`
`Touchpad
`
`Peripherals
`
`130
`Non-
`Removable
`
`132
`Removable
`
`FIG. 1B
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 10, 2015 Sheet 3 of 6
`
`US 2015/0358111A1
`
`2-1
`
`..-…..****** ** **. :)
`
`( Sdn.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 10, 2015 Sheet 4 of 6
`
`US 2015/0358111A1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 10, 2015 Sheet 5 of 6
`
`US 2015/0358111A1
`
`-)--~~~~
`
`|--------------------------------------------------------
`
`
`
`
`
`/TT
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 10, 2015 Sheet 6 of 6
`
`US 2015/0358111A1
`
`
`
`

`

`US 2015/035811 1 A1
`
`Dec. 10, 2015
`
`SYSTEMAND METHOD FOR ADAPTIVE
`MODULATION
`
`BACKGROUND
`0001 Current specifications, systems, and/or methods
`(e.g., LTE specifications, systems, and/or methods) may be
`targeted to Support a wide range of deployments in terms of
`cell sizes, environments, and/or device speeds. As such, the
`physical layer may not be designed to take advantage of
`specific channel characteristics of the Small cell environment
`thereby resulting in several limitations focusing on the down
`link. For example, the current system may not support modu
`lations of higher order than 64-QAM in the downlink. As
`Such, the spectrum efficiency of a device located close to a
`Small cell base station may be limited compared to what may
`be possible based on its signal-to-noise-plus-interference
`ratio. Additionally, the potential system throughput gains of
`Small cells may not be attainable if resources may be con
`sumed by overhead where such overhead may include
`resources used up by control signaling such as PDCCH or
`E-PDCCH, resources used up by physical signals not carry
`ing information such as DM-RS, resource wasted when the
`minimum resource allocation unit for a UE may be larger than
`what may be needed, and the like. This may be a problem even
`if the bandwidth available to the small cell layer may be
`relatively large, because in a small cell cluster high signal-to
`interference ratios may involve some form of frequency reuse
`(e.g., either through ICIC or some static mechanism) that may
`reduce the bandwidth available to each cell.
`
`SUMMARY
`0002 Systems, methods, and/or techniques for providing
`a higher order modulation (HOM) and/or improving spectral
`efficiency may be disclosed. For example, a HOM transmis
`sion may be provided to a device Such as user equipment (UE)
`or a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU). According to an
`example embodiment, the higher order modulation transmis
`sion may be configured to be indicated by the network or the
`device. Additionally, multiple modulation and coding scheme
`(MCS) tables, transport block size (TBS) tables, and/or chan
`nel quality index (CQI) tables may be provided to support the
`HOM transmission. Such MCS and/or TBS tables may be
`scaled. In an embodiment, a COI table configured to Support
`the higher order modulation may be determined based on
`which MCS table may support the higher order modulation.
`Additionally, a COI feedback configuration may be provided
`and/or used in Such higher order modulation. Furthermore,
`data from a transport channel into a physical downlink control
`channel may be mapped; reception of a PDSCH over a set of
`frequency allocation or parameters may be attempted; down
`link control information on the PDSCH may be mapped; the
`downlink control information may be multiplexed with the
`transport data on the PDSCH; the PDSCH may be received
`over a particular time slot or a subset of sub-carriers of a
`resource block pair; and the like. Additionally, in an embodi
`ment, SA-PDSCH may be provided and/or used, for example,
`in combination with cross- or multi-subframe allocation.
`According to embodiments, one or more configurations for
`the higher order modulation may further be provided. Such
`configurations may include a ratio of PDSCH EPRE to cell
`specific RS EPRE, reuse of quasi co-location indicator bits,
`rank restrictions for higher order modulation. RE mapping of
`PDSCH may also be provided and/or used for the higher order
`modulation.
`
`0003 For example, a first modulation coding scheme
`(MCS) table and a second MCS table may be provided at or by
`a network. The first MCS table may include an element table
`such as a 32-element table of MCSS or coding schemes for
`QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. The second MCS table may
`include an element table such as a 32-element table of a MCS
`or coding scheme for at least 256QAM. In an example, the
`combination of the first and second MCS tables may enable
`support for the HOM transmission and the modulation orders
`or MCS coding that may be provided thereby. A downlink
`assignment may be provided and sent from the network to the
`device. The downlink assignment may include an indication
`of whether the device should use the first MCS table or the
`Second MCS table for the HOM transmissions and/or MCS
`selection, modulation order selection or use, and/or the like
`for the HOM transmissions.
`0004 Additionally, in an example, a first channel quality
`indicator (CQI) table and a second CQI table may be provided
`at or by a device such as a UE or WTRU. The first CQI table
`may include an element table such as a 16-element table of
`CQIs (e.g., feedback or measurements or CQI values) QPSK,
`16QAM, and 64QAM. The second CQI table may include an
`element table such as a 16-element table of a COI (e.g.,
`feedback or measurements or CQI values) for 256OAM. In an
`example, the combination of the first and second CQI tables
`may enable support for the HOM transmission and CSI or
`CQI reporting or measurements that may be provided
`thereby. A channel state information (CSI) report may be sent
`that may include an indication of whether the first CQI table
`or the second CQI table should be used for feedback reporting
`or measurements of HOM transmissions.
`0005. The Summary is provided to introduce a selection of
`concepts in a simplified form that are further described below
`in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to
`identify key features or essential features of the claimed sub
`ject matter, not is it intended to be used to limit the scope of
`the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject
`matter is not limited to the limitations that solve one or more
`disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`0006. A more detailed understanding of the embodiments
`disclosed herein may be had from the following description,
`given by way of example in conjunction with the accompa
`nying drawings.
`0007 FIG. 1A depicts a diagram of an example commu
`nications system in which one or more disclosed embodi
`ments may be implemented.
`0008 FIG. 1B depicts a system diagram of an example
`wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used
`within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A.
`0009 FIG. 1C depicts a system diagram of an example
`radio access network and an example core network that may
`be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.
`1A.
`0010 FIG. 1D depicts a system diagram of another
`example radio access network and an example core network
`that may be used within the communications system illus
`trated in FIG. 1A.
`0011
`FIG. 1E depicts a system diagram of another
`example radio access network and an example core network
`that may be used within the communications system illus
`trated in FIG. 1A.
`
`

`

`US 2015/035811 1 A1
`
`Dec. 10, 2015
`
`0012 FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of an example communi
`cation system with cells that may have different sizes.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`0013. A detailed description of illustrative embodiments
`will now be described with reference to the various Figures.
`Although this description provides a detailed example of
`possible implementations, it should be noted that the details
`are intended to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope of
`the application.
`0014 Systems and/or methods for providing improved
`downlink spectrum efficiency may be disclosed and may
`include and/or use channel coding, multiplexing, CSI feed
`back, and the like. For example, in Such systems and/or meth
`ods, a UE may use multiple MCS and CQI tables to support
`higher modulation and/or may determine a COI table to use
`based on which MCS table may be used or may be indicated
`by the network in DCI or higher layer signaling. Additionally,
`in Such systems and/or methods, data from a transport chan
`nel may be mapped into a physical downlink control channel
`such as PDCCH or E-PDCCH. In such systems and/or meth
`ods, a UE may also provide reception of PDSCH over more
`than one set of frequency allocations and parameters where
`the sets may be indicated in downlink control signaling
`received a Sub-frame (e.g., a previous Sub-frame). Further
`more, in Such systems and/or methods, downlink control
`information may be multiplexed with transport channel data
`on PDSCH, PDSCH may be received over a single time slot
`and/or over a subset of sub-carriers of a resource block pair,
`DL-SCH HARQ round-trip time may be decreased when
`PDSCH may be received over a single timeslot, and the like.
`Additionally, in an embodiment, SA-PDSCH may be pro
`vided and/or used, for example, in combination with cross- or
`multi-subframe allocation. Furthermore, systems and/or
`methods may be provided to scale, for example, via a function
`or translation table, MSC and/or TBS stables to enable a
`higher order modulation (HOM) transport block sizes. Peri
`odic and Aperiodic feedback configuration for different CQI
`Tables may further be provided. Additionally, in embodi
`ments, one or more configurations for HOM including
`PDSCH-to-RS EPRE, POI bit reinterpretation, rank restric
`tions (e.g., to reuse the antenna port(s), Scrambling identity
`and number of layers indication), and/or the like may be
`provided and/or used. A RE mapping (e.g., a new RE map
`ping) of PDSCH and codeblock lengths for HOM to fairly
`spread out one or more codeblocks may also be used and/or
`provided. In an example, RE mapping may be provided in a
`frequency or frequency domain Such that that a code block
`may spread over an allocation Such as the whole allocation as
`described herein.
`0015 FIG. 1A depicts a diagram of an example commu
`nications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodi
`ments may be implemented. The communications system 100
`may be a multiple access system that provides content, Such
`as Voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple
`wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable
`multiple wireless users to access Such content through the
`sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.
`For example, the communications systems 100 may employ
`one or more channel access methods, such as code division
`multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access
`(TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA),
`orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC
`FDMA), and the like.
`
`0016. As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system
`100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs)
`102a, 102b, 102c, and/or 102d (which generally or collec
`tively may be referred to as WTRU 102), a radio access
`network (RAN) 103/104/105, a core network 106/107/109, a
`public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet
`110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated
`that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of
`WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
`Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or 102d may be
`any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate
`in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs
`102a, 102b, 102c, and/or 102d may be configured to transmit
`and/or receive wireless signals and may include user equip
`ment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit,
`a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant
`(PDA), a Smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal com
`puter, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, and the like.
`0017. The communications systems 100 may also include
`a base station 114a and a base station 114b. Each of the base
`stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to
`wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a,
`102b, 102c, and/or 102d to facilitate access to one or more
`communication networks, such as the core network 106/107/
`109, the Internet 110, and/or the networks 112. By way of
`example, the base stations 114a and/or 114b may be a base
`transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home
`Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point
`(AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations
`114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be
`appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any
`number of interconnected base stations and/or network ele
`mentS.
`(0018. The base station 114a may be part of the RAN
`103/104/105, which may also include other base stations
`and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station
`controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay
`nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b
`may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals
`within a particular geographic region, which may be referred
`to as a cell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into
`cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base
`station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one
`embodiment, the base station 114a may include three trans
`ceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodi
`ment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input mul
`tiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize
`multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
`0019. The base stations 114a and/or 114b may communi
`cate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or
`102d over an air interface 115/116/117, which may be any
`Suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency
`(RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible
`light, etc.). The air interface 115/116/117 may be established
`using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
`0020 More specifically, as noted above, the communica
`tions system 100 may be a multiple access system and may
`employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA,
`TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For
`example, the base station 114a in the RAN 103/104/105 and
`the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c may implement a radio
`technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications
`System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which
`may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband
`
`

`

`US 2015/035811 1 A1
`
`Dec. 10, 2015
`
`CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication
`protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or
`Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed
`Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed
`Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
`0021. In another embodiment, the base station 114a and
`the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c may implement a radio
`technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
`(E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/
`117 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced
`(LTE-A).
`0022. In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c may implement radio tech
`nologies such as IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperabil
`ity for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000,
`CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard
`2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Stan
`dard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communica
`tions (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
`(EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
`0023 The base station 114b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless
`router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for
`example, and may utilize any Suitable RAT for facilitating
`wireless connectivity in a localized area, Such as a place of
`business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In one
`embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c,
`102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11
`to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another
`embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102C,
`102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15
`to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet
`another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs
`102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA,
`CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell
`or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may
`have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base
`station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via
`the core network 106/107/109.
`0024. The RAN 103/104/105 may be in communication
`with the core network 106/107/109, which may be any type of
`network configured to provide Voice, data, applications, and/
`or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more
`of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or 102d. For example,
`the core network 106/107/109 may provide call control, bill
`ing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid call
`ing, Internet connectivity, Video distribution, etc., and/or per
`form high-level security functions, such as user
`authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be
`appreciated that the RAN 103/104/105 and/or the core net
`work 106/107/109 may be in direct or indirect communica
`tion with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN
`103/104/105 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to
`being connected to the RAN 103/104/105, which may be
`utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, the core network 106/
`107/109 may also be in communication with another RAN
`(not shown) employing a GSM radio technology.
`0025. The core network 106/107/109 may also serve as a
`gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or 102d to
`access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks
`112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone
`networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS).
`The Internet 110 may include a global system of intercon
`nected computer networks and devices that use common
`communication protocols, such as the transmission control
`
`protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and the inter
`net protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The
`networks 112 may include wired or wireless communications
`networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.
`For example, the networks 112 may include another core
`network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ
`the same RAT as the RAN 103/104/105 or a different RAT.
`0026. Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or
`102d in the communications system 100 may include multi
`mode capabilities, i.e., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and/or
`102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating
`with different wireless networks over different wireless links.
`For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be
`configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which
`may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the
`base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio
`technology.
`0027 FIG. 1B depicts a system diagram of an example
`WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may
`include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive
`element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a
`display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, remov
`able memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning
`system (GPS) chipset 136, and other peripherals 138. It will
`be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub
`combination of the foregoing elements while remaining con
`sistent with an embodiment. Also, embodiments contemplate
`that the base stations 114a and 114b, and/or the nodes that
`base stations 114a and 114b may represent, such as but not
`limited to transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, a site control
`ler, an access point (AP), a home node-B, an evolved home
`node-B (eNodeB), a home evolved node-B (HeNB), a home
`evolved node-B gateway, and proxy nodes, among others,
`may include some or all of the elements depicted in FIG. 1B
`and described herein.
`0028. The processor 118 may be a general purpose pro
`cessor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor,
`a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microproces
`sors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP
`core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific
`Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array
`(FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a
`state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform
`signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output
`processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the
`WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The proces
`sor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be
`coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1B
`depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate
`components, it may be appreciated that the processor 118 and
`the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an elec
`tronic package or chip.
`0029. The transmit/receive element 122 may be config
`ured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base
`station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface
`115/116/117. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/
`receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit
`and/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the trans
`mit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector config
`ured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals,
`for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive
`element 122 may be configured to transmit and receive both
`RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/
`
`

`

`US 2015/035811 1 A1
`
`Dec. 10, 2015
`
`receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or
`receive any combination of wireless signals.
`0030. In addition, although the transmit/receive element
`122 is depicted in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102
`may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122.
`More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO tech
`nology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may
`include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., mul
`tiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals
`over the air interface 115/116/117.
`0031. The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate
`the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive
`element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received
`by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the
`WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the
`transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for
`enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs.
`such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, for example.
`0032. The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be
`coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/
`microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touch
`pad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or
`organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The pro
`cessor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/micro
`phone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128.
`In addition, the processor 118 may access information from,
`and store data in, any type of Suitable memory, such as the
`non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory
`132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random
`access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard
`disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The remov
`able memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module
`(SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory
`card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118
`may access information from, and store data in, memory that
`is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a
`server or a home computer (not shown).
`0033. The processor 118 may receive power from the
`power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or
`control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102.
`The power source 134 may be any suitable device for pow
`ering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may
`include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium
`(NiCd), nickel–zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH),
`lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), Solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
`0034. The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS
`chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location
`information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the cur
`rent location of the WTRU 102. In additionto, or in lieu of the
`information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may
`receive location information over the air interface 115/116/
`117 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or
`determine its location based on the timing of the signals being
`received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be
`appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location infor
`mation by way of any suitable location-determination method
`while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
`0035. The processor 118 may further be coupled to other
`peripherals 138, which may include one or more software
`and/or hardware modules that provide additional features,
`functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For
`example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer,
`an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for
`photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a
`
`vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free head
`set, a Bluetooth R) module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio
`unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game
`player module, an Internet browser, and the like.
`0036 FIG. 1C depicts a system diagram of the RAN 103
`and the core network 106 according to an embodiment. As
`noted above, the RAN 103 may employ a UTRA radio tech
`nology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or
`102c over the air interface 115. The RAN 103 may also be in
`communication with the core network 106. As shown in FIG.
`1C, the RAN 103 may include Node-Bs 140a, 140b, and/or
`140c, which may each include one or more transceivers for
`communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c
`over the air interface 115. The Node-Bs 140a, 140b, and/or
`140c may each be associated with a particular cell (not
`shown) within the RAN 103. The RAN 103 may also include
`RNCs 142a and/or 142b. It will be appreciated that the RAN
`103 may include any number of Node-Bs and RNCs while
`remaining consistent with an embodiment.
`0037. As shown in FIG. 1C, the Node-Bs 14.0a and/or
`140b may be in communication with the RNC 142a. Addi
`tionally, the Node-B 140c may be in communication with the
`RNC 142b. The Node-Bs 140a, 140b, and/or 140c may com
`municate with the respective RNCs 142a, 142b via an Iub
`interface. The RNCs 142a, 142b may be in communication
`with one another via an Iur interface. Each of the RNCs 142a,
`142b may be configured to control the respective Node-Bs
`140a, 140b, and/or 140c to which it is connected. In addition,
`each of the RNCs 142a, 142b may be configured to carry out
`or Support other functionality. Such as outer loop power con
`trol, load control, admission control, packet scheduling, han
`dover control, macrodiversity, security functions, data
`encryption, and the like.
`0038. The core network 106 shown in FIG. 1C may
`include a media gateway (MGW) 144, a mobile switching
`center (MSC) 146, a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
`148, and/or a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 150.
`While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of
`the core network 106, it will be appreciated that any one of
`these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity
`other than the core network operator.
`0039. The RNC 142a in the RAN 103 may be connected to
`the MSC 146 in the core network 106 via an IuCS interface.
`The MSC 146 may be connected to the MGW 144. The MSC
`146 and the MGW 144 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b,
`and/or 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as
`the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c and traditional land-line
`communications devices.
`0040. The RNC 142a in the RAN 103 may also be con
`nected to the SGSN 148 in the core network 106 via an IuPS
`interface. The SGSN 148 may be connected to the GGSN
`150. The SGSN 148 and the GGSN 150 may provide the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c with access to packet
`switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate
`communications between and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or
`102c and IP-enabled devices.
`0041 As noted above, the core network 106 may also be
`connected to the networks 112, which may include other
`wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by
`other service providers.
`0042 FIG. 1D depicts a system diagram of the RAN 104
`and the core network 107 according to an embodiment. As
`noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio
`
`

`

`US 2015/035811 1 A1
`
`Dec. 10, 2015
`
`technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b,
`and/or 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also
`be in communication with the core network 107.
`0043. The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b,
`and/or 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104
`may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining con
`sistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and/
`or 160c may each include one or more transceivers for com
`municating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and/or 102c over
`the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a,
`160b, and/or 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,
`the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to
`transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals
`from, the WTRU 102a.
`0044). Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and/or 160c may
`be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be
`configured to handle radio resource management decisions,
`handover decisions, Scheduling of users in the uplink and/or
`downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the eNode-Bs
`160a, 160b, and/or 160c may communicate with one another
`over an X2 interface.
`0045. The core network 107 shown in FIG. 1D may
`include a mobility management gateway (MME) 162, a serv
`ing gateway 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway
`166. While ea