USOO77486.36B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Finn
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,748,636 B2
`Jul. 6, 2010
`
`(54)
`
`(75)
`
`(73)
`
`(*)
`
`PORTABLE IDENTITY CARD READER
`SYSTEM FORPHYSICAL AND LOGICAL
`ACCESS
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`Inventor: David Finn, Tourmakeady (IE)
`
`Assignee: DPD Patent Trust Ltd., Lower
`Churchfield, Touma Ready, Co. Mayo
`(IE)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 497 days.
`
`Notice:
`
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`Filed:
`
`Jul.18, 2007
`
`(65)
`
`(63)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2008/OO 14867 A1
`
`Jan. 17, 2008
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`Continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/420,747,
`filed on May 27, 2006, now Pat. No. 7,597,250, and a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/355.264,
`filed on Feb. 15, 2006, and a continuation-in-part of
`application No. 10/990,296, filed on Nov. 16, 2004,
`now Pat. No. 7,213,766.
`
`(60)
`
`Provisional application No. 60/832,799, filed on Jul.
`24, 2006.
`
`(51)
`
`(52)
`
`(58)
`
`Int. C.
`(2006.01)
`G06K 9/06
`(2006.01)
`G06K 7/08
`U.S. Cl. ....................... 235/492; 235/375; 235/380;
`235/451; 235/487
`Field of Classification Search ................. 235/375,
`235/380, 451, 487,492
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`
`
`(Continued)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`CA
`
`227917.6
`
`7, 1998
`
`(Continued)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`ACR38CT Contactless SIM Tracker Technical Specification,
`Advanced Card Systems Ltd., Hong Kong.
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner Thien Minh Le
`Assistant Examiner Tuyen KVo
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Gerald E. Linden; Dwight A.
`Staffer
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A portable RFID reader apparatus having a contactless inter
`face and slots or recesses for insertion of contactless Smart
`card fobs, including ID card, and having a wireless interface
`for communicating with a token plugged into a computer,
`provides physical and logical access.
`
`15 Claims, 2 Drawing Sheets
`
`IPR2022-00412
`Apple EX1033 Page 1
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`

`

`US 7,748,636 B2
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`DE
`DE
`DE
`DE
`DE
`FR
`HK
`HK
`JP
`WO
`WO
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`
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`
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`ACR38DTDual Key Technical Specifications, Version 1.3, Sep. 2004,
`Advanced Card Systems Ltd., Hong Kong.
`Dallas Semiconductor DS1490F 2-in-1 Fob, Dallas Semiconductor,
`Dallas TX.
`Dallas Semiconductor DS9490R-DS9490B USB to I-Wire/iButton
`Adaptor, Maxim I-C. Sunnyvale CA.
`Matsushita blends FERAM technology with smart cards, Hara,
`Yoshiko, EE Times, Oct. 1, 2004, CMP Media, Manhasset NY.
`Japan's Matsushita developing memory cards with Smart chip fianc
`tion, Oct. 1, 2004, Mercury News, San Jose CA.
`OTi-6828 Flash Disk Controller, Ours Technology Inc., Taiwan.
`Panasonic Develops RFID smartSD Card, Oct. 4, 2004,
`Palminfocenter.com, Sunnyvale CA.
`Panasonic Develops Industry's First SD Memory Card with
`Contacless Smart Card Capabilities, Oct. 1, 2004. The Japan Cor
`porate News Network, Tokyo.
`
`IPR2022-00412
`Apple EX1033 Page 2
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`

`

`US 7,748,636 B2
`Page 3
`
`Panasonic's Smart SD adds RFID to the mix, Rojas, Peter, Oct. 4.
`2004, Engadget LLC, New York NY.
`Delivering ultimate security, high performance and ultra low power
`consumption, SmartMX is now in volume supply, Nov. 18-20, 2003,
`Cartes 2003, aris Nort Villepinte, France.
`Digital Rights pits SIMS against Flash Cards, Card Technology,
`Balaban, Dan, Nov. 2004, pp. 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, Card Technology,
`Chicago IL.
`
`Smart MXP5CT072Secure Dual Interface PKI Smart Card Control
`ler, Rev. 1.3, Oct. 2004, Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV. The
`Netherlands.
`Vodafone KK Develops Contactless Smart Card Mobile Handset,
`May 6, 2004, HiTEK Magazine, Dubai.
`SmartSD Card Structure, Panasonic.
`* cited by examiner
`
`IPR2022-00412
`Apple EX1033 Page 3
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 6, 2010
`
`Sheet 1 of 2
`
`US 7,748,636 B2
`
`F.G. 2
`
`
`
`IPR2022-00412
`Apple EX1033 Page 4
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 6, 2010
`
`Sheet 2 of 2
`
`US 7,748,636 B2
`
`FG 3
`Y300
`
`Physical Access.
`
`Ogical Access.
`
`Facility
`M
`Computer
`
`36.2
`
`36}
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`User's
`Computer
`
`Networked
`Coinputers
`
`
`
`Wireless
`Token
`
`Cess
`Cardi
`
`Cless
`Cardi 2.
`
`Extended
`Mentory
`
`Portabie Reader
`
`FG, 4.
`
`400
`
`Mernory
`
`Contact Interface(s)
`
`Microprocessor
`
`Contactiess interface(s)
`
`Storage
`
`Wireless interface(s)
`
`4.
`
`442.
`
`Speech
`Recognition
`
`Cpff interiace { s
`
`Speakei f Mic
`interface
`
`44C)
`
`Card
`slot(s)
`
`IPR2022-00412
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`

`

`US 7,748,636 B2
`
`1.
`PORTABLE IDENTITY CARD READER
`SYSTEM FORPHYSICAL AND LOGICAL
`ACCESS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This patent application claims benefit of the following U.S.
`Provisional and/or non-provisional patent applications, all of
`which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein:
`This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 1 1/420,747 filed
`27 May 2006 by Finn (hereinafter “C16').
`This is a non-provisional filing of 60/832,799 filed 24 Jul.
`2006 by Finn (hereinafter “C18).
`This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 1 1/355.264 filed
`Feb. 15, 2006 by Finn (hereinafter “C11”), which is a con
`tinuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/990,296 filed Nov. 16, 2004
`by Ryan et al. (hereinafter “C4', now U.S. Pat. No. 7,213,766
`issued May 8, 2007).
`
`10
`
`15
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates to contactless Smart card technology
`and to RFID (radio frequency identification) reader technol
`Ogy.
`
`25
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`2
`reader with a biometric authentication component to provide
`secured access to electronic systems. The device allows for an
`individual to insert a Smartcard into an aperture in the physi
`cal enclosure of the BPID Security Device, allowing the
`smartcard and the BPID Security Device to electronically
`communicate with each other. The Smartcard-enabled BPID
`Security Device is based on a custom application specific
`integrated circuit that incorporates Smartcard terminals, such
`that the BPID Security Device can communicate directly with
`an inserted Smartcard. In an alternative embodiment of the
`invention, the Smartcard-enabled BPID Security Device is
`based on a commercial off-the-shelf microprocessor, and
`may communicate with a commercial off-the-shelf micropro
`cessor Smartcard receiver using a serial, USB, or other type of
`communication protocol. The device allows for enrolling a
`user's credentials onto the Smartcard-enabled BPID Security
`Device. The device also allows for authenticating an indi
`vidual using the smartcard-enabled BPID Security Device.
`US patent application 2006/0230437 discloses a secure
`and transparent digital credential sharing arrangement which
`utilizes one or more cryptographic levels of indirection to
`obfuscate a sharing entity's credentials from those entities
`authorized to share the credentials. A security policy table is
`provided which allows the sharing entity to selectively autho
`rize or revoke digital credential sharing among a plurality of
`entities. Various embodiments of the invention provide for
`secure storage and retrieval of digital credentials from Secu
`rity tokens such as Smart cards. The secure sharing arrange
`ment may be implemented in hierarchical or non-hierarchical
`embodiments as desired.)
`Glossary & Definitions
`Unless otherwise noted, or as may be evident from the
`context of their usage, any terms, abbreviations, acronyms or
`Scientific symbols and notations used herein are to be given
`their ordinary meaning in the technical discipline to which the
`disclosure most nearly pertains. The following terms, abbre
`viations and acronyms may be used throughout the descrip
`tions presented herein and should generally be given the
`following meaning unless contradicted or elaborated upon by
`other descriptions set forth herein. Some of the terms set forth
`below may be registered trademarks (R).
`Energy harvesting Also known as power harvesting, energy
`Scavenging is the process by which energy may be captured
`and stored. Frequently this term is applied when speaking
`about Small autonomous devices, like those used in sensor
`networks. A variety of different methods exist for harvest
`ing energy, Such as Solar power, ocean tides, piezoelectric
`ity, thermoelectricity, and physical motion.
`Lanyard Alanyard, also spelled laniard, is a rope or cord often
`worn around the neck or wrist to carry something. Lan
`yards have started to appear on consumer electronics
`devices. With increasing miniaturization, many digital
`cameras, MP3 players, and USB memory sticks include
`lanyards, providing easy portability, and insurance against
`loss or dropping.
`Proximity Card Proximity card is a generic name for contact
`less integrated circuit devices used for security access or
`payment systems. It can refer to the older 125 KHZ devices
`or the newer 13.56 MHz contactless RFID cards, most
`commonly known as contactless Smartcards. Modern
`proximity cards are covered by the ISO 14443 (Proximity
`Card) standard. There is also a related ISO 15693 (Vicinity
`Card) standard. Proximity cards use an LC circuit. An IC,
`capacitor, and coil are connected in series. The card reader
`presents a field that excites the coil and charges the capaci
`tor, which in turn energizes the IC. IC then transmits the
`card number via the coil to the card reader. The card readers
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`U.S. Pat. No. 6,913,196 discloses a dual mode smart card
`controller (USB and ISO7816) that determines the type of
`card that is inserted into a slot. If the Smartcard is a USB Smart
`card, the controller is adapted to pass control of the Smart card
`to an external PC host USB hub circuit. If the Smart card is an
`ISO7816 card, then control is handled by the dual mode
`controller. In another embodiment, the controller includes an
`embedded USB hub circuit to permit the controller to directly
`control both USB and ISO7816 smart cards. Exemplary con
`trol sequencing includes monitoring a C4 signal line for a
`pre-selected time period, or generating an enable signal if a
`USB Smart card is detected. See also U.S. Pat. No. 7,150,397
`US patent publication 2006/0226217 discloses a sleeve for
`electronic transaction card. A sleeve provides communica
`tions between an electronic transaction card and an intelligent
`electronic device. The intelligent electronic device may be a
`mobile phone or other device with or without network con
`45
`nectivity. The electronic transaction card may have magnetic
`field producing circuitry compatible with magnetic card read
`ers, Smartcard circuitry, other point-of-sale interfaces, or any
`combination thereof.
`US patent publication 2005/0269402 discloses a financial
`transaction system utilizing multi-factor authentication to
`secure financial transactions. The following is claimed:
`1. A portable transaction device comprising: memory to
`hold information regarding a financial card; a slot to
`interface with a re-programmable card; and Software to
`generate single use transaction numbers.
`2. The portable transaction device of claim 1 further com
`prising a biometric scanner where the portable transac
`tion device is configured to combine biometric informa
`tion with one or more additional authentication factors
`to secure financial transactions.
`3. The portable transaction device of claim 1 further com
`prising a wireless interface to communicate with a sec
`ondary wireless device for an additional authentication
`factor.
`US patent application 2006/0213982 discloses a smart
`card-enabled BPID Security Device integrates a smartcard
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
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`US 7,748,636 B2
`
`10
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`25
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`30
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`35
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`40
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`45
`
`50
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`55
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`60
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`15
`
`3
`communicate in Wiegand protocol that consists of a data 0
`and a data 1 circuit. The earliest cards were 26 bit. As
`demand has increased bit size has increased to continue to
`provide unique numbers. Often, the first several bits can be
`made identical. These are called facility or site code. The
`idea is that company "Alice' has a facility code of Xn and a
`card set of 0001 through 1000 and company “Bob” has a
`facility code ofyn and a card set also of 0001 through 1000.
`USB CCID USB is short for Universal Serial Bus. CCID is
`short for Chip/SmartCard Interface Devices. ICCD is short
`for Integrated Circuit(s) Card Devices). CCID is intended
`to use one generic device driver for different types of Smart
`Card readers without the need of each vendor having to
`supply its own software driver.
`Wiegand refer to the following paragraphs regarding the Wie
`gand effect, Wiegand interface, Wiegand protocol, Wie
`gand wire.
`The Wiegand effect is a pulse-generating phenomenon in a
`special alloy wire that is processed in Such a way as to
`create two distinct magnetic regions in the same homo
`geneous piece of wire, referred to as a shell and a core. It
`occurs when such a specially processed wire (a “Wie
`gand wire') is moved past a magnetic field. The two
`distinct magnetic regions react differently to any applied
`magnetic field: the shell requires a strong magnetic field
`to reverse its magnetic polarity, whereas the core will
`revert under weaker field conditions. The polarity of the
`wire will very rapidly shift and generate strong, short
`(~10 us) electrical pulses without any additional exter
`nal power being Supplied. This is known as the
`“Barkhausen jump' or “Barkhausen effect”. The
`Barkhausen jump can be detected by a coil wrapped
`around the material, when the Small amount of Voltage
`described above is generated.
`The Wiegand interface is a defacto wiring standard, which
`arose from the popularity of Wigand effect RFID card
`readers in the 1980s. A Wiegand-compatible reader is
`normally connected to a Wiegand-compatible security
`panel.
`The Wiegand interface uses two signal lines, termed data0
`and data1. To transmit a Zero bit, the data0 line is pulsed
`from 5V to OV. To transmit a one bit, the data1 line is
`pulsed.
`Wiegand protocol is a name for a system of sending data
`from a sensor Such as a card reader or proximity sensor.
`It is commonly used to connect a card Swipe mechanism
`to the rest of an electronic entry system. The sensor in
`such a system is often a Wiegand wire based on the
`Wiegand effect discovered by John R. Wiegand. The
`Wiegand protocol is apparently not formally defined in
`any one place.
`The Wiegand protocol consists of three wires, one of which
`is a common ground, and two data transmission wires,
`usually called DATA0 and DATA1, but sometimes also
`labeled Data High and Data Low. When no data is being
`sent both DATA0 and DATA1 are at the high voltage.
`When a 0 is sent, the Data Low wire (also called DATA0)
`is at a low voltage while the Data High wire (also called
`DATA1) stays at the high voltage. When a 1 is sent, Data
`High is at the low voltage while Data Low stays at the
`high Voltage. The high and low Voltage levels are usually
`the TTL (transistor-transistor logic) voltage levels. A
`series of bits are sent, followed by a parity bit orbits. The
`65
`number of bits sent at once varies according to the
`device, with 26 bits being common.
`
`4
`
`Contact Interfaces
`As used herein, “contact interfaces” (or "mechanical inter
`face') refers to mechanical (wired) connections between one
`device and another, Such as via a cable or inserting a module
`into a socket. The following are examples of contact inter
`faces and/or devices that typically connect via a contact inter
`face.
`Ethernet A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed
`by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel
`in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports
`data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification
`served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which
`specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet
`uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous
`demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN
`standards. A newer version of Ethernet, called 100Base-T
`(or Fast Ethernet), supports data transferrates of 100Mbps.
`And the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports data
`rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.
`IEEE 1394 IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire(R) and
`iLINKTM) is a high-bandwidth isochronous (real-time)
`interface for computers, peripherals, and consumer elec
`tronics products such as camcorders, VCRs, printers, PCs,
`TVs, and digital cameras. With IEEE 1394-compatible
`products and systems, users can transfer video or still
`images from a camera or camcorder to a printer, PC, or
`television (TV), with no image degradation.
`ISO 7816 ISO7816 defines specification of smart card contact
`interface IC chip and IC card. The main ISO standard
`relating to smart cards is ISO7816: “Identification cards:
`integrated circuit cards with contacts'.
`SD Short for “Secure Digital’. SD is a technology standard
`for providing portable devices with non-volatile memory/
`storage and peripheral I/O expansion capability. On some
`devices this standard is implemented in the form of SD
`memory expansion cards, used to store digital information
`like applications, databases, photos, text, audio, video or
`MP3 music files, and an SD/SDIO expansion slot. The SD
`standard makes it possible to transfer information between
`devices that Support SD expansion cards (e.g. transfer pho
`tos between a digital camera and a PDA by exchanging the
`SD expansion card), assuming both devices Support the file
`format used for the transferred information (e.g. JPEG
`image file).
`SDIO Short for “Secure Digital Input/Output. SDIO is a part
`of the SD memory specification. It enables I/O (input/
`output) expansion for add-ons such as serial, modem, cam
`era or GPS (global positioning system) cards. Whereas SD
`is only used for storage expansion cards, an SDIO capable
`expansion slot can also support SD expansion cards, while
`an SD-capable slot may not support an SDIO expansion
`card.
`SIM Short for “Secure Identity Module” or “Subscriber Iden
`tification/Identity Module'. A SIM card inscribed with a
`customers information and designed to be inserted into
`any mobile telephone. Usually SIM card phones work by
`GSM technology. The SIM card contains a user's GSM
`mobile account information. SIM cards are portable
`between GSM devices—the user's mobile subscriber
`information moves to whatever device houses the SIM.
`USB Short for “Universal Serial Bus. USB is a serial bus
`standard (standardized communications protocol) that
`enables data exchange between electronic devices. USB
`Supports data transfer rates of up to 12 Mbps (megabits per
`second). A single USB port can be used to connect up to
`127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and key
`boards. USB also supports plug-and-play installation and
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`“hot plugging. USB is expected to completely replace
`serial and parallel ports. Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0) similar
`to FireWire technology, supports data rates up to 480
`Mbps.
`Wireless Interfaces
`As used herein, "wireless interfaces' refers to ultra-high
`radio frequency (RF) connections between one device and
`another, typically over a moderate distance, such as up to 100
`meters, and in Some cases (such as WiMAX) over long dis
`tances such as 50 km. The following are examples of wireless
`interfaces and/or devices that typically connect via a wireless
`interface.
`WirelessTechnology that allows a user to communicate
`and/or connect to the Internet or mobile phone networks
`without physical wires. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth R, CDMA and GSM
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`are all examples of wireless technology.
`Bluetooth A wireless technology developed by Ericsson,
`Intel, Nokia and Toshiba that specifies how mobile phones,
`computers and PDAs interconnect with each other, with
`computers, and with office or home phones. The technol
`ogy enables data connections between electronic devices
`in the 2.4 GHz range at 720 Kbps (kilobits per second)
`within a 10 meter range. Bluetooth uses low-power radio
`frequencies to transfer information wirelessly between
`similarly equipped devices. A Bluetooth interface typically
`has a range of up to 10 meters, and is typically intended for
`private/personal communications such as connecting a
`user's mobile phone with his computer, or with a Bluetooth
`headset. Bluetooth bandwidth is specified at 720 Kbps.
`IEEE 802.11 The IEEE Standard for wireless Local Area
`Networks (LANs). It uses three different physical layers,
`802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g.
`PAN short for private area network. Using a wireless connec
`tion such as Bluetooth, a PAN has a range of only several
`meters, such as up to 10 meters.
`UWBUWB is short for “Ultra Wide Band. UWB is a wire
`less communications technology that transmits data in
`short pulses which are spread out over a wide swath of
`spectrum. Because the technology does not use a single
`frequency, UWB enjoys several potential advantages over
`single-frequency transmissions. For one, it can transmit
`data in large bursts because data is moving on several
`channels at once. Another advantage is that it can share
`frequencies, which is used by other applications because it
`transmits only for extremely short periods, which do not
`last long enough to cause interference with other signals.
`UWB is a signaling technique using very short pulses to
`achieve very high transfer speeds. UWB it is not limited
`to wireless communication, UWB can also use mains
`wiring, coaxial cable or twisted-pair cables to commu
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`nicate. In a wireless mode, UWB may be similar in range
`to Bluetooth (typically up to 10 meters), but with a much
`greater bandwidth. Theoretically, WAN can achieve
`transfer speeds of up to 1 Gbit/s, versus only up to 3
`Mbps for Bluetooth.
`WAN short for wireless area network. Using a WAN connec
`tion such as 802.11, a WAN has a range of up to approxi
`mately 100 meters.
`Wilbree Wirebee is a digital radio technology (intended to
`become an open standard of wireless communications)
`designed for ultra low power consumption (button cell
`batteries) within a short range (10 meters/30 feet) based
`around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
`Wilbree is designed to work side-by-side with and comple
`ment Bluetooth. It operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band with
`physical layer bit rate of 1 Mbps. Main applications include
`devices such as wrist watches, wireless keyboards, toys
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`and sports sensors where low power-consumption is a key
`design requirement. The technology was announced 2006
`Oct. 3 by Nokia. Partners that currently license the tech
`nology and cooperate in defining the specification are Nor
`dic Semiconductor, Broadcom Corporation, CSR and
`Epson.
`Wi-Fi Short for “Wireless Fidelity”. Wireless technology,
`also known as 802.11b, enables you to access the Internet,
`to send and receive email, and browse the Web anywhere
`within range of a Wi-Fi access point, or HotSpot. Wi-Fi
`typically has a range of up to 100 meters, and is typically
`intended for connectivity to an Internet-capable appliance
`at a hot-spot. Wi-Fi bandwidth is specified at up to 54 Mbps
`(802.11a-5.0 GHz or 802.11b/g-2.4 GHz).
`WiMAX short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
`Access. (IEEE 802.16) WiMAX is a standards-based wire
`less technology that provides high-throughput broadband
`connections overlong distances, such as several kilometers
`(up to 50 km with direct line-of-sight, up to 8 km without
`direct line-of-sight). WiMAX can be used for a number of
`applications, including “last mile” broadband connections,
`hotspots and cellular backhaul, and high-speed enterprise
`connectivity for business.
`WLAN Short for “wireless local-area network. Also referred
`to as LAWN. A WLAN is a type of local-area network that
`uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires for com
`munication between nodes (e.g., between PCs).
`ZigBee ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of
`high level communication protocols using Small, low
`power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
`for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). ZigBee is
`targeted at RF applications that require a low data rate, long
`battery life, and secure networking.
`Contactless Interfaces
`As used herein, “contactless interfaces' refers to high radio
`frequency (RF) connections between one device and another,
`typically over a very short distance, such as only up to 50 cm.
`The following are examples of contactless interfaces and/or
`devices that typically connect via a contactless interface.
`ISO 14443 ISO 14443 RFID cards; contactless proximity
`cards operating at 13.56MHz with a read/write range of up
`to 10 cm. ISO 14443 defines the contactless interface Smart
`card technical specification.
`ISO 15693 ISO standard for contactless integrated circuits,
`such as used in RF-ID tags. ISO 15693 RFID cards; con
`tactless vicinity cards operating at 13.56 MHz with a read/
`write range of up to 100 cm. (ISO 15693 is typically not
`used for financial transactions because of its relatively long
`range as compared with ISO 14443.)
`NFC Short for “Near Field Communication. NFC is a con
`tactless connectivity technology that enables short-range
`communication between electronic devices. If two devices
`are held close together (for example, a mobile phone and a
`personal digital assistant), NFC interfaces establish a peer
`to-peer protocol, and information Such as phone book
`details can be passed freely between them. NFC devices
`can be linked to contactless Smart cards, and can operate
`like a contactless Smart card, even when powered down.
`This means that a mobile phone can operate like a trans
`portation card, and enable fare payment and access to the
`subway. NFC is an open platform technology standardized
`in ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Associa
`tion) 340 as well as ETSI (European Telecommunications
`Standards Institute) TS 102 190 V1.1.1 and ISO/IEC
`18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes,
`coding, transfer speeds, and frame format of the RF inter
`face of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and
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`conditions required for data collision-control during ini
`tialization—for both passive and active modes.
`RFID Short for “Radio Frequency Identification”. An RFID
`device interacts, typically at a limited distance, with a
`“reader', and may be either “passive” (powered by the
`reader) or “active' (having its own power source, such as a
`battery).
`Wireless Versus Contactless Interfaces
`Wireless and Contactless are two types of radio frequency
`(RF) interfaces. In a most general sense, both are “wireless”
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`in that they do not require wires, and that they use RF. How
`ever, in the art to which this invention most nearly pertains,
`the terms "wireless” and “contactless have two very differ
`ent meanings and two very different functionalities.
`The wireless interfaces of interest in the present invention
`are principally WLAN, Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wibree and UWB.
`These wireless interfaces operate at a distance of several
`meters, generally for avoiding “cable spaghetti' for example,
`Bluetooth for headsets and other computer peripherals.
`WLAN is typically used for networking several computers in
`an office.
`The contactless interfaces of interest in the present inven
`tion are principally RFID contactless interfaces such as ISO
`14443, 15693 and NFC. RFID operates at a maximum dis
`tance of 100 cm for the purpose of identification in applica
`tions such as access control. In a payment (financial transac
`tion) application, the distance is restricted to 10 cm. For
`example, a contactless RFID Smart card protocol according to
`ISO 14443 can be used for private, secure financial transac
`tions in “real world' applications such as payment at a
`retailer.
`Wireless and contactless use different communications
`protocols with different capabilities and are typically used for
`very different purposes. Note, for example, that 100 cm (ISO
`15693, an RFID contactless protocol) is considered to be too
`great a distance to provide appropriate security for (contact
`less) financial transactions. But 100 cm would not be enough
`to provide a (wireless) network between office computers