UMTS
`UMTS
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`APPLE 1019
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`APPLE 1019
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`UMTS
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`Javier Sanchez
`Mamadou Thioune
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`Part of this book adapted from the 2nd edition of “UMTS” published in France by Hermès
`Science/Lavoisier in 2004
`First Published in Great Britain and the United States in 2007 by ISTE Ltd
`
`Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or
`review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may
`only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior
`permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in
`accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction
`outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
`ISTE Ltd
`ISTE USA
`4308 Patrice Road
`6 Fitzroy Square
`Newport Beach, CA 92663
`London W1T 5DX
`UK
`USA
`
`
`www.iste.co.uk
`
` ©
`
` ISTE Ltd, 2007
`© LAVOISER, 2004
`
`
`The rights of Javier Sanchez and Mamadou Thioune to be identified as the authors of this
`work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
`1988.
`
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`
`Sanchez, Javier.
` UMTS/Javier Sanchez, Mamadou Thioune.
` p. cm.
` ISBN-13: 978-1-905209-71-2
` ISBN-10: 1-905209-71-1
` 1. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. I. Thioune, Mamadou. II. Title. III. Title:
` Universal mobile telecommunications system.
` TK5103.4883.S36 2006
` 621.3845'6--dc22
`
` 2006035535
`
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
`ISBN 10: 1-905209-71-1
`ISBN 13: 978-1-905209-71-2
`
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
`
`3
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`

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`Table of Contents
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`Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`Chapter 1. Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1. Multiple-access techniques used in mobile telephony . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1.1. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time
`division duplex (TDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1.2. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1.3. Time division multiple access (TDMA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1.4. Code division multiple access (CDMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1.5. Space division multiple access (SDMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.1.6. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) . . . . . . . .
`1.2. Evolution from 1G to 2.5G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.2.1. From 1G to 2G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.2.2. Enhancements to 2G radio technologies: 2.5G. . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.3. 3G systems in IMT-2000 framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.3.1. IMT-2000 radio interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.3.2. Core network approaches in 3G systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.4. Standardization process in 3G systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.5. Worldwide spectrum allocation for IMT-2000 systems . . . . . . . . . .
`1.5.1. WARC-92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1.5.2. WARC-2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`Chapter 2. Network Evolution from GSM to UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.2. UMTS definition and history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.3. Overall description of a UMTS network architecture . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.4. Network architecture evolution from GSM to UMTS . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.4.1. GSM network architecture of Phases 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.4.2. GSM network architecture of Phase 2+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`vi UMTS
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`2.4.3. Architecture of UMTS networks: evolutionary
`revolution of GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.5. Bearer services offered by UMTS networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.6. UMTS protocol architecture based on “stratum” concept. . . . . . . . .
`2.6.1. Access stratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`2.6.2. Non-access stratum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`Chapter 3. Services in UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.2. UMTS mobile terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.2.1. UE functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.2.2. UE maximum output power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.2.3. Dual-mode GSM/UMTS terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.2.4. UE radio access capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3. Services offered by UMTS networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3.1. Standard UMTS telecommunication services . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3.2. UMTS bearer services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3.3. Teleservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3.4. Supplementary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3.5. Operator specific services: service capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.3.6. The virtual home environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.4. Traffic classes of UMTS bearer services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.4.1. Conversational services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.4.2. Streaming services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.4.3. Interactive services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.4.4. Background services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`3.5. Service continuity across GSM and UMTS networks . . . . . . . . . . .
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`Chapter 4. UMTS Core Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.2. UMTS core network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.2.1. Main features of UMTS core network based on Release 99 . . . . .
`4.2.2. Circuit-switched and packet-switched domains . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.3. Network elements and protocols of the CS and PS domains . . . . . . .
`4.3.1. Network elements of the CS domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.3.2. Protocol architecture in the CS domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.3.3. Network elements of the PS domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.3.4. Protocol architecture in the PS domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.3.5. Integrated UMTS core network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`4.4. Network elements not included in UMTS reference architecture . . . .
`4.5. Interoperability between UMTS and GSM core networks . . . . . . . .
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`5
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`Table of Contents vii
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`Chapter 5. Spread Spectrum and WCDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.2. Spread spectrum principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.2.1. Processing gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.2.2. Advantages of spread spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.3. Direct sequence CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.4. Multiple access based on spread spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.5. Maximum capacity of CDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.5.1. Effect of background noise and interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.5.2. Antenna sectorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.5.3. Voice activity detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.6. Spreading code sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.6.1. Orthogonal code sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.6.2. Pseudo-noise code sequences: Gold codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.6.3. Spreading sequences used in UTRA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.7. Principles of wideband code division multiple access. . . . . . . . . . .
`5.7.1. Effects of the propagation channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5.7.2. Techniques used in WCDMA for propagation
`impairment mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`Chapter 6. UTRAN Access Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.2. UTRAN architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.2.1. The radio network sub-system (RNS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.2.2. Handling of the mobility in the UTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.2.3. Summary of functions provided by the UTRAN . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.3. General model of protocols used in UTRAN interfaces. . . . . . . . . .
`6.3.1. Horizontal layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.3.2. Vertical planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.3.3. Control plane of the transport network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.4. Use of ATM in the UTRAN network transport layer . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.4.1. ATM cell format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.4.2. ATM and virtual connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.4.3. ATM reference model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.5. Protocols in the Iu interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.5.1. Protocol architecture in Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces. . . . . . . . . .
`6.5.2. RANAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.6. Protocols in internal UTRAN interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.6.1. Iur interface (RNC-RNC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.6.2. Iub interface (RNC-Node B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6.7. Data exchange in the UTRAN: example of call establishment. . . . . .
`6.8. Summary of the UTRAN protocol stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`6
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`viii UMTS
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`Chapter 7. UTRA Radio Protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.2. Channel typology and description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.2.1. Logical channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.2.2. Transport channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.2.3. Physical channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.3. Physical layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.3.1. Physical layer functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.3.2. Mapping of transport channels onto physical channels. . . . . . . .
`7.4. MAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.4.1. Main functions of MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.4.2. Mapping of logical channels onto transport channels. . . . . . . . .
`7.4.3. MAC PDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.5. RLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.5.1. Main functions of RLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.5.2. RLC PDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.5.3. RLC transmission and reception model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.6. PDCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.7. BMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8. RRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.1. Handling of the RRC connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.2. Handling of RRC service states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.3. System information broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.4. Handling of the paging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.5. Cell selection and reselection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.6. UTRAN mobility handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.7. Radio bearer management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.8. Measurement control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.9. Ciphering and integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.10. Outer loop power control
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`7.8.11. Protocol layers termination in the UTRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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`Chapter 8. Call and Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.2. PLMN selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.2.1. Automatic PLMN selection mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.2.2. Manual PLMN selection mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.2.3. PLMN reselection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.2.4. Forbidden PLMNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.3. Principle of mobility management in UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.3.1. Location areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.3.2. Service states in the core network and the UTRAN. . . . . . . . . .
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`7
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`Table of Contents ix
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`8.4. Network access control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.4.1. Allocation of temporary identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.4.2. UE identification procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.4.3. Ciphering and integrity protection activation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.4.4. Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.5. Network registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.5.1. IMSI attach procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.5.2. GPRS attach procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.6. UE location updating procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.6.1. Location updating procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.6.2. Routing area updating procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.6.3. SRNS relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.6.4. Detach procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.7. Call establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.7.1. Circuit call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.7.2. Packet call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.8. Intersystem change and handover between GSM and
`UMTS networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.8.1. Intersystem handover from UMTS to GSM during
`a CS connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.8.2. Intersystem handover from GSM to UMTS during
`a CS connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8.8.3. Intersystem change from UMTS to GPRS during a PS session . . .
`8.8.4. Intersystem change from GPRS to UMTS during a PS session . . .
`
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`Chapter 9. UTRA/FDD Transmission Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.2. Operations applied to transport channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.2.1. Multiplexing and channel coding in the uplink . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.2.2. Multiplexing and channel coding in the downlink . . . . . . . . . .
`9.3. Operations applied to physical channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.3.1. Characteristics of physical channels in UTRA/FDD . . . . . . . . .
`9.3.2. Channelization codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.3.3. Scrambling codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.3.4. UTRA/WCDMA transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.4. Spreading and modulation of dedicated physical channels . . . . . . . .
`9.4.1. Uplink dedicated channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.4.2. Downlink dedicated channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.4.3. Time difference between uplink and downlink DPCHs . . . . . . .
`9.5. Spreading and modulation of common physical channels . . . . . . . .
`9.5.1. The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). . . . . . . . . . .
`9.5.2. The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH). . . . . . . . . . .
`9.5.3. The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) . . . . . . . . . .
`
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`8
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`

`x UMTS
`
`9.5.4. The Synchronization Channel (SCH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.5.5. The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.5.6. The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) . . .
`9.5.7. The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH). .
`9.5.8. The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.5.9. The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`9.5.10. Other downlink physical channels associated with the PCPCH . .
`
`
`Chapter 10. UTRA/FDD Physical Layer Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.2. The UE receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.3. Synchronization procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.3.1. First step: slot synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.3.2. Second step: frame synchronization and
`code-group identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.3.3. Third step: primary scrambling code identification . . . . . . . . .
`10.3.4. Fourth step: system frame synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.4. Random access transmission with the RACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.5. Random access transmission with the CPCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.6. Paging decoding procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.7. Power control procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.7.1. Open loop power control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.7.2. Inner loop and outer loop power control
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.8. Transmit diversity procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.8.1. Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`10.8.2. Space Time block coding Transmit Diversity (STTD) . . . . . . .
`10.8.3. Closed loop transmit diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`Chapter 11. Measurements and Procedures of the UE in RRC Modes . . .
`11.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.2. Measurements performed by the physical layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.2.1. Measurement model for physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.2.2. Types of UE measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.3. Cell selection process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.3.1. PLMN search and selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.3.2. Phases in the cell selection process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.3.3. “S” cell selection criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.4. Cell reselection process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.4.1. Types of cell reselection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.4.2. Measurement rules for cell reselection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.4.3. “R” ranking criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.4.4. Phases in the cell reselection process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.5. Handover procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
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`Table of Contents xi
`
`11.5.1. Phases in a handover procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.5.2. Intrafrequency handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.5.3. Interfrequency handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.5.4. Intersystem UMTS-GSM handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.6. Measurements in idle and connected RRC modes . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.6.1. Measurements in RRC idle, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states . . . .
`11.6.2. Measurements in CELL_FACH state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`11.6.3. Measurements in the CELL_DCH state: the compressed mode . . .
`
`
`Chapter 12. UTRA/TDD Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.2. Technical aspects of UTRA/TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.2.1. Advantages of UTRA/TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.2.2. Drawbacks of UTRA/TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.3. Transport and physical channels in UTRA/TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.3.1. Physical channel structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.3.2. Dedicated Physical Data Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.3.3. Common physical channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.4. Service multiplexing and channel coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.4.1. Examples of UTRA/TDD user bit rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.5. Physical layer procedures in UTRA/TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.5.1. Power control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.5.2. Downlink transmit diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.5.3. Timing advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.5.4. Dynamic channel allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.5.5. Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12.6. UTRA/TDD receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`Chapter 13. UMTS Network Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.2. UMTS core network based on Release 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.3. UMTS core network based on Release 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.4. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS). . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.4.1. Network aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.4.2. MBMS operation modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.4.3. MBMS future evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.5. UMTS-WLAN interworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.5.1. UMTS-WLAN interworking scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.5.2. Network and UE aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.6. UMTS evolution beyond Release 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.6.1. HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.6.2. System Architecture Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`13.6.3. Long Term Evolution (LTE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
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`10
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`

`xii UMTS
`
`Chapter 14. Principles of HSDPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.1. HSDPA physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.1.1. HS-DSCH transport channel
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.1.2. Mapping of HS-DSCH onto HS-PDSCH physical channels . . . .
`14.1.3. Physical channels associated with the HS-DSCH . . . . . . . . . .
`14.1.4. Timing relationship between the HS-PDSCH and
`associated channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.2. Adaptive modulation and coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.3. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.4. H-ARQ process example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.5. Fast scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.6. New architecture requirements for supporting HSDPA . . . . . . . . .
`14.6.1. Impact on Node B: high-speed MAC entity . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.6.2. Impact on the UE: HSDPA terminal capabilities . . . . . . . . . .
`14.7. Future enhancements for HSDPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.7.1. Enhanced UTRA/FDD uplink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`14.7.2. Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna processing. . . . . . . . .
`
`
`Appendix 1. AMR Codec in UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`A1.1. AMR frame structure and operating modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`A1.2. Dynamic AMR mode adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`A1.3. Resource allocation for an AMR speech connection . . . . . . . . . .
`A1.4. AMR wideband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`
`Appendix 2. Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
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`11
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`

`

`Preface
`
`During the first decade of this millennium, more than €100 billion will
`be invested in third generation (3G) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
`(UMTS) in Europe. This fact represents an amazing challenge from both a
`technical and commercial perspective. In the evolution path of GSM/GPRS
`standards, the UMTS proposes enhanced and new services including high-speed
`Internet access, video-telephony, and multimedia applications such as streaming.
`
`Based on the latest updates of 3GPP specifications, this book investigates
`the differences of a GSM/GPRS network compared with a UMTS network as well
`as the technical aspects that ensure their interoperability. Students, professors and
`engineers will find in this book a clear and concise picture of key ideas behind the
`complexity of UMTS networks. This can also be used as a starter before exploring
`in more depth the labyrinth of 3GPP specifications which remain, however, the main
`technical reference.
`
`Written by experts in their respective fields, this book gives detailed description
`of the elements in the UMTS network architecture: the User Equipment (UE),
`the UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and the core network. Completely new
`protocols based on the needs of the new Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
`(WCDMA) air
`interface are given particular attention by considering both
`Frequency- and Time-Division Duplex modes. Later on, the book further introduces
`the key features of existing topics in Releases 5, 6 and 7 such as High Speed
`Downlink/Uplink Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA), IP Multimedia Subsystem
`(IMS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), WLAN interconnection and Multicast/
`Broadcast Multimedia Services (MBMS).
`
`We would like to offer our heartfelt thanks to all our work colleagues for their
`helpful comments.
`
`12
`
`

`

`xiv UMTS
`
`Some of the figures and tables reproduced in this book are the result of technical
`specifications defined by the 3GPP partnership (http://www.3gpp.org/3G_Specs/
`3G_Specs.htm). The specifications are by nature not fixed and are susceptible to
`modifications during their transposition in regional standardization organizations
`which make up the membership of the 3GPP partnership. Because of this, and as a
`result of the translation and/or adaptation of these points by the authors, these
`organizations cannot be considered responsible for the figures and tables reproduced
`in this book.
`
`13
`
`

`

`Chapter 1
`
`Evolution of Cellular Mobile Systems
`
`The purpose of this chapter is to describe the milestones in the evolution of
`cellular mobile systems. Particular attention is paid to the third generation (3G)
`systems to which the UMTS belong.
`
`The performance of mobile cellular systems is often discussed with respect to the
`radio access technology they support, thus neglecting other important aspects.
`However, a cellular mobile communication system is much more than a simple radio
`access method, as illustrated in Figure 1.1. The mobile terminal is the vector
`enabling a user to access the mobile services he subscribed to throughout the radio
`channel. The core network is in charge of handling mobile-terminated and mobile-
`originated calls within the mobile network and enables communication with external
`networks, both fixed and mobile. Billing and roaming functions are also located in
`the core network. The transfer of users’ data from the terminal to the core network is
`the role of the radio access network. Implementing appropriate functions gives to the
`core network and to the terminal the impression of communicating in a wired link.
`One or several radio access technologies are implemented in both the radio access
`network and the mobile terminal to enable wireless radio communication.
`
`Radio access
`Radio access
`technology
`technology
`
`Mobile communications network
`Mobile communications network
`
`Radio access
`Radio access
`network
`network
`
`Core network
`Core network
`
`Fixed & mobile networks
`Fixed & mobile networks
`(PSTN, ISDN, Internet…)
`(PSTN, ISDN, Internet…)
`
`
`
`Figure 1.1. Basic components of a mobile communications network
`
`14
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`

`

`2 UMTS
`
`1.1. Multiple-access techniques used in mobile telephony
`
`Surveying the different multiple-access techniques is equivalent to describing the
`key milestones in the evolution of modern mobile communication systems. In the past,
`not all users of the radio spectrum recognized the need for the efficient use of the
`spectrum. The spectrum auctions for UMTS licenses have emphasized the fact that the
`radio spectrum is a valuable resource. Thus, the major challenge of multiple-access
`techniques is to provide efficient allocation of such a spectrum to the largest number of
`subscribers, while offering higher data rates, increased service quality and coverage.
`
`1.1.1. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD)
`
`Conventional mobile communication systems use duplexing techniques to
`separate uplink and downlink transmissions between the terminal and the base
`station. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division