US008171381B2
`
`US 8,171,381 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
`a2) United States Patent
`Vayanosetal.
`(45) Date of Patent:
`May 1, 2012
`
`
`(54) OUTER CODING METHODS FOR
`BROADCAST/MULTICAST CONTENT AND
`RELATED APPARATUS
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Alkinoos Hector Vayanos, San Diego,
`CA (US); Francesco Grilli, San Diego,
`CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: QUALCOMM Incorporated, San
`Diego, CA (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 998 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 11/947,611
`(22)
`Filed:
`Nov. 29, 2007
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2008/0098283 Al
`Apr. 24, 2008
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(62) Division of application No. 10/922,424,filed on Aug.
`19, 2004, now Pat. No. 7,318,187.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/497,457,filed on Aug.
`21, 2003, provisional application No. 60/497,456,
`filed on Aug. 21, 2003.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`HO3M 13/00
`(52) US. CL]. cece cceeeeceee 714/774, 71 4/755; 714/784
`(58) Field of Classification Search .................. 714/774,
`714/755, 796, 776, 748, 751, 784
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
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`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner — Fritz Alphonse
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Roberta A. Young; John J.
`Ketchum
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`.
`.
`.
`a
`.
`Transmission techniques are provided that improve service
`continuity and reduce interruptionsin delivery ofcontentthat
`can be caused by techniques that occur when the User Equip-
`ment (UE) moves from one cell to the other, or when the
`delivery of content changes from Point-to-Point (PTP) con-
`nection to a Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) connection in the
`same serving cell, and vice-versa. Such transmission tech-
`niques enable seamless delivery ofcontent acrosscell borders
`and/or betweendifferent transmission schemessuch asPoint-
`to-Multipoint (PTM) and Point-to-Point (PTP). Mechanisms
`for adjusting different streams and for recovering content
`from each data block during such transitions are also provided
`so that data is not lost during a transition. In addition, mecha-
`nismsfor realigning data during decoding at a receiving ter-
`minalare also provided.
`
`33 Claims, 24 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`14
`usi |
`M
`
`12
`Mobile
`Equipment
`
`i,
`
`1
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`Use |
`Equipméntee|
`
`
`/10
`
`
`
`APPLE 1016
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1016
`
`

`

`US 8,171,381 B2
`
`Page 2
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`* cited by examiner
`
`3
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`

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`U.S. Patent
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`May1, 2012
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`Sheet 1 of 24
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`May1, 2012
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`May1, 2012
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`May1, 2012
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`Sheet 17 of 24
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`US 8,171,381 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`May1, 2012
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`Sheet 18 of 24
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`U.S. Patent
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`May1, 2012
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`Sheet 19 of 24
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`Sheet 20 of 24
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`U.S. Patent
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`US 8,171,381 B2
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`May1, 2012
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`Sheet 22 of 24
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`US 8,171,381 B2
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`Sheet 23 of 24
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`US 8,171,381 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`May1, 2012
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`Sheet 24 of 24
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`US 8,171,381 B2
`
`1
`OUTER CODING METHODS FOR
`BROADCAST/MULTICAST CONTENT AND
`RELATED APPARATUS
`
`CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119
`
`The present Application for Patentis a divisional of patent
`application Ser. No. 10/922,424 entitled “Outer Coding
`Methods For Broadcast/Multicast Content and Related Appa-
`ratus” filed Aug. 19, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,318,187,
`which claimspriority to Provisional Application No. 60/497,
`457 entitled “method and Apparatus for Seamless Delivery of
`Broadcast and Multicast Content Across Cell Borders and/or
`
`Between Different Transmission Schemes”filed Aug. 21,
`2003 and Provisional Application No. 60/497,456 entitled
`“L2 Design for Outer Coding Scheme”filed Aug. 21, 2003,
`both of which can be assigned to the assignee hereof and
`hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
`
`REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS
`FOR PATENT
`
`The present Application for Patentis related to the follow-
`ing co-pending U.S. Patent Applications:
`“Outer Coding Methods for Broadcast/Multicast Content
`and Related Apparatus” by Alkinoos Hector Vayanos and
`Francesco Grilli, having Ser. No. 11/947,642, filed concur-
`rently herewith, assigned to the assignee hereof, and
`expressly incorporated by reference herein; and
`“Outer Coding Methods for Broadcast/Multicast Content
`and Related Apparatus” having Ser. No. 11/947,665, filed
`concurrently herewith, assigned to the assignee hereof, and
`expressly incorporated by reference herein.
`“Outer Coding Methods for Broadcast/Multicast Content
`and Related Apparatus” having Ser. No. 11/947,699, filed
`concurrently herewith, assigned to the assignee hereof, and
`expressly incorporated by reference herein.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`1. Field
`
`The present invention relates generally to communication
`systems, and more specifically to delivery of broadcast and
`multicast content.
`
`45
`
`2. Background
`Wireless communication systems have traditionally been
`usedto carry voice traffic and low data rate non-voicetraffic.
`Today wireless communication systems are being imple-
`mented that also carry high data rate (HDR) multimedia traf-
`fic, such as video, data, and othertypesoftraffic. Multimedia
`Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS)channels may be
`used to transmit streaming applications based on voice, audio
`and video data sources such as, radio broadcasts, television
`broadcasts, movies, and other types of audio or video content.
`Streaming data sources can tolerate delay and a certain
`amountofloss orbit errors, since these sources are sometimes
`intermittent and typically compressed. As such,the data-rate
`oftransmissionsarriving at the Radio Access Network (RAN)
`can be highly variable. Because application buffers are typi-
`cally finite, the MBMStransmission mechanism are needed
`that support variable source data-rates.
`Basestationstypically provide such multimediatraffic ser-
`vicesto the subscriberstations by transmitting an information
`signal that can be often organizedinto a plurality of packets.
`A packet may be a group of bytes, including data (payload)
`and control elements, that are arranged into a specific format.
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`28
`
`2
`The control elements may comprise, for example, a preamble
`and a quality metric that can include a cyclical redundancy
`check (CRC), parity bit(s), and other types of metrics. The
`packets are usually formatted into a message in accordance
`with acommunication channelstructure. The messagetravels
`betweenthe origination terminal andthe destination terminal,
`and can be affected by characteristics of the communication
`channel, such as signal-to-noise ratio, fading, time variance,
`and other such characteristics. Such characteristics can affect
`
`the modulated signal differently in different communication
`channels. Among other considerations, transmission of a
`modulated information signal over a wireless communication
`channel requires selection ofappropriate methodsforprotect-
`ing the information in the modulated signal. Such methods
`may comprise, for example, encoding, symbol repetition,
`interleaving, and other methods known to one of ordinary
`skill in the art. However, these methods increase overhead.
`Therefore, an engineering compromise betweenreliability of
`message delivery and the amountof overhead must be made.
`The operatortypically selects either a Point-to-Point (PTP)
`connection or a Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) connection on a
`cell by cell basis depending on the number of subscriber
`stations or User Equipment (UE)interested in receiving the
`MBMScontent.
`
`Point-to-Point (PTP) transmission uses dedicated channels
`to send the service to selected users in the coverage area. A
`“dedicated” channel carriers information to/from a single
`subscriber station. In Point-to-Point (PTP) transmission a
`separate channel can be used for transmission to each mobile
`station. Dedicated user traffic for one user service in the
`
`forward link or downlink direction can be sent, for example,
`through a logical channel called the Dedicated Traffic Chan-
`nel (DTCH). Point-to-Point (PTP) communication services
`are typically most efficient, for example, if there are not
`enough users demanding a specific Multimedia Broadcast
`and Multicast Service (MBMS)in the coverage area. In such
`cases, Point-to-Point (PTP) transmission may be used in
`whichthe base station transmits the service only to the spe-
`cific users who have requested the service. For example, in
`WCDMAsystemsit can be more efficient to use a dedicated
`channel or Point-to-Point (PTP) transmission until there are
`more than a predetermined numberof mobilestations.
`A “broadcast communication” or “Point-to-Multipoint
`(PTM) communication”is a communication over a common
`communication channelto a plurality of mobile stations. A
`“common”channelcarries information to/from multiple sub-
`scriber stations, and may be simultaneously used by several
`terminals. In a Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) communication
`service, a cellular base station may broadcast multimedia
`traffic service on a common channelif, for example, the
`numberof users demanding the service exceeds a predeter-
`minedthreshold number within the coverage area of the base
`station. In CDMA 2000 systems, broadcast or Point-to-Mul-
`tipoint (PTM)transmissionis typically usedin lieu ofthe PtP
`transmission, since the PtM radio beareris almostasefficient
`as the PtP radio bearer. Commonchannel transmissions from
`
`a particular base station may not necessarily be synchronized
`with common channel transmissions from other base stations.
`In a typical broadcast system one or more central stations
`serve content to a (broadcast net of users). The central
`station(s) can transmit information to either all subscriber
`stations or to a specific group of subscriber stations. Each
`subscriberstation interested in a broadcast service monitors a
`
`common forward link signal. Point-to-Multipoint (PTM)
`transmissions can be sent on a downlink or forward common
`channel. This commonbroadcast forward link signalis typi-
`cally broadcast on a unidirectional channel, such as the Com-
`
`28
`
`

`

`US 8,171,381 B2
`
`3
`monTraffic Channel (CTCH)thatexists in the forwardlink or
`“downlink”direction. Because this channel is unidirectional,
`the subscriber station generally does not communicate with
`the basestation since allowing all subscriber units to commu-
`nicate back to the base station might overload the communi-
`cation system. Thus, in the context of Point-to-Multipoint
`(PTM) communication services, when there is an error in the
`information received by the subscriber stations, the sub-
`scriber stations may not be able to communicate back to the
`base station. Consequently, other meansof information pro-
`tection can be desirable.
`
`In CDMA 2000 systems, the subscriber station can soft
`combine in Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) transmission. Even
`when steps are taken to protect the information signal, the
`conditions of the communication channel can degrade such
`thatthe destination station cannot decode someofthe packets
`transferred over dedicated channels. In such cases, one
`approach can be to simply re-transmit the non-decoded pack-
`ets using an Automatic Retransmission reQuest (ARQ) made
`by the destination (subscriber) station to the origination
`(base) station. Retransmission helps ensure delivery of the
`data packet. In the event the data can not be delivered cor-
`rectly, the user of RLC at the transmitting side can be notified.
`The subscriberstation typically undergoestransitions in a
`number of scenarios. These transitions can be classified in
`
`different ways. For example, transitions may be classified as
`“cross transitions” and “direct transitions.” Transitions can
`also be classified as “inter-cell” transitions and “intra-cell”
`transitions.
`Transitions between cells or transmission schemes can
`
`result in service interruption that can be undesirable to users.
`Problems may arise when the subscriber station or User
`Equipment (UE) movesfrom onecell to the other or when the
`delivery of Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
`(MBMS)content changes from one mode to another modein
`the serving cell. Transmissions from neighboring cells may
`be time-shifted with respect to one another by an a mountAtl.
`Moreover, additional delay can be introduced during a tran-
`sition since the mobile station needs to determine system
`informationin thetarget cell, which requires a certain amount
`of processing time At2. The data streams transmitted from
`different cells (or different transport channel types Point-to-
`Point (PTP)/Point-to Multipoint (PTM)) maybeoffset rela-
`tive to one another. Therefore, during Point-to-Multipoint
`(PTM)transmissions from different cells, the mobile station
`mayreceive the same block of content twice or some blocks
`of content may be lost, which can be undesirable in terms of
`Quality of Service. Transitions between cells and/or between
`Point-to-Point (PTP) transmission and Point-to-Multipoint
`(PTM)transmission could cause an interruption in service,
`depending on the duration ofthe transition and on the delay or
`misalignment between transmissions.
`There is therefore a need in the art for transmission tech-
`
`niques that will provide service continuity and reduceinter-
`ruptions in delivery of content that can be caused by transi-
`tions that occur when the User Equipment (UE) movesfrom
`onecell to the other, or caused by transitions that occur when
`the delivery of content changes from a Point-to-Point (PTP)
`connection to a Point-to-Multipoint (PTM)connectionin the
`same serving cell, and vice-versa. Such transmission tech-
`niques would preferably enable seamless delivery of content
`across cell borders and/or between different transmission
`
`schemes such as Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) and Point-to-
`Point (PTP). Mechanismsfor adjusting different streams and
`for recovering content from each data block during such
`transitions are also desirable so that data is not lost during a
`
`4
`transition. It would also be desirable to provide mechanisms
`for realigning data during decodingat a receiving terminal.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 1 is a diagram of a communication system.
`FIG.2 is a block diagram of the UMTSsignaling protocol
`stack.
`FIG. 3 is ablock diagram ofa packet switched user plane of
`the UMTSprotocolstack.
`FIG.4 is a block diagram of an access stratum portion of
`the UMTSsignaling protocol stack.
`FIG. 5A is a block diagram of data transfer modes used in
`the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer of the UMTSsignaling
`protocol stack, and various channels used in eachlayer.
`FIG.5B is a block diagram showingthe architecture of the
`Radio Link Control (RLC)layer including various RLC data
`transfer modes.
`FIG. 5C is a block diagram showing an entity for imple-
`menting the Radio Link Control (RLC) Acknowledged Mode
`(AM).
`FIG. 6 is a diagram of a modified UMTSprotocol stack
`having a Forward Error Connection Layer.
`FIG. 7A shows an embodimentof a protocol structure of
`the access stratum that includes a forward error connection
`(FEC)layer.
`FIG. 7B showsanother embodimentof a protocolstructure
`ofthe access stratum that includes a forward error connection
`
`(FEC)layer.
`FIG.8 is a diagram of an information block and outer code
`block corresponding to the information block.
`FIG. 9A is a diagram showing an outer code block structure
`that can be applied to Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast
`Service (MBMS)data.
`FIG.9Bis a diagram showing the outer code block struc-
`ture of FIG. 9A in which multiple rows are sent per Trans-
`mission TimeInterval (TTT).
`FIG.9C is a diagram showingthe outer block structure of
`FIG. 9A in which each row is sent in multiple TTIs.
`FIGS. 10A and 10Bare diagramsthat show the outer code
`blocks generated by the Forward Error Correction layer.
`FIG. 11 is an embodiment of a Forward Error Correction
`
`(FEC) layer used in a RLC UMs¢entity.
`FIG. 12A showsan encoding process for creating an outer
`code block from data units in which row sizes of the outer
`code block are fixed.
`