WCDMA FOR UMTS
`
`WCDMA for UMTS: H SPA E volution and LTE, Fifth Edition
`© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, L td. ISBN: 978-0-470-68646-1
`
`Edited by H arri Holma a nd Antti Toskala
`
`APPLE 1028
`Apple v. Ericsson
`IPR2022-00343
`
`1
`
`

`

`WCDMA FOR UMTS
`HSPA Evolution and LTE
`
`Fifth Edition
`
`Edited by
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
`
`A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
`
`2
`
`

`

`This edition first published 2010
`© 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
`
`Registered office
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
`
`For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
`permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
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`Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
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`the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
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`It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional
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`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA evolution and LTE / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala. –
`5th ed.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 978-0-470-68646-1 (cloth)
`1. Code division multiple access. 2. Wireless communication systems – Standards.
`3. Mobile communication systems – Standards. 4. Global system for mobile communications.
`I. Holma, Harri, 1970- II. Toskala, Antti.
`TK5103.452.W39 2010
`621.3845 – dc22
`
`2010013154
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`ISBN 978-0-470-68646-1 (H/B)
`
`Typeset in 9/11 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India.
`Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
`
`3
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`Abbreviations
`
`1
`
`Introduction
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`1.1 WCDMA Early Phase
`1.2
`HSPA Introduction and Data Growth
`1.3
`HSPA Deployments Globally
`1.4
`HSPA Evolution
`1.5
`HSPA Network Product
`1.6
`HSPA Future Outlook
`References
`
`2
`
`2.1
`2.2
`
`2.3
`
`UMTS Services
`Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto
`Introduction
`Voice
`Narrowband AMR and Wideband AMR Voice Services
`2.2.1
`Circuit-Switched over HSPA
`2.2.2
`Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)
`2.2.3
`Voice-over IP
`2.2.4
`Key Performance Indicators for Voice
`2.2.5
`Video Telephony
`2.3.1
`Multimedia Architecture for Circuit Switched Connections
`2.3.2
`Video Codec
`2.4 Messaging
`2.4.1
`Short Messaging Service (SMS)
`2.4.2
`Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
`2.4.3
`Voice Mail and Audio Messaging
`2.4.4
`Instant Messaging
`2.5 Mobile Email
`2.6
`Browsing
`2.7
`Application and Content Downloading
`2.8
`Streaming
`2.9
`Gaming
`
`xvii
`
`xix
`
`xxi
`
`1
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`1
`2
`4
`5
`6
`7
`8
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`9
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`9
`11
`12
`14
`16
`17
`17
`18
`19
`20
`21
`21
`21
`22
`22
`22
`23
`24
`26
`26
`
`4
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Contents
`
`2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity
`2.10.1
`End-to-End Security
`2.10.2
`Impact of Latency on Application Performance
`Social Networking
`2.11
`2.12 Mobile TV
`2.13
`Location-Based Services
`2.13.1
`Cell Coverage-Based Location Calculation
`2.13.2
`Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
`2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications
`2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation
`2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity
`2.17
`Terminals
`2.18
`Tariff Schemes
`References
`
`3
`
`Introduction to WCDMA
`Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
`Introduction
`3.1
`Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA
`3.2
`Spreading and Despreading
`3.3
`3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception
`3.5
`Power Control
`3.6
`Softer and Soft Handovers
`References
`
`27
`29
`29
`30
`31
`32
`33
`33
`34
`35
`40
`44
`45
`45
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`47
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`47
`47
`49
`51
`55
`57
`59
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`61
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`61
`61
`62
`63
`63
`64
`64
`64
`64
`65
`65
`65
`66
`66
`66
`66
`67
`68
`69
`69
`70
`70
`72
`73
`
`4.3
`4.4
`4.5
`
`4
`
`4.1
`4.2
`
`Background and Standardization of WCDMA
`Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`Background in Europe
`4.2.1
`Wideband CDMA
`4.2.2
`Wideband TDMA
`4.2.3
`Wideband TDMA/CDMA
`4.2.4
`OFDMA
`4.2.5
`ODMA
`4.2.6
`ETSI Selection
`Background in Japan
`Background in Korea
`Background in the United States
`4.5.1
`W-CDMA N/A
`4.5.2
`UWC-136
`4.5.3
`cdma2000
`4.5.4
`TR46.1
`4.5.5
`WP-CDMA
`Creation of 3GPP
`4.6
`How Does 3GPP Operate?
`4.7
`Creation of 3GPP2
`4.8
`Harmonization Phase
`4.9
`IMT-2000 Process in ITU
`4.10
`4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA
`4.12
`Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced
`References
`
`5
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`5
`
`5.1
`5.2
`
`5.3
`
`5.4
`
`5.5
`
`5.6
`
`5.7
`
`6
`
`6.1
`6.2
`
`6.3
`
`6.4
`
`Radio Access Network Architecture
`Fabio Longoni, Atte L¨ansisalmi and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`UTRAN Architecture
`5.2.1
`The Radio Network Controller (RNC)
`5.2.2
`The Node B (Base Station)
`General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces
`5.3.1
`General
`5.3.2
`Horizontal Layers
`5.3.3
`Vertical Planes
`Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface
`5.4.1
`Protocol Structure for Iu CS
`5.4.2
`Protocol Structure for Iu PS
`5.4.3
`RANAP Protocol
`5.4.4
`Iu User Plane Protocol
`5.4.5
`Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol
`UTRAN Internal Interfaces
`5.5.1
`RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signaling
`5.5.2
`RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signaling
`UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution
`5.6.1
`IP Transport in UTRAN
`5.6.2
`Iu Flex
`5.6.3
`Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface
`5.6.4
`Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface
`5.6.5
`IP-Based RAN Architecture
`UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution
`5.7.1
`Release 99 CN Elements
`5.7.2
`Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem
`References
`
`Physical Layer
`Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels
`6.2.1
`Dedicated Transport Channel
`6.2.2
`Common Transport Channels
`6.2.3
`Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels
`6.2.4
`Frame Structure of Transport Channels
`Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.1
`Scrambling
`6.3.2
`Channelization Codes
`6.3.3
`Uplink Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.4
`Downlink Spreading and Modulation
`6.3.5
`Transmitter Characteristics
`User Data Transmission
`6.4.1
`Uplink Dedicated Channel
`6.4.2
`Uplink Multiplexing
`6.4.3
`User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel
`6.4.4
`Uplink Common Packet Channel
`6.4.5
`Downlink Dedicated Channel
`6.4.6
`Downlink Multiplexing
`
`vii
`
`75
`
`75
`78
`79
`80
`80
`80
`80
`80
`81
`82
`83
`84
`85
`86
`87
`87
`89
`91
`91
`92
`92
`92
`92
`93
`93
`94
`95
`
`97
`
`97
`98
`99
`99
`101
`102
`102
`102
`102
`104
`107
`110
`110
`111
`113
`115
`115
`116
`117
`
`6
`
`

`

`viii
`
`6.5
`
`6.6
`
`6.7
`6.8
`
`Downlink Shared Channel
`Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission
`Channel Coding for User Data
`Coding for TFCI Information
`
`6.4.7
`6.4.8
`6.4.9
`6.4.10
`Signaling
`Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
`6.5.1
`Synchronization Channel (SCH)
`6.5.2
`Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH)
`6.5.3
`Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH)
`6.5.4
`Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signaling Transmission
`6.5.5
`Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
`6.5.6
`Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
`6.5.7
`Physical Layer Procedures
`6.6.1
`Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure
`6.6.2
`Open-Loop Power Control
`6.6.3
`Paging Procedure
`6.6.4
`RACH Procedure
`6.6.5
`Cell Search Procedure
`6.6.6
`Transmit Diversity Procedure
`6.6.7
`Handover Measurements Procedure
`6.6.8
`Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure
`6.6.9
`Other Measurements
`6.6.10
`Operation with Adaptive Antennas
`6.6.11
`Site Selection Diversity Transmission
`Terminal Radio Access Capabilities
`Conclusion
`References
`
`7
`
`7.1
`7.2
`7.3
`
`7.4
`
`Radio Interface Protocols
`Jukka Vial´en and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`Protocol Architecture
`The Medium Access Control Protocol
`7.3.1
`MAC Layer Architecture
`7.3.2
`MAC Functions
`7.3.3
`Logical Channels
`7.3.4
`Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels
`7.3.5
`Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer
`The Radio Link Control Protocol
`7.4.1
`RLC Layer Architecture
`7.4.2
`RLC Functions
`7.4.3
`Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer
`The Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`7.5.1
`PDCP Layer Architecture
`7.5.2
`PDCP Functions
`The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol
`7.6.1
`BMC Layer Architecture
`7.6.2
`BMC Functions
`7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
`7.8
`The Radio Resource Control Protocol
`
`7.5
`
`7.6
`
`Contents
`
`119
`119
`120
`121
`121
`121
`122
`122
`123
`124
`124
`125
`126
`126
`126
`127
`127
`128
`129
`130
`132
`133
`134
`135
`136
`138
`139
`
`141
`
`141
`142
`143
`143
`144
`145
`145
`146
`147
`147
`148
`149
`150
`150
`151
`151
`152
`152
`152
`153
`
`7
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`RRC Layer Logical Architecture
`7.8.1
`RRC Service States
`7.8.2
`RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures
`7.8.3
`Early UE Handling Principles
`Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction
`References
`
`7.9
`7.10
`
`8
`
`8.1
`8.2
`
`Radio Network Planning
`Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo H¨am¨al¨ainen, Jaana Laiho,
`Kari Sipil¨a and Achim Wacker
`Introduction
`Dimensioning
`8.2.1
`Radio Link Budgets
`8.2.2
`Load Factors
`8.2.3
`Capacity Upgrade Paths
`Capacity per km2
`8.2.4
`8.2.5
`Soft Capacity
`8.2.6
`Network Sharing
`Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization
`8.3.1
`Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction
`8.3.2
`Planning Tool
`8.3.3
`Case Study
`8.3.4
`Network Optimization
`GSM Co-planning
`Inter-Operator Interference
`8.5.1
`Introduction
`8.5.2
`Uplink Versus Downlink Effects
`8.5.3
`Local Downlink Interference
`8.5.4
`Average Downlink Interference
`8.5.5
`Path Loss Measurements
`8.5.6
`Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference
`8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants
`8.7
`UMTS Refarming to GSM Band
`8.7.1
`Coverage of UMTS900
`Interference between GSM and UMTS
`Remaining GSM Voice Capacity
`Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS
`Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100
`References
`
`8.3
`
`8.4
`8.5
`
`8.8
`8.9
`8.10
`8.11
`
`9
`
`9.1
`9.2
`
`9.3
`
`Radio Resource Management
`Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen,
`Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
`Introduction
`Power Control
`9.2.1
`Fast Power Control
`9.2.2
`Outer Loop Power Control
`Handovers
`9.3.1
`Intra-Frequency Handovers
`9.3.2
`Inter-System Handovers between WCDMA and GSM
`
`ix
`
`153
`154
`157
`170
`170
`171
`
`173
`
`173
`174
`175
`178
`188
`189
`190
`193
`194
`194
`194
`197
`199
`202
`204
`204
`206
`206
`207
`209
`209
`210
`211
`212
`214
`215
`216
`217
`218
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`219
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`219
`220
`220
`226
`232
`232
`241
`
`8
`
`

`

`x
`
`Contents
`
`9.5
`
`Inter-Frequency Handovers within WCDMA
`9.3.3
`Summary of Handovers
`9.3.4
`9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load
`9.4.1
`Uplink Load
`9.4.2
`Downlink Load
`Admission Control
`9.5.1
`Admission Control Principle
`9.5.2
`Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy
`9.5.3
`Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy
`Load Control (Congestion Control)
`References
`
`9.6
`
`10
`
`Packet Scheduling
`Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen
`and Martin Kristensson
`Introduction
`10.1
`Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
`10.2
`10.3 Round Trip Time
`10.4 User-Specific Packet Scheduling
`10.4.1
`Common Channels (RACH/FACH)
`10.4.2
`Dedicated Channel (DCH)
`10.4.3
`Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
`10.4.4
`Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
`10.4.5
`Selection of Transport Channel
`10.4.6
`Paging Channel States
`10.5 Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling
`10.5.1
`Priorities
`10.5.2
`Scheduling Algorithms
`10.5.3
`Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover
`Packet Data System Performance
`10.6.1
`Link Level Performance
`10.6.2
`System Level Performance
`Packet Data Application Performance
`10.7.1
`Introduction to Application Performance
`10.7.2
`Person-to-Person Applications
`10.7.3
`Content-to-Person Applications
`10.7.4
`Business Connectivity
`10.7.5
`Conclusions on Application Performance
`References
`
`10.6
`
`10.7
`
`11
`
`Physical Layer Performance
`Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen,
`Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihri¨al¨a and Markku Juntti
`Introduction
`11.1
`11.2 Cell Coverage
`11.2.1
`Uplink Coverage
`11.2.2
`Downlink Coverage
`11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity
`11.3.1
`Downlink Orthogonal Codes
`
`244
`245
`246
`246
`249
`250
`250
`250
`252
`252
`253
`
`255
`
`255
`255
`261
`264
`264
`265
`267
`267
`268
`270
`272
`274
`274
`275
`275
`275
`277
`280
`280
`281
`284
`287
`289
`291
`
`293
`
`293
`293
`295
`304
`304
`305
`
`9
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Downlink Transmit Diversity
`11.3.2
`Downlink Voice Capacity
`11.3.3
`11.4 Capacity Trials
`11.4.1
`Single Cell Capacity Trials
`11.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials
`11.4.3
`Summary
`3GPP Performance Requirements
`Eb/N0 Performance
`11.5.1
`11.5.2
`RF Noise Figure
`Performance Enhancements
`11.6.1
`Smart Antenna Solutions
`11.6.2 Multiuser Detection
`References
`
`11.5
`
`11.6
`
`xi
`
`310
`312
`313
`313
`327
`328
`330
`330
`333
`334
`334
`340
`349
`
`12
`
`353
`
`High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
`Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen
`and Jussi Reunanen
`353
`Introduction
`12.1
`353
`12.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities
`354
`12.3
`The HSDPA Concept
`356
`12.4 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
`357
`12.5 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase
`357
`12.6 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
`357
`12.6.1
`High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
`361
`12.6.2
`High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
`362
`12.6.3
`Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
`363
`12.6.4
`HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
`365
`12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates
`366
`12.8 Mobility with HSDPA
`367
`12.8.1 Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell
`367
`12.8.2
`Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
`368
`12.8.3
`Inter-Node–Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
`369
`12.8.4
`HS-DSCH to DCH Handover
`370
`12.9 HSDPA Performance
`371
`12.9.1
`Factors Governing Performance
`371
`12.9.2
`Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range
`374
`12.9.3
`User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage
`HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals 378
`12.9.4
`12.10 HSPA Link Budget
`380
`12.11 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning
`382
`12.12 HSPA Round Trip Time
`384
`12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects
`384
`12.14 Evolution in Release 6
`386
`12.15 Conclusion
`388
`References
`388
`
`13
`
`High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
`Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho
`Introduction
`13.1
`13.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities
`
`391
`
`391
`391
`
`10
`
`

`

`xii
`
`Contents
`
`The HSUPA Concept
`13.3
`13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
`13.4.1
`HSUPA Iub Operation
`13.5 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase
`13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure
`13.7
`E-DCH and Related Control Channels
`13.7.1
`E-DPDCH
`13.7.2
`E-DPCCH
`13.7.3
`E-HICH
`13.7.4
`E-RGCH
`13.7.5
`E-AGCH
`13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
`13.8.1
`HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation
`13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability
`13.10 HSUPA Performance
`13.10.1
`Increased Data Rates
`13.10.2 Physical Layer Retransmission Combining
`13.10.3 Node B-Based Scheduling
`13.10.4 HSUPA Link Budget Impact
`13.10.5 Delay and QoS
`13.10.6 Overall Capacity
`13.11 Conclusion
`References
`
`14
`
`Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)
`Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen
`Introduction
`14.1
`14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture
`14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures
`14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure
`14.4.1
`Logical Channels
`14.4.2
`Transport Channels
`14.4.3
`Physical Channels
`14.4.4
`Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections
`14.4.5
`Example Radio Interface Procedure during MBMS Session Start
`14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability
`14.5.1
`Selective Combining and Soft Combining
`14.6 MBMS Performance
`14.6.1
`3GPP Performance Requirements
`14.6.2
`Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity
`14.6.3
`Iub Transport Capacity
`14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases
`14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H
`14.9
`3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7
`14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail?
`14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8
`14.12 Conclusion
`References
`
`392
`393
`394
`395
`395
`396
`396
`398
`399
`399
`399
`400
`401
`402
`403
`404
`404
`404
`406
`406
`407
`408
`408
`
`409
`
`409
`412
`414
`415
`415
`416
`416
`416
`417
`418
`418
`419
`419
`421
`423
`424
`425
`426
`426
`427
`428
`429
`
`11
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`15
`
`HSPA Evolution
`Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`15.1
`15.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)
`15.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA
`15.4
`Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH
`15.5
`Latency
`15.6
`Fast Dormancy
`15.7 Downlink 64QAM
`15.8 Downlink MIMO
`15.9
`Transmit Diversity (TxAA)
`15.10 Uplink 16QAM
`15.11 UE Categories
`15.12 Layer 2 Optimization
`15.13 Architecture Evolution
`15.14 Conclusion
`References
`
`16
`
`HSPA Multicarrier Evolution
`Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`16.1
`16.2 Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8
`16.3 Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9
`16.4 Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9
`16.5 Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9
`16.6
`Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10
`16.7 UE Categories
`16.8 Conclusion
`References
`
`17
`
`UTRAN Long-Term Evolution
`Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
`Introduction
`17.1
`17.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions
`17.3
`LTE Impact on Network Architecture
`17.4
`LTE Multiple Access
`17.4.1
`OFDMA Principles
`17.4.2
`SC-FDMA Principles
`LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters
`LTE Physical Layer Procedures
`17.6.1
`Random Access
`17.6.2
`Data Reception and Transmission
`17.6.3
`CQI Procedure
`17.6.4
`Downlink Transmission Modes
`17.6.5
`Uplink Transmission Modes
`17.6.6
`LTE Physical Layer Compared to WCDMA
`LTE Protocols
`
`17.5
`17.6
`
`17.7
`
`xiii
`
`431
`
`431
`431
`433
`437
`439
`441
`442
`444
`447
`448
`449
`450
`451
`452
`453
`
`455
`
`455
`459
`461
`462
`463
`464
`465
`465
`466
`
`467
`
`467
`468
`470
`471
`471
`474
`476
`479
`479
`479
`481
`482
`483
`483
`483
`
`12
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`Contents
`
`17.8
`
`Performance
`17.8.1
`Peak Bit Rates
`17.8.2
`Spectral Efficiency
`17.8.3
`Link Budget and Coverage
`LTE Device Categories
`17.9
`17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook
`17.11 Conclusion
`References
`
`18
`
`18.1
`
`TD-SCDMA
`Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
`Introduction
`18.1.1
`TDD
`18.2 Differences in the Network-Level Architecture
`18.3
`TD-SCDMA Physical Layer
`18.3.1
`Transport and Physical Channels
`18.3.2 Modulation and Spreading
`18.3.3
`Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format
`TD-SCDMA Data Rates
`TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures
`18.5.1
`Power Control
`18.5.2
`TD-SCDMA Receiver
`18.5.3
`Uplink Synchronization
`18.5.4
`Dynamic Channel Allocation
`18.5.5
`Summary of the TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Operation
`TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations
`18.6.1
`TDD–TDD Interference
`18.6.2
`TDD and FDD Co-existence
`18.6.3
`Conclusions on TDD and TD-SCDMA Interference
`18.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA
`References
`
`18.4
`18.5
`
`18.6
`
`19
`
`Home Node B and Femtocells
`Troels Kolding, Hanns-J¨urgen Schwarzbauer, Johanna Pekonen, Karol Drazynski,
`Jacek Gora, Maciej Pakulski, Patryk Pisowacki, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`19.1
`19.2 Home Node B Specification Work
`19.3
`Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment
`19.4 Home Node B Architecture
`19.4.1
`Home Node B Protocols and Procedures for Network Interfaces
`19.4.2
`Femtocell Indication on a Terminal Display
`19.5 Closed Subscriber Group
`19.5.1
`Closed Subscriber Group Management
`19.5.2
`Closed Subscriber Group Access Control
`19.6 Home Node B-Related Mobility
`19.6.1
`Idle Mode Mobility
`19.6.2
`Outbound Relocations
`19.6.3
`Inbound Relocations
`19.6.4
`Relocations between HNB Cells
`19.6.5
`Paging Optimization
`
`487
`487
`487
`490
`492
`492
`494
`494
`
`495
`
`495
`495
`497
`497
`498
`501
`501
`504
`505
`505
`505
`506
`506
`507
`508
`508
`509
`511
`512
`512
`
`515
`
`515
`517
`518
`519
`520
`522
`523
`523
`523
`524
`524
`525
`525
`526
`527
`
`13
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Home Node B to Macro Handover
`19.6.6
`19.6.7 Macro to Home Node B Handover
`19.6.8
`Home Node B Cell Identification Ambiguity
`19.6.9
`Summary of Home Node B-Related Mobility
`19.7 Home Node B Deployment and Interference Mitigation
`19.7.1
`Home Node B Radio Frequency Aspects
`19.7.2
`Recommended 3G Home Node B Measurements
`19.7.3
`Home Node B Interference Considerations
`19.7.4
`Adaptive Control of Home Node B Transmit Powers
`19.7.5
`Femtocell Interference Simulations
`19.7.6
`Network Planning Aspects
`19.7.7
`Summary of Home Node B Frequency Usage
`19.8 Home Node B Evolution
`19.9 Conclusion
`References
`
`20
`
`20.1
`20.2
`
`Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges
`Laurent No¨el, Dominique Brunel, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
`Introduction
`Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges
`20.2.1
`The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-Off
`20.2.2
`Phase Discontinuity
`20.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges
`20.3.1
`UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements
`20.3.2
`Inter-Operator Interference
`20.3.3
`Impact of RF Impairments on HSDPA System Performance
`Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX
`20.4.1
`Talk-Time Benchmark of Recent WCDMA Handsets
`20.4.2
`Trend in RF-IC Power Consumption and Model
`20.4.3
`Power Amplifier Control Schemes and Power Consumption Model
`20.4.4
`UE Power Consumption Models
`20.4.5
`Talk-Time Improvements in Circuit Switched Voice over HSPA with DTX/DRX
`20.5 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges
`20.5.1
`From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity
`20.5.2
`New Requirements Due to Co-existence
`20.5.3
`Front End Integration Strategies and Design Trends
`20.5.4
`Impact on Today’s Architectures
`20.6 Conclusion
`References
`
`20.4
`
`Index
`
`xv
`
`527
`527
`528
`529
`529
`529
`530
`532
`534
`536
`540
`544
`545
`545
`546
`
`547
`
`547
`549
`549
`554
`555
`556
`563
`566
`567
`568
`570
`573
`577
`579
`582
`582
`584
`588
`588
`590
`590
`
`593
`
`14
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`Second generation telecommunication systems, such as GSM, enabled voice traffic to go wireless: the
`number of mobile phones exceeds the number of landline phones and the mobile phone penetration
`is approaching 100% in several markets. The data handling capabilities of second generation systems
`are limited, however, and third generation systems are needed to provide the high bit rate services that
`enable high quality images and video to be transmitted and received, and to provide access to the web
`with higher data rates. These third generation mobile communication systems are referred to in this
`book as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). WCDMA (Wideband Code Division
`Multiple Access) and its evolution HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is the main third generation air
`interface globally. During the publication of the 5th edition, the number of WCDMA/HSPA subscribers
`has exceeded 500 million. It is expected that the 1 billion landmark will be passed in less than two
`years. There are over 300 commercial HSPA networks globally supporting peak data rates up to
`42 Mbps. HSPA has grown to be the preferred radio network for providing wireless broadband access,
`for supporting an increasing number of smart phones and for offering high capacity and high quality
`voice service in an efficient way. This book gives a detailed description of the WCDMA/HSPA air
`interface and its utilization. The contents are summarized in Figure 1.
`
`Introduction (Chapter 1)
`
`Radio Access Network
`Architecture (Chapter 5)
`
`Radio Resource Management
`(Chapter 9)
`
`Packet Access (Chapter 10)
`
`Radio Interface Protocols
`(Chapter 7)
`
`MBMS
`(Chapter 14)
`
`Physical Layer
`(Chapter 6)
`
`Physical Layer Performance
`(Chapter 11)
`
`Background and
`Standardisation
`(Chapter 4)
`
`Radio Network
`Planning
`(Chapter 8)
`
`HSPA Evolution
`(Chapter 15)
`
`Introduction to WCDMA
`(Chapter 3)
`
`HSPA Multicarrier Evolution
`(Chapter 16)
`Long Term Evolution (LTE)
`(Chapter 17)
`
`Femto cells
`(Chapter 19)
`
`TD-SCDMA
`(Chapter 18)
`
`UMTS Services
`(Chapter 2)
`
`Figure 1. Contents of this book
`
`High Speed Packet
`Access, HSDPA/HSUPA
`(Chapter 12-13)
`
`Terminal RF design
`(Chapter 20)
`
`15
`
`

`

`xviii
`
`Preface
`
`The book is structured as follows. Chapters 1–4 provide an introduction to the technology and
`its standardization. Chapters 5–7 give a detailed presentation of the WCDMA standard, while
`Chapters 8–11 cover the utilization of the standard and its performance. Chapters 12–16 present
`HSPA and its evolution. TD-SCDMA is described in Chapter 18. The home base stations, also called
`femtocells, are explained in Chapter 19. Chapter 20 covers terminal RF design challenges.
`Chapter 1 briefly introduces the background, development, status and future of WCDMA/HSPA
`radio. Chapter 2 presents examples of the current UMTS applications and the main uses cases.
`Chapter 3 introduces the principles of the WCDMA air interface,
`including spreading, Rake
`receiver, power control and handovers. Chapter 4 presents the background to WCDMA,
`the
`global harmonization process and the standardization. Chapter 5 describes the architecture of
`the radio access network, interfaces within the radio access network between base stations and
`radio network controllers (RNC), and the interface between the radio access network and the
`core network. Chapter 6 covers the physical
`layer (Layer 1),
`including spreading, modulation,
`user data and signalling transmission, and the main physical layer procedures of power control,
`paging, transmission diversity and handover measurements. Chapter 7 introduces the radio interface
`protocols, consisting of the data link layer (Layer 2) and the network layer (Layer 3). Chapter 8
`presents the guidelines for radio network dimensioning, gives an example of detailed capacity and
`coverage planning, and covers GSM co-planning. Chapter 9 covers the radio resource management
`algorithms that guarantee the efficient utilization of the air interface resources and the quality
`of service. These algorithms are power control, handovers, admission and load control. Chapter
`10 depicts packet access and presents the performance of packet protocols of WCDMA. Chapter
`11 analyses the coverage and capacity of the WCDMA air interface. Chapter 12 presents the
`significant Release 5 feature, High Speed Downlink Packet Access, HSDPA, and Chapter 13
`the corresponding uplink counterpart High Speed Uplink Packet Access, HSUPA in Release 6.
`Chapter 14 presents Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System, MBMS. Chapter 15 introduces HSPA
`evolution in Releases 7, 8 and 9. Chapter 16 describes HSPA multicarrier evolution up to four
`carriers. Long Term Evolution (LTE) in Releases 8 and 9 is presented in Chapter 17. The time
`division duplex (TDD) based TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple
`Access) is illustrated in Chapter 18. The femtocells are presented in Chapter 19 and the challenges
`in the terminal RF design in Chapter 20.
`The 2nd edition contained coverage of the recently introduced key features of 3GPP Release 5
`specifications, such as High Speed Downlink Packet Access, HSDPA and IP Multimedia Subsystem
`(IMS). The 3rd edition of the book continued to deepen the coverage of several existing topics
`both based on the field experiences and based on more detailed simulation studies. The 3rd edition
`covered the main updates in 3GPP standard Release 6. The 4th edition added in detail 3GPP Release
`6 features including High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Multimedia Broadcast Multicast
`System (MBMS), HSPA evolution and terminal RF design challenges.
`The 5th edition of the book introduces new material in the areas of HSPA evolution including
`Releases 8 and 9, HSPA multicarrier solutions, GSM band refarming for HSPA, Integrated Mobile
`Broadcast (IMB), TD-SCDMA description, femtocells, terminal power consumption estimates, services
`and LTE.
`This book is aimed at operators, network and terminal manufacturers, service providers, university
`students and frequency regulators. A deep understanding of the WCDMA/HSPA air interface, its
`capabilities and its optimal usage is the key to success in the UMTS business.
`This book represents the views and opinions of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the
`views of their employers.
`
`16
`
`

`

`Acknowledgements
`
`The editors would like to acknowledge the time and effort put in by their colleagues in contribut-
`ing to this book. Besides the editors, the contributors were Dominique Brunel, Leo Chan, Renaud
`Cuny, Karol Drazynski, Frank Frederiksen, Jacek Gora, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo H¨am¨al¨ainen, Kari
`Horneman, Markku Juntti, Jorma Kaikkonen, Troels Kolding, Martin Kristensson, Janne Laakso, Jaana
`Laiho, Fabio Longoni, Atte L¨ansisalmi, Nina Madsen, Preben Mogensen, Peter Muszynski, Laurent
`No¨el, Maciej Pakulski, Klaus Pedersen, Johanna Pekonen, Patryk Pisowacki, Karri Ranta-aho, Jussi
`Reunanen, Oscar Salonaho, Jouni Salonen, Hanns-J¨urgen Schwarzbauer, Kari Sipil¨a, Tommi Uitto,
`Jukka Vial´en, Jaakko Vihri¨al¨a, Achim Wacker and Jeroen Wigard.
`While we were developing this book, many of our colleagues from Nokia and Nokia Siemens Net-
`works offered their help in suggesting improvements and finding errors. Also, a number of colleagues
`from other companies have helped us in improving the quality of the book. The editors are grateful
`for the comments received from Heikki Ahava, Erkka Ala-Tauriala, David Astely, Erkki Autio,
`Matthew Baker, Luis Barreto, Johan Bergman, Angelo Centonza, Kai Heikkinen, Kari Heiska, Kimmo
`Hiltunen, Klaus Hugl, Alberg H¨oglund, Kaisu Iisakkila, Ann-Louise Johansson, Kalle Jokio, Susanna
`Kallio, Istvan Kovacs, Ilkka Keskitalo, Pasi Kinnunen, Tero Kola, Petri Komulainen, Mika Laasonen,
`Lauri Laitinen, Olivier Claude Lebreton, Anne Leino, Arto Leppisaari, Pertti Lukander, Esko Luttinen,
`Peter Merz, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Risto Mononen, Jonathan Moss, Jari M¨akinen, Magdalena
`Duniewicz No¨el, Olli Nurminen, Tero Ojanper¨a, Lauri Oksanen, Kari Pajukoski, Kari Pehkonen,
`Eetu Prieur, Mika Rinne, Sabine Roessel, Rauno Ruism¨aki, David Soldani, Agnieszka Szufarska,
`Pekka Talmola, Kimmo Ter¨av¨a, Mitch Tseng, Antti T¨olli, Veli Voipio, Helen Waite and Dong Zhao.
`The team at John Wiley & Sons participating in the production of this book provided excellent
`support and worked hard to keep the demanding schedule. The editors especially would like to thank
`Sarah Tilley and Mark Hammond for assistance with practical issues in the production process, and
`especially the copy-editor, for her efforts in smoothing out the engineering approach to the English
`language expressions.
`We are extremely grateful to our families, as well as the families of all the authors, for their patience
`and support, especially during the late night and weekend editing sessions near different production
`milestones.
`Special thanks are due to our employer, Nokia Siemens Networks, for supporting and encouraging
`such an effort and for providing some of the illustrations in this book.
`Finally, we would like to acknowledge the efforts of our colleagues in the wireless industry for the
`great work done within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to produce the global WCDMA
`standard in merely a year and thus to create the framework for this book. Without such an initiative
`this book would never have been possible.
`The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or changes that
`could be implemented in forthcoming editions of this book. The feedback is welcome to editors’ email
`addresses harri.holma@nsn.com and antti.toskala@nsn.com.
`
`17
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`3GPP
`3GPP2
`AAL2
`AAL5
`ABB
`ACELP
`ACIR
`
`ACK
`ACL
`ACLR
`
`ACTS
`
`ADC
`AGC
`A-GW
`AICH
`ALCAP
`AM
`AM
`AMD
`AMR
`AMR-NB
`AMR-WB
`ARIB
`AOL
`AP
`ARP
`ARQ
`ASC
`ASN.1
`ATM
`AWGN
`AWS
`
`3rd Generation partnership project (produces WCDMA standard)
`3rd Generation partnership project 2 (produced cdma2000 standard)
`ATM Adaptation Layer type 2
`ATM Adaptation Layer type 5
`Analog baseband
`Algebraic code excitation linear prediction
`Adjacent channel interference ratio, caused by the transmitter non-idealities and
`imperfect receiver filtering
`Acknowledgement
`Access control list
`Adjacent channel leakage ratio, caused by the transmitter non-idealities, the effect of
`receiver filtering is not included
`Advanced communication technologies and systems, EU research projects
`framework
`Analog to digital conversion
`Automatic gain control
`Access gateway
`Acquisition indication channel
`Access link control application part
`Acknowledged mode
`Amplitude modulation
`Acknowledged mode data
`Adaptive multirate (speech codec)
`Narrowband AMR
`Wideband AMR
`Association of radio industries and businesses (Japan)
`America on-line
`Access point
`Allocation and retention priority
`Automatic repeat request
`Access service class
`Abstract syntax notation one
`Asynchronous transfer mode
`Additive white Gaussian noise
`Advanced wireless services
`
`18
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`xxii
`
`BB
`BB SS7
`BCCH
`BCFE
`BCH
`BER
`BLER
`BMC
`BM-SC
`BO
`BoD
`BOM
`BPSK
`BS
`BSC
`BSS
`CA-ICH
`CB
`CBC
`CBS
`CCCH
`CCH
`CCH
`CDD
`CDF
`CD-ICH
`CDMA
`CFN
`CIF
`CIR
`CM
`CMOS
`CN
`C-NBAP
`CODIT
`CPC
`CPCH
`CPE
`CPICH
`CQI
`CRC
`CRNC
`C-RNTI
`CS
`CSCF
`CSG
`CSICH
`CTCH
`CW
`CWTS
`
`Baseband
`Broadband signalling