orUMIS
`
`sased RadioAccess
`
`IPR2022-00343
`
`W2235-00012396
`
`APPLE 1025
`Apple v. Ericsson
`
`APPLE 1025
`Apple v. Ericsson
`IPR2022-00343
`
`1
`
`

`

`LTE for UMTS -
`OFDMAand SC-FDMABased
`Radio Access
`
`LTEfor UMTS: OPDMA and SC-PDMA Based Radio Access Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-99401 -6
`
`W2235-00012397
`
`2
`
`

`

`LTE for UMTS —-
`OFDMAand SC-FDMABased
`Radio Access
`
`Edited by
`
`Harri Holmaand Antti Toskala
`
`both of Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
`
`W)
`
`John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`W2235-00012398
`
`3
`
`

`

`This edition first published 2009
`© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
`
`Registered office
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
`
`For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
`permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
`
`Theright of the author to be identified as the authorof this work has been asserted in accordance with the
`Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
`any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the
`UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission ofthe publisher.
`
`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
`available in electronic books.
`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names
`and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of
`their respective owners. The publisheris not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This
`publicationis designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.
`It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional
`advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
`
`LTEis a trademark, registered by ETSI for the benefit of the 3GPP Partners
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`LTE for UMTS-OFDMAand SC-FDMAbased radio access / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 978-0-470-99401-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2. Wireless
`communication systems--Standards. 3. Mobile communication systems--Standards. 4. Global system for mobile
`communications.
`I. Holma, Harri, 1970- II. Toskala, Antti.
`TK5103.4883.L78 2009
`621.3845'6--de22
`
`2008052792
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`ISBN 9780470994016 (H/B)
`
`Set in 10/12 pt Times by Sparks, Oxford — www.sparkspublishing.com
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK
`
`W2235-00012399
`
`4
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`List of Abbreviations
`
`1
`
`Introduction
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`
`1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth
`1.2. Mobile Data Usage Growth
`1.3. Wireline Technologies Evolution
`1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE
`1.5
`Overview of LTE
`1.6
` 3GPP Family of Technologies
`1.7. Wireless Spectrum
`1.8
`New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07
`1.9
` LTE-Advanced
`
`2
`
`2.1
`
`2.2.
`2.3.
`2.4
`2.5
`2.6
`2.7.
`
`LTE Standardization
`Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`
`Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process
`LTE Targets
`LTE Standardization Phases
`Evolution Beyond Release 8
`LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced
`LTE Specifications and 3GPP Structure
`References
`
`xiii
`
`XV
`
`xvii
`
`1
`
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`7
`8
`10
`11
`
`13
`
`13
`
`13
`14
`16
`18
`19
`21
`22
`
`3
`
`System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE
`Atte Ldnsisalmi and Antti Toskala
`23
`System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP
`3.1
`
`3.2 Basic System Architecture Configuration with only E-UTRANAccess Network=25
`
`23
`
`W2235-00012400
`
`5
`
`

`

`vi
`
`3.4
`
`3.5
`
`3.7
`
`4.1
`
`4.2
`
`4.3
`
`4.4
`
`4.5
`
`4.6
`
`3.2.1]
`
`3.2.2
`3.2.3
`3.2.4
`
`3.3.3
`
`3.4.2
`
`3.4.3
`
`Overview of Basic System Architecture Configuration
`Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Configuration
`Self-configuration of S1-MMEand X2interfaces
`Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Configuration
`3.2.5
`Roaming in Basic System Architecture Configuration
`System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks
`Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration
`3.3.1
`3.3.2
`Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System
`Architecture Configuration
`Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
`Configuration
`3.3.4
`Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure
`System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks
`3.4.1
`Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
`Configuration
`Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System
`Architecture Configuration
`Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
`50
`Configuration
`3.4.4
`Roaming in Non-3GPPInter-working System Architecture Configuration 51
`Inter-working with cdma2000® Access Networks
`31
`3.5.1
`Architecture for cdma2000® HRPDInter-working
`31
`3.5.2.
`Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000® HRPDInter-
`working
`Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working
`3.5.3
`Inter-working with cdma2000® 1xRTT
`3.5.4
`IMS Architecture
`
`Contents
`
`25
`
`26
`34
`35
`
`39
`
`40
`
`40
`
`42
`
`44
`
`44
`
`45
`
`45
`
`47
`
`34
`55
`56
`56
`
`Overview
`3.6.1
`Session Management and Routing
`3.6.2
`Databases
`3.6.3.
`Services Elements
`3.6.4
`Inter-working Elements
`3.6.5
`PCC and QoS
`3.7.1
`PCC
`3.7.2
`QoS
`References
`
`Introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE
`Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila
`Introduction
`LTE Multiple Access Background
`OFDMABasics
`
`SC-FDMABasics
`
`MIMOBasics
`Summary
`References
`
`56
`58
`59
`59
`59
`60
`60
`63
`65
`
`67
`
`67
`67
`70
`
`716
`
`80
`82
`82
`
`W2235-00012401
`
`6
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`vii
`
`Physical Layer
`Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli and Juha Korhonen
`Introduction
`Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels
`Modulation
`Uplink User Data Transmission
`Downlink User Data Transmission
`Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission
`5.6.1.
`Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
`5.6.2
`PUCCH Configuration
`5.6.3.
`Control Signaling on PUSCH
`5.6.4 Uplink Reference Signals
`PRACHStructure
`3.7.1
`Physical Random Access Channel
`5.7.2.
`Preamble Sequence
`110
`5.8
`112
`Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission
`112
`5.8.1|Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
`5.8.2
`Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
`113
`115
`5.8.3.
`Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
`5.8.4 Downlink Transmission Modes
`3.8.5.
`Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
`3.8.6
`Synchronization Signal
`Physical Layer Procedures
`5.9.1
`HARQ Procedure
`5.9.2
`Timing Advance
`5.9.3.
`Power Control
`5.9.4
`Paging
`5.9.5
`Random Access Procedure
`3.9.6
`Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure
`5.9.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology
`5.9.8
`Cell Search Procedure
`5.9.9
`Half Duplex Operation
`UE Capability Classes and Supported Features
`Physical Layer Measurements
`3.11.1
`eNodeB Measurements
`
`83
`
`83
`83
`
`85
`
`86
`
`89
`
`93
`94
`
`97
`101
`
`103
`
`109
`
`109
`
`115
`
`116
`
`117
`
`117
`
`118
`
`119
`119
`120
`
`120
`
`123
`
`129
`130
`
`130
`131
`132
`
`132
`
`5.1
`5.2
`
`5.3
`
`5.4
`
`3.5
`
`5.6
`
`5.9
`
`3.10
`5.11
`
`5.11.2 UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure
`Physical Layer Parameter Configuration
`Summary
`References
`
`6.1
`
`6.2
`
`6.3
`
`LTE Radio Protocols
`Antti Toskala and Woonhee Hwang
`Introduction
`
`Protoco] Architecture
`
`Medium Access Control
`6.3.1
`Logical Channels
`6.3.2. Data Flow in MAC Layer
`
`133
`
`133
`
`134
`135
`
`137
`
`137
`
`137
`
`139
`
`140
`142
`
`W2235-00012402
`
`7
`
`

`

`viii
`
`6.4
`
`6.5
`
`6.6
`
`6.7
`
`6.8
`
`6.9
`
`71
`
`7.2
`
`74
`
`75
`
`7.6
`
`8.1
`
`8.2
`8.3
`8.4
`
`8.5
`
`Contents
`
`Radio Link Control Layer
`6.4.1
`RLC ModesofOperation
`6.4.2
`Data Flow in RLC Layer
`Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`Radio Resource Control (RRC)
`6.6.1
`UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT
`6.6.2
`RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures
`X2 Interface Protocols
`
`Handover on X2 Interface
`6.7.1.
`Load Management
`6.7.2
`Early UE Handling in LTE
`Summary
`References
`
`Mobility
`Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen
`Introduction
`Mobility Managementin Idle State
`7.2.1
`Overview of Idle Mode Mobility
`7.2.2
`Cell Selection and Reselection Process
`7.2.3.
`Tracking Area Optimization
`Intra-LTE Handovers
`
`Procedure
`7.3.1
`Signaling
`7.3.2
`Handover Measurements
`7.3.3.
`Automatic Neighbor Relations
`7.3.4
`Handover Frequency
`7.3.5
`Handover Delay
`7.3.6
`Inter-system Handovers
`Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility
`Summary
`References
`
`Radio Resource Management
`Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa
`and Ingo Viering
`Introduction
`Overview of RRM Algorithms
`Admission Control and QoS Parameters
`Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation
`8.4.1
`Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework
`8.4.2
`Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling
`8.4.3.
`Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms
`8.4.4
`Packet Scheduling with MIMO
`8.4.5
`Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations
`Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation
`8.5.1
`Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling
`
`143
`144
`
`145
`145
`
`146
`
`147
`
`148
`158
`
`159
`160
`162
`
`162
`
`163
`
`165
`
`165
`166
`166
`
`167
`
`169
`
`170
`
`170
`
`171
`
`174
`
`174
`175
`
`177
`
`177
`
`178
`179
`
`180
`
`181
`
`181
`
`181
`182
`184
`
`184
`185
`
`187
`
`188
`
`189
`
`192
`196
`
`W2235-00012403
`
`8
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Uplink Link Adaptation
`8.5.2
`Uplink Packet Scheduling
`8.5.3.
`Interference Management and PowerSettings
`8.6.1
`Downlink Transmit Power Settings
`8.6.2 Uplink Interference Coordination
`Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)
`RRC Connection Maintenance
`Summary
`References
`
`Performance
`Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, Istvan Z. Kovdcs, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen
`and Jussi Reunanen
`
`Introduction
`Layer | Peak Bit Rates
`Terminal Categories
`Link Level Performance
`
`Downlink Link Performance
`9.4.1.
`9.4.2 Uplink Link Performance
`Link Budgets
`Spectral Efficiency
`9.6.1
`System Deployment Scenarios
`9.6.2. Downlink System Performance
`9.6.3.
`Uplink System Performance
`9.6.4 Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2 x2
`9.6.5
`Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors)
`9.6.6
`Spectral Efficiency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth
`9.6.7
`Spectral Efficiency Evaluation in 3GPP
`9.6.8
`Benchmarking LTE to HSPA
`Latency
`User Plane Latency
`9.7.1
`LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum
`Dimensioning
`Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks
`9.10.1 Data Volume Analysis
`9.10.2 Cell Performance Analysis
`Summary
`References
`
`Voice over IP (VoIP)
`Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lundén, Esa Malkamdiki,
`Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang
`Introduction
`
`VoIP Codecs
`VoIP Requirements
`Delay Budget
`Scheduling and Control Channels
`
`199
`
`200
`204
`205
`
`206
`
`207
`
`209
`
`209
`
`210
`
`213
`
`213
`
`213
`
`216
`217
`
`217
`219
`
`222
`
`224
`
`224
`
`228
`231
`
`234
`238
`240
`
`242
`
`243
`
`244
`246
`247
`249
`
`250
`
`252
`
`256
`
`257
`
`259
`
`259
`
`259
`
`261
`
`262
`263
`
`8.6
`
`8.7
`
`8.8
`8.9
`
`9.1
`
`9.2
`
`9.3
`9.4
`
`9.5
`
`9.6
`
`9.7
`
`9.8
`9.9
`9.10
`
`9.11
`
`10
`
`10.1
`
`10.2
`
`10.3
`
`10.4
`10.5
`
`W2235-00012404
`
`9
`
`

`

`x
`
`Contents
`
`10.6 LTE Voice Capacity
`10.7 Voice Capacity Evolution
`10.8 Uplink Coverage
`10.9 Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE
`10.10 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC)
`10.11 Summary
`References
`
`11
`
`11.1
`
`11.2
`
`Performance Requirements
`Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Harri
`Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl McCune and Laurent Noél
`Introduction
`Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements
`11.2.1 Frequency Bands
`11.2.2 Channel Bandwidth
`11.2.3. Channel Arrangements
`eNodeB RF Transmitter
`11.3.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions
`11.3.2 Coexistence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same
`Operating Band
`11.3.3 Coexistence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands
`11.3.4 Transmitted Signal Quality
`eNodeB RF Receiver
`11.4.1 Reference Sensitivity Level
`11.4.2 Dynamic Range
`11.4.3
`In-channel Selectivity
`11.4.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) and Narrow-band Blocking
`11.4.5 Blocking
`11.4.6 Receiver Spurious Emissions
`11.4.7. Receiver Intermodulation
`
`eNodeB Demodulation Performance
`
`11.5.1 PUSCH
`
`11.5.2. PUCCH
`
`11.5.3. PRACH
`UE Design Principles and Challenges
`11.6.1
`Introduction
`11.6.2. RF Subsystem Design Challenges
`11.6.3 RF—Baseband Interface Design Challenges
`11.6.4 LTE vs HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity
`UE RFTransmitter
`11.7.1 LTE UE Transmitter Requirement
`11.7.2. LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM
`11.7.3. Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (Desensc)
`11.7.4 Transmitter Architecture
`UE RFReceiver Requirements
`11.8.1 Reference Sensitivity Level
`11.8.2.
`Introduction to UE Self-desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs
`
`265
`271
`273
`
`275
`
`277
`
`280
`281
`
`283
`
`283
`
`283
`
`283
`285
`287
`
`288
`
`288
`
`290
`
`292
`295
`300
`
`300
`301
`
`301
`303
`
`304
`306
`306
`
`307
`
`307
`
`309
`
`310
`31]
`
`311
`311
`
`318
`
`324
`
`327
`
`327
`328
`329
`
`329
`
`331
`
`331
`336
`
`10
`
`W2235-00012405
`
`10
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`11.8.3. ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges
`11.8.4 EVM Contributors: A Comparison Between LTE and WCDMA
`Receivers
`UE Demodulation Performance
`
`11.9.1 Transmission Modes
`11.9.2 Channel Modeling and Estimation
`11.9.3. Demodulation Performance
`Requirements for Radio Resource Management
`11.10.1 Idle State Mobility
`11.10.2 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Not Active
`11.10.3 Connected State Mobility when DRXis Active
`11.10.4 Handover Execution Performance Requirements
`Summary
`References
`
`11.10
`
`11.11
`
`12
`
`12.1
`12.2
`
`LTE TDD Mode
`Che Xiangguang, Troels Kelding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`LTE TDD Fundamentals
`
`12.2.1 LTE TDD FrameStructure
`12.2.2 Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation
`12.2.3 Co-existence with TD-SCDMA
`12.2.4 Channel Reciprocity
`12.2.5 Multiple Access Schemes
`TDD Control Design
`12.3.1 Common Control Channels
`12.3.2 Sounding Reference Signal
`12.3.3. HARQ Process and Timing
`12.3.4 HARQ Design for UL TTI Bundling
`12.3.5 UL HARQ-ACK/NACKTransmission
`12.3.6 DL HARQ-ACK/NACKTransmission
`12.3.7 DL HARQ-ACK/NACKTransmission with SRI and/or CQI over
`PUCCH
`Semi-persistent Scheduling
`MIMOand Dedicated Reference Signals
`LTE TDD Performance
`
`12.6.1 Link Performance
`12.6.2 Link Budget and Coverage for TDD System
`12.6.3 System Level Performance
`12.6.4 Evolution of LTE TDD
`Summary
`References
`
`HSPA Evolution
`Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
`Introduction
`Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)
`
`12.3
`
`12.4
`
`12.5
`
`12.6
`
`12.7
`
`13
`
`13.1
`13.2
`
`xi
`
`341
`
`348
`352
`
`352
`
`354
`
`356
`358
`
`360
`360
`362
`
`363
`
`364
`
`364
`
`367
`
`367
`368
`
`369
`
`371
`
`371
`
`372
`
`373
`
`374
`374
`376
`
`376
`
`379
`
`380
`380
`
`381
`381
`
`383
`
`385
`
`386
`
`386
`389
`
`396
`396
`397
`
`399
`
`399
`400
`
`11
`
`W2235-00012406
`
`11
`
`

`

`xii
`
`13.3
`
`13.4
`13.5
`13.6
`
`13.7
`
`13.8
`
`13.9
`13.10
`
`13.11
`
`Index
`
`Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA
`
`Enhanced FACH and RACH
`Downlink MIMO and 64QAM
`Dual Carrier HSDPA
`Uplink 16QAM
`Layer 2 Optimization
`Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS
`Architecture Evolution
`Summary
`References
`
`Contents
`
`401
`
`404
`405
`407
`
`409
`
`410
`
`411
`412
`414
`
`415
`
`417
`
`12
`
`W2235-00012407
`
`12
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`The number of mobile subscribers has increased tremendously in recent years. Voice com-
`munication has become mobile in a massive way and the mobile is the preferred way for voice
`communication. At the same time the data usage has grownfast in those networks where
`3GPP High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) wasintroduced indicating that the users find value
`in broadbandwireless data. The average data consumption exceeds hundreds of Megabytes per
`subscriber per month. The end users expect data performance similar to the fixed lines. The
`operators request high data capacity with low cost of data delivery. 3GPP Long Term Evolution
`(LTE)is designed to meet those targets. This book presents 3GPP LTEstandard in Release 8
`and describes its expected performance.
`The bookis structured as follows. Chapter 1 presents an introduction. The standardization
`background andprocessis described in Chapter 2. The system architecture evolution (SAE)is
`presented in Chapter3, and thebasicsof air interface modulation choices in Chapter 4. Chapter
`5 describes 3GPP LTE physical layer solutions, and Chapter 6 protocol solutions. The mobility
`
`Chapter 3 — system
`architecture evolution
`
`Chapter 1 —
`introduction
`
`—
`
`Chapter
`P
`
`mobility
`
`Chapter 2 — |
`
`fz
`
`Chapter 11 -
`requirements
`performance
`
`( ,tes )
`
`& A
`
`
`standardization Wwe kh oe
`Ch
`“SWI
`rotocols
`radio resource
`Chapter 7-
`apter 8 —
`6 —
`fy, _ av management
`fea
`s
`wry
`:
`Chapter9—
`Mbps, dB
`3
`Chapter 9 -
`performance
`physical layer
`
`Chapter| O-
`voice over IP
`Chapter 13—HSPA
`
`evolution
`
`aS
`Chapter 4 — introduction to
`(Y\A\
`OFDMAand SC-FDMA
`woollyiANOE
`
`Chapter 12 -LTE TDD
`Figure 0.1 Contents of the book
`
`13
`
`W2235-00012408
`
`13
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`aspects are addressed in Chapter 7, and the radio resource management in Chapter 8. The radio
`and end-to-end performanceisillustrated in Chapter 9. The voice performanceis presented
`in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 explains the 3GPP performance requirements. Chapter 12 presents
`the main LTE Time Division Duplex (TDD). Chapter 13 describes HSPA evolution in 3GPP
`Releases 7 and 8.
`LTE can access a very large global market — not only GSM/UMTSoperators, but also
`CDMAoperators and potentially also fixed network service providers. The potential market
`can attract a large number of companies to the market place pushing the economiesof scale
`which enable wide scale LTE adoption with lower cost. This book is particularly designed
`for chip set and mobile vendors, network vendors, network operators, application developers,
`technology managers and regulators who would like to get a deeper understanding of LTE
`technology andits capabilities.
`
`14
`
`W2235-00012409
`
`14
`
`

`

`Acknowledgements
`
`The editors would like to acknowledgethe hard work of the contributors from Nokia Siemens
`Networks, Nokia, ST-Ericsson and Nomor Research: Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow,
`Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Kari Hooli, Woonhee Hwang, Juha Kallio, Matti Kiiski,
`Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, Juha Korhonen, Jarkko Koskela, Istvan Kovacs, Markku
`Kuusela, Daniela Laselva, Earl McCune, Peter Muszynski, Petteri Lunden, Timo Lunttila, Atte
`Lansisalmi, Esa Malkamiéki, Laurent Noel, Jussi Ojala, Kari Pajyukoski, Klaus Pedersen, Karri
`Ranta-aho, Jussi Reunanen, Haiming Wang, Peter Skov, Esa Tiirola, Ingo Viering, Haiming
`Wang and Che Xiangguang.
`Wealso would like to thank the following colleaguesfor their valuable comments: Asbjérn
`Grovlen, Jorma Kaikkonen, Michael Koonert, Peter Merz, Preben Mogensen, Sari Nielsen,
`Gunnar Nitsche, Miikka Poikselka, Sabine Réssel, Benoist Sebire, Issam Toufik and Helen
`Waite.
`Theeditors appreciate the fast and smooth editing process provided by Wiley and especially
`Sarah Tilley, Mark Hammond, Katharine Unwin, Brett Wells, Tom Fryer and Mitch Fitton.
`Weare grateful to our families, as well as the families of all the authors, for their patience
`during the late night and weekendediting sessions.
`Theeditors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or changes
`that could be implementedin forthcomingeditions ofthis book. The feedback is welcometo
`editors’ email addresses harri-holma@nsn.com and antti.toskala@nsn.com.
`
`15
`
`W2235-00012410
`
`15
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`3GPP
`
`AAA
`ACF
`ACIR
`ACK
`ACLR
`
`ACS
`ADC
`ADSL
`AKA
`AM
`AMBR
`
`AMD
`
`AMR
`
`AMR-NB
`
`AMR-WB
`
`ARP
`ASN
`ASN.1
`ATM
`
`AWGN
`
`AWGN
`BB
`
`BCCH
`BCH
`BE
`BEM
`
`BICC
`BiCMOS
`
`BLER
`
`BO
`BOM
`BPF
`
`BPSK
`
`Third Generation Partnership Project
`Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
`Analog ChannelFilter
`Adjacent ChannelInterference Rejection
`Acknowledgement
`Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
`Adjacent Channel Selectivity
`Analog-to Digital Conversion
`Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
`Authentication and Key Agreement
`Acknowledged Mode
`Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate
`Acknowledged Mode Data
`Adaptive Multi-Rate
`Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband
`Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband
`Allocation Retention Priority
`Abstract Syntax Notation
`Abstract Syntax Notation One
`Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth
`Additive White Gaussian Noise
`
`Additive White Gaussian Noise
`
`Baseband
`
`Broadcast Control Channel
`
`Broadcast Channel
`Best Effort
`Block Edge Mask
`Bearer Independent Call Control Protocol
`Bipolar CMOS
`Block Error Rate
`
`Backoff
`
`Bill of Material
`
`Band Pass Filter
`Binary Phase Shift Keying
`
`16
`
`W2235-00012411
`
`16
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`XViii
`
`BS
`BSC
`BSR
`BT
`
`BTS
`BW
`
`CAZAC
`CBR
`CCE
`CCCH
`CDD
`
`CDF
`CDM
`CDMA
`
`CIR
`CLM
`CM
`CMOS
`CoMP
`
`CP
`CPE
`CPICH
`CQl
`CRC
`C-RNTI
`CS
`CSCF
`
`CSFB
`CSI
`CT
`CTL
`CW
`DAC
`DARP
`
`D-BCH
`
`DC
`DCCH
`DCH
`DC-HSDPA
`DCI
`DCR
`DCXO
`
`DD
`
`DFCA
`DFT
`
`DG
`DL
`
`Base Station
`
`Base Station Controller
`Buffer Status Report
`Bluetooth
`
`Base Station
`
`Bandwidth
`Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation Codes
`Constant Bit Rate
`
`Control Channel Element
`Common Control Channel
`Cyclic Delay Diversity
`Cumulative Density Function
`Code Division Multiplexing
`Code Division Multiple Access
`Carrier to Interference Ratio
`Closed Loop Mode
`Cubic Metric
`Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
`Coordinated Multiple Point
`Cyclic Prefix
`Common Phase Error
`
`CommonPilot Channel
`Channel Quality Information
`Cyclic Redundancy Check
`Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
`Circuit Switched
`Call Session Control Function
`
`Circuit Switched Fallback
`
`Channel State Information
`
`Core and Terminals
`Control
`Continuous Wave
`Digital to Analog Conversion
`Downlink Advanced Receiver Performance
`Dynamic Broadcast Channel
`Direct Current
`
`Dedicated Control Channel
`
`Dedicated Channel
`Dual Cell (Dual Carrier) HSDPA
`Downlink Control Information
`
`Direct Conversion Receiver
`Digitally-Compensated Crystal Oscillator
`Duplex Distance
`Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation
`Discrete Fourier Transform
`Duplex Gap
`Downlink
`
`17
`
`W2235-00012412
`
`17
`
`

`

`
`
`List of Abbreviations xix
`
`DL-SCH
`DPCCH
`DR
`DRX
`
`DSP
`DTCH
`DTM
`
`DTX
`
`DVB-H
`
`DwPTS
`E-DCH
`EDGE
`EFL
`
`EFR
`
`EGPRS
`
`E-HRDP
`EIRP
`
`EMI
`
`EPA
`
`EPC
`EPDG
`ETU
`
`E-UTRA
`EVA
`
`EVDO
`EVM
`
`EVS
`
`FACH
`FCC
`FD
`
`FDD
`FDE
`
`FDM
`
`FDPS
`
`FE
`FFT
`FM
`
`FNS
`FR
`
`FRC
`FS
`GB
`
`GBF
`GDD
`GERAN
`GF
`
`GGSN
`
`Downlink Shared Channel
`Dedicated Physical Control Channel
`Dynamic Range
`Discontinuous Reception
`Digital Signal Processing
`Dedicated Traffic Channel
`Dual Transfer Mode
`
`Discontinuous Transmission
`Digital Video Broadcast — Handheld
`Downlink Pilot Time Slot
`Enhanced DCH
`Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
`Effective Frequency Load
`Enhanced Full Rate
`
`Enhanced GPRS
`Evolved HRPD (High Rate Packet Data) network
`Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
`Electromagnetic Interference
`Extended Pedestrian A
`
`Evolved Packet Core
`Evolved Packet Data Gateway
`Extended Typical Urban
`Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
`Extended Vehicular A
`Evolution Data Only
`Error Vector Magnitude
`Error Vector Spectrum
`Forward Access Channel
`
`Federal Communications Commission
`Frequency Domain
`Frequency Division Duplex
`Frequency Domain Equalizer
`Frequency Division Multiplexing
`Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling
`Front End
`Fast Fourier Transform
`Frequency Modulated
`Frequency Non-Selective
`Full Rate
`
`Fixed Reference Channel
`Frequency Selective
`Gigabyte
`Guaranteed Bit Rate
`Group Delay Distortion
`GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
`G-Factor
`Gateway GPRS Support Node
`
`18
`
`W2235-00012413
`
`18
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`XX
`
`GMSK
`GP
`GPON
`
`GPRS
`GPS
`GRE
`GSM
`GTP
`GTP-C
`GUTI
`
`GW
`HARQ
`HB
`HD-FDD
`
`HFN
`HII
`
`HO
`HPBW
`
`HPF
`HPSK
`HRPD
`
`HSDPA
`HS-DSCH
`
`HSGW
`HSPA
`HS-PDSCH
`HSS
`HS-SCCH
`HSUPA
`Ic
`
`Ic
`
`IcI
`ICIC
`ICS
`ID
`
`IETF
`
`IFFT
`
`IL
`
`iLBC
`IM
`IMD
`
`IMS
`IMT
`
`IoT
`
`IOT
`IP
`
`IR
`
`Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
`Guard Period
`Gigabit Passive Optical Network
`General packet radio service
`Global Positioning System
`Generic Routing Encapsulation
`Global System for Mobile Communications
`GPRSTunneling Protocol
`GPRSTunneling Protocol, Control Plane
`Globally Unique Temporary Identity
`Gateway
`Hybrid Adaptive Repeat and Request
`High Band
`Half Duplex Frequency Division Duplex
`Hyper Frame Number
`High Interference Indicator
`Handover
`
`Half Power Beam Width
`High PassFilter
`Hybrid Phase Shift Keying
`High Rate Packet Data
`High Speed Downlink Packet Access
`High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
`HRPDServing Gateway
`High Speed Packet Access
`High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
`HomeSubscriber Server
`High Speed Shared Control Channel
`High Speed Uplink Packet Access
`Integrated Circuit
`Interference Cancellation
`
`Inter-carrier Interference
`
`Inter-cell Interference Control
`
`IMS Centralized Service
`Identity
`Internet Engineering Task Force
`Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
`
`Insertion Loss
`
`Internet Lob Bit Rate Codec
`Implementation Margin
`Intermodulation
`IP Multimedia Subsystem
`International Mobile Telecommunications
`
`Interference over Thermal
`Inter-Operability Testing
`Internet Protocol
`Image Rejection
`
`19
`
`W2235-00012414
`
`19
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`Xxi
`
`IRC
`ISD
`ISDN
`ISI
`ISTO
`ISUP
`IWF
`LAI
`LMA
`
`LB
`
`LCID
`
`LCS
`LMMSE
`LNA
`
`LO
`LOS
`LTE
`
`Interference Rejection Combining
`Inter-site Distance
`Integrated Services Digital Network
`Inter-system Interference
`Industry Standards and Technology Organization
`ISDN UserPart
`Interworking Funtion
`Location Area Identity
`Local Mobility Anchor
`Low Band
`Logical Channel Identification
`Location Services
`Linear Mininum Mean Square Error
`Low Noise Amplifier
`Local Oscillator
`Line of Sight
`Long Term Evolution
`Medium Access Control
`MAC
`
`MAP MaximumaPosteriori
`Mobile Application Part
`Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System
`Maximum Bit Rate
`
`MAP
`
`MBMS
`MBR
`
`MCH
`MCL
`MCS
`MGW
`MIB
`
`MIMO
`MIP
`
`MIPI
`MIPS
`MM
`
`MME
`
`MMSE
`
`MPR
`
`MRC
`MSC
`MSC-S
`MSD
`MU
`NACC
`NACK
`
`NAS
`NAT
`NB
`
`NF
`NMO
`
`Multicast Channel
`Minimum Coupling Loss
`Modulation and Coding Scheme
`Media Gateway
`Master Information Block
`Multiple Input Multiple Output
`Mobile IP
`Mobile Industry Processor Interface
`Million Instructions Per Second
`Mobility Management
`Mobility ManagementEntity
`Minimum Mean Square Error
`Maximum Power Reduction
`Maximal Ratio Combining
`Mobile Switching Center
`Mobile Switching Center Server
`MaximumSensitivity Degradation
`Multiuser
`NetworkAssisted Cell Change
`Negative Acknowledgement
`Non-access Stratum
`
`Network Address Table
`
`Narrowband
`Noise Figure
`Network Mode of Operation
`
`20
`
`W2235-00012415
`
`20
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`xxii
`
`NRT
`
`OFDM
`OFDMA
`
`Ol
`OLLA
`OOB
`OOBN
`O&M
`PA
`
`PAPR
`
`PAR
`
`PBR
`
`PC
`PC
`PCC
`PCCC
`PCCPCH
`PCFICH
`
`PCH
`PCI
`PCM
`PCRF
`PCS
`
`PDCCH
`PDCP
`PDF
`
`PDN
`PDU
`PDSCH
`PF
`
`P-GW
`
`PHICH
`PHR
`
`PHS
`PHY
`
`PLL
`
`PLMN
`
`PMI
`
`PMIP
`PN
`
`PRACH
`PRB
`
`PS
`
`PSD
`PSS
`PUCCH
`PUSCH
`
`Non-real Time
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
`Overload Indicator
`Outer Loop Link Adaptation
`Out of Band
`Out-of-Band Noise
`Operation and Maintenance
`Power Amplifier
`Peak to Average PowerRatio
`Peak-to-Average Ratio
`Prioritized Bit Rate
`Personal Computer
`Power Control
`Policy and Charging Control
`Parallel Concatenated Convolution Coding
`Primary Common Control Physical Channel
`Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
`Paging Channel
`Physical Cell Identity
`Pulse Code Modulation
`Policy and Charging Resource Function
`Personal Communication Services
`Physical Downlink Control Channel
`Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`Probability Density Function
`Packet Data Network
`Payload Data Unit
`Physical Downlink Shared Channel
`Proportional Fair
`Packet Data Network Gateway
`Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
`Power Headroom Report
`Personal Handyphone System
`Physical Layer
`Phase Locked Loop
`Public Land Mobile Network
`Precoding Matrix Index
`Proxy Mobile IP
`Phase Noise
`Physical Random Access Channel
`Physical Resource Block
`Packet Switched
`PowerSpectral Density
`Primary Synchronization Signal
`Physical Uplink Control Channel
`Physical Uplink Shared Channel
`
`21
`
`W2235-00012416
`
`21
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`XXiii
`
`QAM
`QcI
`QD
`QN
`QoS
`QPSK
`RACH
`RAD
`RAN
`
`RAR
`
`RAT
`
`RB
`
`RBG
`RF
`
`RI
`RLC
`RNC
`RNTP
`
`ROHC
`
`RR
`
`RRC
`RRM
`
`RS
`RSCP
`RSRP
`RSRQ
`RSSI
`
`RT
`
`RTT
`
`RV
`SA
`SAE
`SAIC
`S-CCPCH
`
`SC-FDMA
`SCH
`SCM
`SCTP
`SDQNR
`SDU
`SE
`SEM
`
`SF
`
`SFBC
`SFN
`SGSN
`S-GW
`
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
`QoS Class Identifier
`Quasi Dynamic
`Quantization Noise
`Quality of Service
`Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
`Random Access Channel
`Required Activity Detection
`Radio Access Network
`Random Access Response
`Radio Access Technology
`Resource Block
`Radio Bearer Group
`Radio Frequency
`Rank Indicator
`Radio Link Control
`Radio Network Controller
`Relative Narrowband Transmit Power
`Robust Header Compression
`Round Robin
`
`Radio Resource Control
`Radio Resource Management
`Reference Signal
`Received Symbol Code Power
`Reference Symbol Received Power
`Reference Symbol Received Quality
`Received Signal Strength Indicator
`Real Time
`Round Trip Time
`Redundancy Version
`Services and System Aspects
`System Architecture Evolution
`Single Antenna Interference Cancellation
`Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
`Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
`Synchronization Channel
`Spatial Channel Model
`Stream Control Transmission Protocol
`Signal to Distortion Quantization Noise Ratio
`Service Data Unit
`Spectral Efficiency
`Spectrum Emission Mask
`Spreading Factor
`Space Frequency Block Coding
`System Frame Number
`Serving GPRS Support Node
`Serving Gateway
`
`22
`
`W2235-00012417
`
`22
`
`

`

`Xxiv
`
`List of Abbreviations
`
`System Information Block
`SIB
`Silence Indicator Frame
`SID
`Subscriber Identity Module
`SIM
`Single Input Multiple Output
`SIMO
`Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
`SINR
`Short Message Service
`SMS
`Signal to Noise Ratio
`SNR
`Self Optimized Networks
`SON
`Self Organizing Networks
`SON
`Scheduling Request
`SR
`Short Random Access Channel
`S-RACH
`Signaling Radio Bearer
`SRB
`Serving RNC
`S-RNC
`Sounding Reference Signals
`SRS
`Secondary Synchronization Signal
`SSS
`Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
`SR-VCC
`S-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
`S-TMSI
`SU-MIMO_ Single User Multiple Input Multiple Output
`S1AP
`S1 Application Protocol
`TA
`Tracking Area
`TBS
`Transport Block Size
`TD
`Time Domain
`TDD
`Time Division Duplex
`TD-LTE
`TimeDivision Long Term Evolution
`TD-SCDMA TimeDivision Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
`™
`Transparent Mode
`TPC
`Transmit Power Control
`TRX
`Transceiver
`TSG
`Technical Specification Group
`TTI
`Transmission Time Interval
`TU
`Typical Urban
`UDP
`Unit Data Protocol
`UE
`User Equipment
`UHEF
`Ultra High Frequency
`UICC
`Universal Integrated Circuit Card
`UL
`Uplink
`UL-SCH
`Uplink Shared Channel
`UM
`Unacknowledged Mode
`UMD
`Unacknowledged Mode Data
`Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
`Uplink Pilot Time Slot
`Universal Serial Bus
`Universal Subscriber Identity Module
`Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
`Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
`
`UpPTS
`USB
`USIM
`USSD
`UTRA
`
` UMTS
`
`UTRAN
`<QO QO
`
`Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
`Voice Call Continuity
`
`23
`
`W2235-00012418
`
`23
`
`

`

`List of Abbreviations
`
`XXV
`
`vVcoO
`VDSL
`VLR
`V-MIMO
`
`VoIP
`
`WCDMA
`
`WG
`WLAN
`
`WRC
`X1AP
`
`ZF
`
`Voltage Controlled Oscillator
`Very High Data Rate Subscriber Line
`Visitor Location Register
`Virtual MIMO
`
`Voice over IP
`Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
`Working Group
`Wireless Local Area Network
`
`World Radio Conference
`X1 Application Protocol
`Zero Forcing
`
`24
`
`W2235-00012419
`
`24
`
`

`

`1 I
`
`ntroduction
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`
`1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth
`
`The number of mobile subscribers has increased tremendously during the last decade: the
`first billion landmark was exceeded in 2002, the second billion in 2005, the third billion in
`2007 and the fourth billion by the end of 2008. More than 1 million new subscribers per
`day have been added globally, that is more than ten subscribers on average every second.
`This growthis illustrated in Figure 1.1. Mobile phone penetration worldwide is approaching
`
`
`
`8000
`
`6000
`
`5000
`
`5
`= 4000
`=
`
`3000
`2000
`1000
`
`0.
`
`
`
`60%
`
`| 50%
`
`
`
`
`
`
`—E =a i aSem, 70%
`
`1 World population
`:
`7000 +| Ml Mobile subscribers |
`| =t=- Penetration
`
`<
`
`40% 2
`5
`| 30% §
`o.
`
`one
`
`:
`1
`5 20%
`| 10%
`
`| 0%
`
`1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
`
`Figure 1.1 Growth of mobile subscribers
`
`LTEfor UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-99401-6
`
`25
`
`W2235-00012420
`
`25
`
`

`

`2
`
`LTE for UMTS — OFDMAand SC-FDMA Based Radio Access
`
`60%'. Voice communication has become mobile in a massive way. The mobile is the preferred
`method for voice communication, with mobile networks covering over 90% of the world’s
`population. This voice growth has been fuelled by low cost mobile phones and efficient
`network coverage and capacity, which is enabled by standardized solutions and by an open
`ecosystem leading to the economiesof scale. Mobile voice is not the privilege of the rich
`but also brings value for users on low incomes — because ofthe benefits of being connected,
`low incomeusers spend a larger part of their income on mobile communications.
`
`1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth
`
`The second generation mobile networks — like Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
`— were originally desi