HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS
`
`HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile CommunicationsEdited by Harri Holma
`
`
`and Antti Toskala © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-01884-4
`
`APPLE 1023
`Apple v. Ericsson
`IPR2022-00343
`
`1
`
`

`

`HSDPA/HSUPA
`
`for UMTS
`
`High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications
`
`Edited by
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Both of Nokia Networks, Finland
`
`2
`
`

`

`Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
`
`Telephone (þ44) 1243 779777
`
`Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
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`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ,
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`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.
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`This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to
`the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged
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`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
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`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
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`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN-13 978-0-470-01884-2 (HB)
`ISBN-10 0-470-01884-4 (HB)
`
`Project management by Originator, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk (typeset in 10/12pt Times).
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`3
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`Acknowledgements
`
`Abbreviations
`
`1
`
`Introduction
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`1.1 WCDMA technology and deployment status
`1.2 HSPA standardization and deployment schedule
`1.3 Radio capability evolution with HSPA
`
`2 HSPA standardization and background
`Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-Aho
`2.1
`3GPP
`HSDPA standardization in 3GPP
`2.1.1
`HSUPA standardization in 3GPP
`2.1.2
`Further development of HSUPA and HSDPA
`2.1.3
`Beyond HSDPA and HSUPA
`2.1.4
`2.2 References
`
`3 HSPA architecture and protocols
`Antti Toskala and Juho Pirskanen
`3.1 Radio resource management architecture
`3.1.1
`HSDPA and HSUPA user plane protocol architecture
`3.1.2
`Impact of HSDPA and HSUPA on UTRAN interfaces
`3.1.3
`Protocol states with HSDPA and HSUPA
`3.2 References
`
`4 HSDPA principles
`Juho Pirskanen and Antti Toskala
`4.1 HSDPA vs Release 99 DCH
`4.2 Key technologies with HSDPA
`
`xi
`
`xiii
`
`xv
`
`1
`
`1
`4
`6
`
`9
`
`9
`11
`12
`14
`16
`18
`
`21
`
`21
`22
`25
`29
`30
`
`31
`
`31
`33
`
`4
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Contents
`
`High-speed downlink shared channel
`4.2.1
`High-speed shared control channel
`4.2.2
`4.3 High-speed dedicated physical control channel
`4.3.1
`Fractional DPCH
`4.3.2
`HS-DSCH link adaptation
`4.3.3
`Mobility
`BTS measurements for HSDPA operation
`Terminal capabilities
`4.5.1
`L1 and RLC throughputs
`4.5.2
`Iub parameters
`4.6 HSDPA MAC layer operation
`4.7 References
`
`4.4
`4.5
`
`5.3
`
`5 HSUPA principles
`Karri Ranta-Aho and Antti Toskala
`5.1 HSUPA vs Release 99 DCH
`5.2 Key technologies with HSUPA
`5.2.1
`Introduction
`5.2.2
`Fast L1 HARQ for HSUPA
`5.2.3
`Scheduling for HSUPA
`E-DCH transport channel and physical channels
`5.3.1
`Introduction
`5.3.2
`E-DCH transport channel processing
`5.3.3
`E-DCH dedicated physical data channel
`5.3.4
`E-DCH dedicated physical control channel
`5.3.5
`E-DCH HARQ indicator channel
`5.3.6
`E-DCH relative grant channel
`5.3.7
`E-DCH absolute grant channel
`5.3.8
`Motivation and impact of two TTI lengths
`Physical layer procedures
`5.4.1
`HARQ
`5.4.2
`HARQ and soft handover
`5.4.3
`Measurements with HSUPA
`5.5 MAC layer
`5.5.1
`User plane
`5.5.2
`MAC-e control message – scheduling information
`5.5.3
`Selection of a transport format for E-DCH
`5.5.4
`E-DCH coexistence with DCH
`5.5.5
`MAC-d flow-specific HARQ parameters
`5.5.6
`HSUPA scheduling
`5.5.7
`HSUPA scheduling in soft handover
`5.5.8
`Advanced HSUPA scheduling
`5.5.9
`Non-scheduled transmissions
`Iub parameters
`5.6
`5.7 Mobility
`
`5.4
`
`35
`40
`42
`45
`47
`50
`53
`54
`55
`56
`57
`60
`
`61
`
`61
`62
`62
`64
`64
`66
`66
`66
`68
`70
`72
`73
`75
`76
`77
`77
`79
`79
`80
`80
`81
`82
`84
`85
`85
`86
`88
`88
`89
`90
`
`5
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Soft handover
`5.7.1
`Compressed mode
`5.7.2
`5.8 UE capabilities and data rates
`5.9 References and list of related 3GPP specifications
`
`6 Radio resource management
`Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Klaus Pedersen, and Jeroen Wigard
`6.1 HSDPA radio resource management
`6.1.1
`RNC algorithms
`6.1.2
`Node B algorithms
`6.2 HSUPA radio resource management
`6.2.1
`RNC algorithms
`6.2.2
`Node B algorithms
`6.3 References
`
`7.2
`
`7 HSDPA bit rates, capacity and coverage
`Frank Frederiksen, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, and Klaus Pedersen
`7.1 General performance factors
`7.1.1
`Essential performance metrics
`Single-user performance
`7.2.1
`Basic modulation and coding performance
`7.2.2
`HS-DSCH performance
`7.2.3
`Impact of QPSK-only UEs in early roll-out
`7.2.4
`HS-SCCH performance
`7.2.5
`Uplink HS-DPCCH performance
`7.2.6
`3GPP test methodology
`7.3 Multiuser system performance
`7.3.1
`Simulation methodology
`7.3.2
`Multiuser diversity gain
`7.3.3
`HSDPA-only carrier capacity
`7.3.4
`HSDPA capacity with Release 99
`7.3.5
`User data rates
`7.3.6
`Impact of deployment environment
`7.3.7
`HSDPA capacity for real time streaming
`Iub transmission efficiency
`7.4
`Capacity and cost of data delivery
`7.5
`7.6 Round trip time
`7.7 HSDPA measurements
`7.8 HSDPA performance evolution
`7.8.1
`Advanced UE receivers
`7.8.2
`Node B antenna transmit diversity
`7.8.3
`Node B beamforming
`7.8.4
`Multiple input multiple output
`Conclusions
`7.9
`7.10 Bibliography
`
`vii
`
`90
`91
`92
`93
`
`95
`
`95
`96
`106
`115
`116
`119
`120
`
`123
`
`123
`124
`125
`126
`128
`133
`133
`135
`136
`137
`138
`138
`140
`141
`142
`142
`148
`149
`151
`153
`155
`159
`159
`161
`161
`162
`162
`163
`
`6
`
`

`

`viii
`
`Contents
`
`8 HSUPA bit rates, capacity and coverage
`Jussi Jaatinen, Harri Holma, Claudio Rosa, and Jeroen Wigard
`8.1 General performance factors
`8.2
`Single-user performance
`8.3
`Cell capacity
`8.3.1
`HARQ
`8.3.2
`Node B scheduling
`8.4 HSUPA performance enhancements
`8.5
`Conclusions
`8.6
`Bibliography
`
`9 Application and end-to-end performance
`Chris Johnson, Sandro Grech, Harri Holma, and Martin Kristensson
`9.1
`Packet application introduction
`9.2 Always-on connectivity
`9.2.1
`Packet core and radio connectivity
`9.2.2
`Packet session setup
`9.2.3
`RRC state change
`9.2.4
`Inter-system cell change from HSPA to GPRS/EGPRS
`9.3 Application performance over HSPA
`9.3.1
`Web browsing
`9.3.2
`TCP performance
`9.3.3
`Full duplex VoIP and Push-to-Talk
`9.3.4
`Real time gaming
`9.3.5
`Mobile-TV streaming
`9.3.6
`Push e-mail
`9.4 Application performance vs network load
`9.5 References
`
`10 Voice-over-IP
`Harri Holma, Esa Malkama¨ki, and Klaus Pedersen
`10.1 VoIP motivation
`10.2
`IP header compression
`10.3 VoIP over HSPA
`10.3.1
`HSDPA VoIP
`10.3.2
`HSUPA VoIP
`10.3.3
`Capacity summary
`10.4 References
`
`11 RF requirements of an HSPA terminal
`Harri Holma, Jussi Numminen, Markus Pettersson, and Antti Toskala
`11.1 Transmitter requirements
`11.1.1
`Output power
`11.1.2
`Adjacent channel leakage ratio
`11.1.3
`Transmit modulation
`
`167
`
`167
`168
`173
`173
`176
`181
`184
`185
`
`187
`
`187
`190
`190
`193
`200
`202
`205
`206
`207
`209
`210
`211
`212
`213
`216
`
`217
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`217
`219
`219
`220
`223
`226
`227
`
`229
`
`229
`229
`231
`231
`
`7
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`11.2 Receiver requirements
`11.2.1
`Sensitivity
`11.2.2
`Adjacent channel selectivity
`11.2.3
`Blocking
`11.2.4
`Inter-modulation
`11.2.5
`Receiver diversity and receiver type
`11.2.6 Maximum input level
`11.3 Frequency bands and multiband terminals
`11.4 References
`
`Index
`
`ix
`
`232
`232
`233
`234
`236
`236
`237
`239
`240
`
`241
`
`8
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`When the first edition of WCDMA for UMTS was published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`6 years ago (in April 2000), 3GPP had just completed the first set of wideband CDMA
`(WCDMA) specifications, called ‘Release 99’. At the same time, the Universal Mobile
`Telecommunication Services (UMTS) spectrum auction was taking place in Europe.
`UMTS was ready to go. The following years were spent on optimizing UMTS system
`specifications, handset and network implementations, and mobile applications. As a
`result, WCDMA has been able to bring tangible benefits to operators in terms of network
`quality, voice capacity, and new data service capabilities. WCDMA has turned out to
`be the most global mobile access technology with deployments covering Europe, Asia
`including Korea and Japan, and the USA, and it is expected to be deployed soon in large
`markets like China, India, and Latin America.
`WCDMA radio access has evolved strongly alongside high-speed downlink packet
`access (HSDPA) and high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), together called ‘high-
`speed packet access’ (HSPA). When the International Telegraphic Union (ITU) defined
`the targets for IMT-2000 systems in the 1990s, the required bit rate was 2 Mbps.
`3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 99 does support up to 2 Mbps in
`the specifications, but the practical peak data rate chosen for implementations is limited
`to 384 kbps. HSPA is now able to push practical bit rates beyond 2 Mbps and is expected
`to exceed 10 Mbps in the near future. In addition to the higher peak data rate, HSPA also
`reduces latency and improves network capacity. The new radio capabilities enable a new
`set of packet-based applications to go wireless in an efficient way. For operators the
`network upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA is straightforward as the HSPA solution
`builds on top of the WCDMA radio network, reusing all network elements. The first
`commercial HSDPA networks were launched during the last quarter of 2005.
`This book was motivated by the fact that HSDPA and HSUPA are the next big steps in
`upgrading WCDMA networks. While the WCDMA operation has experienced some
`enhancements on top of dedicated channel operation, there was a clear need – it was felt –
`to focus just on HSDPA and HSUPA issues without having to repeat what was
`already presented in the different editions of WCDMA for UMTS for Release 99
`based systems. Also, valuable feedback obtained from different lecturing events on
`HSDPA and HSUPA training sessions had clearly indicated a shift in the learning
`focus from basic WCDMA to the HSPA area. Thus, this book’s principal task is to
`focus on HSPA specifications, optimization, and performance. The presentation con-
`centrates on the differences that HSPA has brought to WCDMA radio access. Detailed
`information about WCDMA radio can be obtained from WCDMA for UMTS.
`
`9
`
`

`

`xii
`
`Preface
`
`Chapter 11 : Terminal
`RF requirements
`
`Chapters 9 and 10
`
`Application performance including VoIP
`
`Chapters 7
`
`Chapters 8
`
`HSDPA performance
`
`HSUPA performance
`
`Chapter 6
`
`Radio resource management
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Architecture and protocols
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Chapter 5
`
`HSDPA specifications
`
`HSUPA specifications
`
`Chapter 2 : HSPA
`standardization
`
`Summary of the book’s contents.
`
`The contents of this book are summarized in the above diagram. Chapter 1 gives an
`introduction to the status of WCDMA and HSPA capabilities. Chapter 2 provides an
`overview of HSPA standardization. Chapter 3 presents the HSPA network architecture
`and radio protocols. Chapters 4 and 5 explain the 3GPP physical layer HSDPA and
`HSUPA standards and the background of the selected solutions. Radio resource man-
`agement algorithms are discussed in Chapter 6. Chapters 7 and 8 present HSDPA and
`HSUPA performance including data rates, capacity, and their coexistence with
`WCDMA. Application performance is presented in Chapter 9, and Voice over Internet
`Protocol (VoIP) performance aspects in Chapter 10. A terminal’s radio frequency (RF)
`requirements are introduced in Chapter 11.
`This book is aimed at R&D engineers, network planners, researchers, technical
`managers, regulators, and mobile application developers who wish to broaden their
`technical understanding to cover HSDPA and HSUPA as well. The views in the book are
`based on the authors’ opinions and do not necessarily represent their employer’s views.
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Nokia, Finland
`
`10
`
`

`

`Acknowledgements
`
`The editors would like to acknowledge the effort from their colleagues to contribute
`to this book. Besides the editors themselves, the other contributors to this book were:
`Frank Frederiksen, Sandro Grech, Jussi Jaatinen, Chris Johnson, Troels Kolding,
`Martin Kristensson, Esa Malkama¨ ki, Jussi Numminen, Karri Ranta-Aho, Claudio
`Rosa, Klaus Pedersen, Markus Pettersson, Juho Pirskanen, and Jeroen Wigard.
`In addition to their direct contribution, we would also like to acknowledge the
`constructive suggestions,
`illustrations, and comments received from Erkka Ala-
`Tauriala, Jorma Kaikkonen, Sami Kekki, Markku Kuusela, Svend Lauszus, Juhani
`Onkalo, Jussi Reunanen, Kai Sahala, Sasi Sasitharan, and Tuomas To¨ rma¨ nen. Further,
`we are grateful for the good suggestions received from the people participating in
`HSDPA/HSUPA training events in different locations who came up with suggestions
`as to what constitutes the key topics of interest and what issues deserve attention.
`The team at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd deserve to be acknowledged as well for their
`patience and support during the production process.
`We are grateful to our families, as well as the families of all contributors, for the
`personal time needed in the evening and weekends for writing and editing work.
`Special thanks are due to our employer, Nokia Networks, for supporting and en-
`couraging such an effort and for providing some of the illustrations in this book.
`We would like to acknowledge Sierra Wireless for permission to use their product
`picture in the book.
`Finally, it is good to remember that this book would not have been possible without
`the huge effort invested by our colleagues in the wireless industry within the 3rd
`Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to produce the different specification releases
`of the global WCDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA standard and, thereby, making the writing of
`this book possible.
`The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or
`changes that could be implemented in forthcoming editions of this book.
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`Espoo, Finland
`harri.holma@nokia.com and antti.toskala@nokia.com
`
`11
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`16QAM
`2G
`3G
`3GPP
`64QAM
`8PSK
`A-DPCH
`AAL
`AC
`ACIR
`ACK
`ACLR
`ACS
`AG
`AGC
`ALCAP
`AM
`AMC
`AMR
`APN
`ARIB
`ARP
`ARQ
`ASN.1
`ATIS
`ATM
`AWGN
`BCCH
`BCFE
`BCH
`BER
`BLEP
`BLER
`BMC
`BPSK
`
`16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
`Second Generation
`Third Generation
`3rd Generation Partnership Project
`64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
`8 Phase Shift Keying
`Associated DPCH
`ATM Adaptation Layer
`Admission Control
`Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio
`ACKnowledgement
`Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
`Adjacent Channel Selectivity
`Absolute Grant
`Automatic Gain Control
`Access Link Control Application Part
`Acknowledged Mode
`Adaptive Modulation and Coding
`Adaptive Multi-Rate
`Access Point Name
`Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan)
`Allocation and Retention Priority
`Automatic Repeat reQuest
`Abstract Syntax Notation 1
`Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (US)
`Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`Additive White Gaussian Noise
`BroadCast Control CHannel (logical channel)
`Broadcast Control Functional Entity
`Broadcast CHannel (transport channel)
`Bit Error Rate
`BLock Error Probability
`BLock Error Rate
`Broadcast/Multicast Control protocol
`Binary Phase Shift Keying
`
`12
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`BS
`BSC
`BSS
`BTS
`C/I
`CC
`CC
`CCSA
`CCTrCH
`CDMA
`CFN
`CLTD
`CLTD2
`CM
`CN
`COST
`
`CP
`CPICH
`CQI
`CRC
`CRNC
`CS
`CT
`DAB
`DCCH
`DCH
`DDI
`DL
`DPCCH
`DPCH
`DPDCH
`DRNC
`DRX
`DS-CDMA
`DSCH
`DSL
`DT
`DTCH
`DTX
`DVB
`E-AGCH
`E-DCH
`E-DPCCH
`E-DPDCH
`E-HICH
`
`Abbreviations
`
`Base Station
`Base Station Controller
`Base Station Subsystem
`Base Transceiver Station
`Carrier-to-Interference ratio
`Congestion Control
`Chase Combining
`China Communications Standards Association
`Coded Composite Transport CHannel
`Code Division Multiple Access
`Connection Frame Number
`Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
`Closed Loop Transmit Diversity mode-2
`Cubic Metric
`Core Network
`COoperation Europe´ enne dans le domaine de la recherche Scientifique et
`Technique
`Cyclic Prefix
`Common PIlot CHannel
`Channel Quality Information
`Cyclic Redundancy Check
`Controlling RNC
`Circuit Switched
`Core and Terminals
`Digital Audio Broadcasting
`Dedicated Control CHannel (logical channel)
`Dedicated CHannel (transport channel)
`Data Description Indicator
`DownLink
`Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
`Dedicated Physical CHannel
`Dedicated Physical Data CHannel
`Drift RNC
`Discontinuous Reception
`Direct Spread Code Division Multiple Access
`Downlink Shared CHannel
`Digital Subscriber Line
`Discard Timer
`Dedicated Traffic CHannel
`Discontinuous Transmission
`Digital Video Broadcasting
`E-DCH Absolute Grant CHannel
`Enhanced uplink Dedicated CHannel
`E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
`E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannel
`E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator CHannel
`
`13
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`xvii
`
`E-DCH Relative Grant CHannel
`E-RGCH
`E-DCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier
`E-RNTI
`E-DCH Transport Format Combination
`E-TFC
`E-DCH Transport Format Combination Indicator
`E-TFCI
`Effective Code Rate
`ECR
`Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
`EDGE
`Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution
`EDGE
`Enhanced GPRS
`EGPRS
`Extended GPRS
`EGPRS
`European Telecommunications Standards Institute
`ETSI
`Error Vector Magnitude
`EVM
`Fractional Dedicated CHannel
`F-DCH
`Fractional Dedicated Physical CHannel
`F-DPCH
`Forward Access CHannel
`FACH
`FeedBack Information
`FBI
`Federal Communications Commission
`FCC
`Fast Cell Selection
`FCS
`Frequency Division Duplex
`FDD
`Frequency Division Multiple Access
`FDMA
`Frame Error Ratio
`FER
`Frame Erasure Rate
`FER
`Fast Fourier Transform
`FFT
`Frame Protocol
`FP
`Fixed Reference Channel
`FRC
`File Transfer Protocol
`FTP
`Geometry factor
`G-factor
`GigaByte
`GB
`Guaranteed Bit Rate
`GBR
`GSM/EDGE RAN
`GERAN
`Gateway GPRS Support Node
`GGSN
`Guard Interval
`GI
`Processing gain
`GP
`General Packet Radio Service
`GPRS
`Global System for Mobile Communications
`GSM
`Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
`HARQ
`Handover Control
`HC
`Highest priority Logical channel Buffer Status
`HLBS
`Highest priority Logical channel ID
`HLID
`Home Location Register
`HLR
`HS-DPCCH Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
`HS-DSCH
`High-Speed Downlink Shared CHannel
`HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
`HS-SCCH
`High-Speed Shared Control CHannel
`HSDPA
`High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
`HSPA
`High-Speed Packet Access
`HSUPA
`High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
`
`14
`
`

`

`xviii
`
`Abbreviations
`
`Hypertext markup language
`HTTP
`Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
`IFFT
`Internet Protocol
`IP
`Incremental Redundancy
`IR
`Interference Rejection Combining
`IRC
`Interim Standard 95
`IS-95
`International Telecommunication Union
`ITU
`International Telegraphic Union
`ITU
`Location Area Update
`LAU
`Linear Minimum Mean Square Error
`LMMSE
`Long-Term Evolution
`LTE
`Medium Access Control
`MAC
`dedicated MAC
`MAC-d
`E-DCH MAC
`MAC-es/s
`high-speed MAC
`MAC-hs
`Multiple Access Interference
`MAI
`Maximum A Posteriori
`MAP
`maximum Carrier-to-Interference ratio
`max-C/I
`MegaByte
`MB
`Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
`MBMS
`Multiple Input Multiple Output
`MIMO
`minimum Guaranteed Bit Rate
`min-GBR
`Maximal Ratio Combining
`MRC
`Mobile Station
`MS
`Mobile Switching Centre
`MSC
`MSC/VLR Mobile services Switching Centre/Visitor Location Register
`MUD
`MultiUser Detection
`MUX
`Multiplexing
`NACC
`Network Assisted Cell Change
`NBAP
`Node B Application Part
`NF
`Noise Figure
`Node B
`Base station
`O&M
`Operation & Maintenance
`OFDM
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
`OFDMA
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
`OLPC
`Outer Loop Power Control
`OMA
`Open Mobile Alliance
`OSS
`Operations Support System
`OTDOA
`Observed Time Difference Of Arrival
`OVSF
`Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
`P-CPICH
`Primary CPICH
`PA
`Power Amplifier
`PAD
`PADding
`PAR
`Peak-to-Average Ratio
`PAS
`Power Azimuth Spectrum
`PC
`Power Control
`
`15
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`xix
`
`PCCC
`PCH
`PCMCIA
`PCS
`PCS
`PDCP
`PDP
`PDU
`PDU
`PF
`POC
`PRACH
`PS
`PU
`QAM
`QoS
`QPSK
`RAB
`RACH
`RAN
`RANAP
`RAU
`RB
`RF
`RG
`RLC
`RLL
`RLS
`RM
`RNC
`RNTI
`ROHC
`RR
`RRC
`RRM
`RSCP
`RSN
`RSSI
`RTCP
`RTO
`RTP
`RTT
`RTWP
`S-CCPCH
`SA
`SC-FDMA
`
`Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code
`Paging CHannel
`Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association
`Personal Communication Services
`Personal Communication System
`Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`Packet Data Protocol
`Protocol Data Unit
`Payload Data Unit
`Proportional Fair
`Push-to-talk Over Cellular
`Physical RACH
`Packet Switched
`Payload Unit
`Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
`Quality of Service
`Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
`Radio Access Bearer
`Random Access CHannel
`Radio Access Network
`Radio Access Network Application Part
`Routing Area Update
`Radio Bearer
`Radio Frequency
`Relative Grant
`Radio Link Control
`Radio Link Layer
`Radio Link Set
`Resource Manager
`Radio Network Controller
`Radio Network Temporary Identifier
`RObust Header Compression
`Round Robin
`Radio Resource Control
`Radio Resource Management
`Received Signal Code Power
`Retransmission Sequence Number
`Received Signal Strength Indicator
`Real Time Control Protocol
`Retransmission TimeOut
`Real Time Protocol
`Round Trip Time
`Received Total Wideband Power
`Secondary CCPCH
`Services and system Architecture
`Single Carrier FDMA
`
`16
`
`

`

`xx
`
`Abbreviations
`
`Signalling Connection Control Part
`SCCP
`Secondary Common Control Physical CHannel
`SCCPCH
`Service Data Unit
`SDU
`Spreading Factor
`SF
`Serving GPRS Support Node
`SGSN
`Scheduling Information
`SI
`System Information Block
`SIB
`Size index IDentifier
`SID
`Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
`SINR
`Signal to Interference Ratio
`SIR
`Signal to Noise Ratio
`SNR
`Scheduling Priority Indicator
`SPI
`Signalling Radio Bearer
`SRB
`Serving RNC
`SRNC
`Serving Radio Network System
`SRNS
`Space Time Transmit Diversity
`STTD
`Traffic Class
`TC
`Transmission Control Protocol
`TCP
`TD-SCDMA Time division synchronous CDMA
`TDD
`Time Division Duplex
`TEBS
`Total E-DCH Buffer Status
`TF
`Transport Format
`TFCI
`Transport Format Combination Indicator
`TFRC
`Transport Format and Resource Combination
`THP
`Traffic Handling Priority
`TMSI
`Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
`TPC
`Transmission Power Control
`TR
`Technical Report
`TS
`Technical Specification
`TSG
`Technical Specification Group
`TSN
`Transmission Sequence Number
`TTA
`Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea)
`TTC
`Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)
`TTI
`Transmission Time Interval
`TX GAP
`Transmit GAP
`TxAA
`Transmit Adaptive Antennas
`UDP
`User Datagram Protocol
`UE
`User Equipment
`UL
`UpLink
`UM
`Unacknowledged Mode
`UM-RLC
`Unacknowledged Mode RLC
`UMTS
`Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
`UPH
`UE Power Headroom
`UPH
`UE transmission Power Headroom
`URA
`UTRAN Registration Area
`UTRA
`UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (ETSI)
`
`17
`
`

`

`Abbreviations
`
`xxi
`
`UTRA
`UTRAN
`VCC
`VF
`VoIP
`VPN
`WAP
`WCDMA
`WG
`Wimax
`WLAN
`WWW
`
`Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (3GPP)
`UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
`Virtual Channel Connection
`Version Flag
`Voice over IP
`Virtual Private Network
`Wireless Application Protocol
`Wideband CDMA
`Working Group
`Worldwide Interoperability for microwave access
`Wireless Local Area Network
`World Wide Web 9
`
`18
`
`

`

`1 I
`
`ntroduction
`
`Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
`
`1.1 WCDMA technology and deployment status
`
`The first Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Wideband Code Division
`Multiple Access (WCDMA) networks were launched during 2002. By the end of 2005
`there were 100 open WCDMA networks and a total of over 150 operators having
`frequency licenses for WCDMA operation. Currently, the WCDMA networks are
`deployed in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) band around 2 GHz
`in Europe and Asia including Japan and Korea. WCDMA in America is deployed in the
`existing 850 and 1900 spectrum allocations while the new 3G band at 1700/2100 is
`expected to be available in the near future. 3GPP has defined the WCDMA operation
`also for several additional bands, which are expected to be taken into use during the
`coming years.
`The number of WCDMA subscribers globally was 17 million at the end of 2004 and
`over 50 million by February 2006. The subscriber growth rate is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
`WCDMA subscribers represent currently 2% of all global mobile subscribers, while in
`Western Europe WCDMA’s share is 5%, in the UK 8%, in Italy 14% and in Japan over
`25%. The reason for the relatively high WCDMA penetrations in the UK and Italy is
`Three, the greenfield 3G operator, and in Japan NTT Docomo, who are pushing the
`technology forward. These two operators were also the ones behind the first large-scale
`commercial WCDMA operation that took place between 2001 and 2003.
`The mobile business is driven by the availability of attractive terminals. In order to
`reach a major market share, terminal offering for all market segments is required. There
`are currently available over 200 different WCDMA terminal models from more than 30
`suppliers launched by 2005. As an example, Nokia WCDMA terminal portfolio
`evolution is illustrated in Figure 1.2. In 2003, Nokia launched one new WCDMA
`handset, in 2004 two, and during 2005 more than 10 new WCDMA handsets were
`launched. It is expected that soon all new medium-price and high-end terminals will
`support WCDMA.
`As WCDMA mobile penetration increases, it allows WCDMA networks to carry a
`larger share of voice and data traffic. WCDMA technology provides a few advantages for
`
`HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile CommunicationsEdited by Harri Holma
`
`
`and Antti Toskala © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-01884-4
`
`19
`
`

`

`2
`
`HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS
`
`WCDMA subscribers globally February 2006
`
`60
`
`50
`
`40
`
`30
`
`20
`
`10
`
`0
`
`Million
`
`Septe m ber 2004
`Septe m ber 2005
`N ove m ber 2004
`N ove m ber 2005
`M arch 2004
`M arch 2005
`M ay 2004
`M ay 2005
`January 2004
`January 2005
`January 2006
`July 2004
`July 2005
`
`Figure 1.1 3G WCDMA subscriber growth monthly.
`
`USA
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`Figure 1.2 Evolution of Nokia 3G terminal offering.
`[www.nokia.com]
`
`the operator in that it enables data but also improves basic voice. The offered voice
`capacity is very high because of interference control mechanisms including frequency
`reuse of 1, fast power control and soft handover. Figure 1.3 shows the estimated number
`of voice minutes per subscriber per month that can be supported with a two-carrier,
`three-sector, 2 þ 2 þ 2 WCDMA site depending on the number of subscribers in the site
`coverage area. Adaptive multi-rate (AMR) 5.9-kbps voice codec is assumed in the
`calculation. With 2000 subscribers in each base station coverage area, 4300 minutes
`per month can be offered to each subscriber, while with 4000 subscribers even more than
`2100 minutes can be used. These capacities include both incoming and outgoing minutes.
`Global average usage today is below 300 minutes per month. This calculation shows that
`
`20
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`3
`
`300 min
`
`1000
`
`2000
`
`3000
`
`4000
`
`Subscribers per site
`
`10000
`
`9000
`
`8000
`
`7000
`
`6000
`
`5000
`
`4000
`
`3000
`
`2000
`
`1000
`
`0
`
`Minutes
`
`Figure 1.3 Voice minutes per subscriber per month (minutes of usage, mou).
`
`WCDMA makes it possible to offer substantially more voice minutes to customers. At
`the same time WCDMA can also enhance the voice service with wideband AMR codec,
`which provides clearly better voice quality than the fixed land line telephone. In short,
`WCDMA can offer more voice minutes with better quality.
`In addition to the high spectral efficiency, third-generation (3G) WCDMA provides
`even more dramatic evolution in terms of base station capacity and hardware efficiency.
`Figure 1.4 illustrates the required base station hardware for equivalent voice capacity
`with the best second-generation (2G) technology from the early 2000s and with the
`latest 3G WCDMA base station technology. The high integration level in WCDMA is
`achieved because of the wideband carrier: a large number of users are supported per
`carrier, and fewer radio frequency (RF) carriers are required to provide the same
`capacity. With fewer RF parts and more digital baseband processing, WCDMA can
`take benefit of the fast evolution in digital signal processing capacity. The high base
`
`2G base station
`
`2G base station 2G base station
`
`>500 kg
`
`Equal
`voice
`capacity
`=
`
`<50 kg
`New generation
`3G base station
`
`Figure 1.4 Base station capacity evolution with 3G WCDMA.
`
`21
`
`

`

`4
`
`HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS
`
`station integration level allows efficient building of high-capacity sites since the
`complexity of RF combiners, extra antennas or feeder cables can be avoided.
`WCDMA operators are able to provide interesting data services including browsing,
`person-to-person video calls, sports and news video clips and mobile-TV. WCDMA
`enables simultaneous voice and data which allows, for example, browsing or emailing
`during voice conferencing, or real time video sharing during voice calls. The operators
`also offer laptop connectivity to the Internet and corporate intranet with the maximum
`bit rate of 384 kbps both in downlink and in uplink. The initial terminals and networks
`were limited to 64–128 kbps in uplink while the latest products provide 384-kbps uplink.
`
`1.2 HSPA standardization and deployment schedule
`
`High-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) was standardized as part of 3GPP Release
`5 with the first specification version in March 2002. High-speed uplink packet access
`(HSUPA) was part of 3GPP Release 6 with the first specification version in December
`2004. HSDPA and HSUPA together are called ‘high-speed packet access’ (HSPA). The
`first commercial HSDPA networks were available at the end of 2005 and the commercial
`HSUPA networks are expected to be available by 2007. The estimated HSPA schedule is
`illustrated in Figure 1.5.
`The HSDPA peak data rate available in the terminals is initially 1.8 Mbps and will
`increase to 3.6 and 7.2 Mbps during 2006 and 2007, and potentially beyond 10 Mbps. The
`HSUPA peak data rate in the initial phase is expected to be 1–2 Mbps with the second
`phase pushing the data rate to 3–4 Mbps. The expected data rate evolution is illustrated
`in Figure 1.6.
`HSPA is deployed on top of the WCDMA network either on the same carrier or – for a
`high-capacity and high bit rate solution – using another carrier, see Figure 1.7. In both
`cases, HSPA and WCDMA can share all the network elements in the core network and
`
`3GPP 1st
`specification
`version
`
`Commercial
`network
`
`R5 HSDPA
`
`R6 HSUPA
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`2006
`
`2007
`
`2008
`
`Figure 1.5 HSPA standardization and deployment schedule.
`
`HSDPA
`
`HSUPA
`
`
`
`Downlink peak
`data rates
`
`384
`kbps
`
`3.6 7.2 10.1
`
`1.8
`Mbps
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`2006
`
`2007
`
`2008
`
`Uplink peak
`data rates
`
`64
`kbps
`
`128
`kbps
`
`384
`kbps
`
`1-2
`Mbps
`
`3-4
`Mbps
`
`Figure 1.6 Data rate evolution in WCDMA and HSPA.
`
`22
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`5
`
`f2f2
`f1f1
`
`Base
`station
`
`RNC
`
`3G-SGSN
`
`GGSN
`
`Figure 1.7 HSPA deployment with (f2) new carrier deployed with HSPA and (f1) carrier shared
`between WCDMA and HSPA.
`
`in the radio network including base stations, Radio Network Controller (RNC),
`Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).
`WCDMA and HSPA are also sharing the base station sites, antennas and antenna lines.
`The upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA requires new software package and, potentially,
`some new pieces of hardware in the base station and in RNC to support the higher data
`rates and capacity. Because of the shared infrastructure between WCDMA and HSPA,
`the cost of upgrading from WCDMA to HSPA is very low compared with building a
`new standalone data network.
`The first HSDPA terminals are data cards providing fast connectivity for laptops. An
`example terminal – Sierra Wireless AirCard 850 – is shown in Figure 1.8 provid