`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1030,p. 1
`Samsung/Dell v. MYPAQ, IPR2022-00311
`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1030, p. 1
`Samsung/Dell v. MYPAQ, IPR2022-00311
`
`

`

`Second Edition
`
`Paul Horowitz HARVARD UNIVERSITY
`Winfield Hill ROWLAND INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE. CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
`
`,, ... ~•···· CAMBRIDGE
`::: UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1030, p. 2
`Samsung/Dell v. MYPAQ, IPR2022-00311
`
`

`

`----·-- - ------·---·
`
`-----
`
`-------------···· .. ···--
`
`-
`
`-•----··-·--·--
`
`PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
`The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
`
`CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
`The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
`40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-421 I, USA
`IO Stamford Road, Oakleigh, VIC 3166, Australia
`Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
`Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
`
`http://www.cambridge.org
`
`© Cambridge University Press I 980, I 989
`
`This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and
`to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
`no reproduction of any part may take place without
`the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
`
`First edition published 1980
`Second edition published I 989
`Reprinted 1990 (twice), 1991, 1993, 1994 (twice), 1995, 1996, 1997,
`1998 (twice), 1999, 2001
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`Typeset in Times
`
`A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data is available
`
`ISBN 0 521 37095 7 hardback
`
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`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`List of tables xvi
`Preface xix
`Preface to first edition xxi
`
`CHAPTER 1
`FOUNDATIONS 1
`Introduction 1
`Voltage, current, and resistance 2
`1.01 Voltage and current 2
`1.02 Relationship between voltage and
`current: resistors 4
`1.03 Voltage dividers 8
`1.04 Voltage and current sources 9
`1.05 Thevenin's equivalent circuit 11
`1.06 Small-signal resistance
`13
`Signals 15
`1.07 Sinusoidal signals 15
`1.08 Signal amplitudes and
`decibels 16
`17
`1.09 Other signals
`19
`1. 10 Logic levels
`19
`1. 11 Signal sources
`Capacitors and ac circuits 20
`1.12 Capacitors 20
`1.13 RC circuits: V and / versus
`time 23
`1.14 Differentiators 25
`1.15 Integrators 26
`Inductors and transformers 28
`1.16 Inductors 28
`1.1 7 Transformers 28
`Impedance and reactance 29
`
`1.18 Frequency analysis of reactive
`circuits 30
`1.19 RC filters 35
`1.20 Phasor diagrams 39
`1.21 "Poles" and decibels per
`octave 40
`1.22 Resonant circuits and active
`filters 41
`1.23 Other capacitor applications 42
`1.24 Thevenin's theorem
`generalized 44
`Diodes and diode circuits 44
`1.25 Diodes 44
`1.26 Rectification 44
`1.27 Power-supply filtering 45
`1.28 Rectifier configurations for power
`supplies 46
`1.29 Regulators 48
`1.30 Circuit applications of diodes 48
`1.31 Inductive loads and diode
`protection 52
`Other passive components 53
`1.32 Electromechanical devices 53
`1.33 Indicators
`57
`1.34 Variable components 57
`Additional exercises 58
`
`CHAPTER 2
`TRANSISTORS 61
`Introduction 61
`2.01 First transistor model: current
`amplifier 62
`Some basic transistor circuits 63
`2.02 Transistor switch 63
`2.03 Emitter follower 65
`
`vii
`
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`

`

`PREFACE
`
`Electronics, perhaps more than any other
`field of technology, has enjoyed an explo(cid:173)
`sive development in the last four decades.
`Thus it was with some trepidation that we
`attempted, in 1980, to bring out a defini(cid:173)
`tive volume teaching the art of the subject.
`By "art" we meant the kind of mastery that
`comes from an intimate familiarity with
`real circuits, actual devices, and the like,
`rather than the more abstract approach of(cid:173)
`ten favored in textbooks on electronics. Of
`course, in a rapidly evolving field, such a
`nuts-and-bolts approach has its hazards -
`most notably a frighteningly quick obsoles(cid:173)
`cence.
`The pace of electronics technology did
`not disappoint us! Hardly was the ink
`dry on the first edition before we felt fool(cid:173)
`ish reading our words about "the classic
`[2Kbyte] 2716 EPROM ... with a price
`tag of about $25." They're so classic you
`can't even get them anymore, having been
`replaced by EPROMs 64 times as large,
`and costing less than half the price! Thus
`a major element of this revision responds
`to improved devices and methods - com(cid:173)
`pletely rewritten chapters on microcom(cid:173)
`puters and microprocessors (using the IBM
`PC and the 68008) and substantially
`revised chapters on digital electronics (in(cid:173)
`cluding PLDs, and the new HC and AC
`logic families), on op-amps and precision
`design (reflecting the availability of excel(cid:173)
`lent FET - input op-amps), and on con(cid:173)
`struction techniques (including CAD/
`CAM). Every table has been revised, some
`substantially; for example, in Table 4.1
`(operational amplifiers) only 65% of the
`
`original 120 entries survived, with 135
`new op-amps added.
`We have used this opportunity to re(cid:173)
`spond to readers' suggestions and to our
`own experiences using and teaching from
`the first edition. Thus we have rewritten
`the chapter on FETs (it was too compli(cid:173)
`cated) and repositioned it before the chap(cid:173)
`ter on op-amps (which are increasingly of
`FET construction). We have added a new
`chapter on low-power and micropower de(cid:173)
`sign (both analog and digital), a field both
`important and neglected. Most of the re(cid:173)
`maining chapters have been extensively re(cid:173)
`vised. We have added many new tables,
`including AID and DIA converters, digi(cid:173)
`tal logic components, and low-power de(cid:173)
`vices, and throughout the book we have
`expanded the number of figures. The book
`now contains 78 tables (available separate(cid:173)
`ly as The Horowitz and Hill Component Se(cid:173)
`lection Tables) and over 1000 figures.
`Throughout the revision we have strived
`to retain the feeling of informality and easy
`access that made the first edition so suc(cid:173)
`cessful and popular, both as reference and
`text. We are aware of the difficulty stu(cid:173)
`dents often experience when approaching
`electronics for the first time: The field is
`densely interwoven, and there is no path
`of learning that takes you, by logical steps,
`from neophyte to broadly competent
`designer. Thus we have added extensive
`cross-referencing throughout the text; in
`addition, we have expanded the separate
`Laboratory Manual into a Student Manual
`(Student Manual for The Art of Electronics,
`by Thomas C. Hayes and Paul Horowitz),
`
`xix
`
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`

`

`xx
`
`PREFACE
`
`complete with additional worked examples
`of circuit designs, explanatory material,
`reading assignments, laboratory exercises,
`and solutions to selected problems. By
`offering a student supplement, we have
`been able to keep this volume concise and
`rich with detail, as requested by our many
`readers who use the volume primarily as a
`reference work.
`We hope this new edition responds to
`all our readers' needs - both students
`and practicing engineers. We welcome
`suggestions and corrections, which should
`be addressed directly to Paul Horowitz,
`Physics Department, Harvard University,
`Cambridge, MA 02138.
`In preparing this new edition, we are
`appreciative of the help we received from
`Mike Aronson and Brian Matthews (AOX,
`
`Inc.), John Greene (University of Cape
`Town), Jeremy Avigad and Tom Hayes (Har(cid:173)
`vard University),
`Peter Horowitz
`(EVI, Inc.), Don Stern, and Owen Walker.
`We thank Jim Mobley for his excellent
`copyediting, Sophia Prybylski and David
`Tranah of Cambridge University Press for
`their encouragement and professional ded(cid:173)
`ication, and the never-sleeping typesetters
`at Rosenlaui Publishing Services, Inc. for
`their masterful composition in 1F,X.
`Finally, in the spirit of modern jurispru(cid:173)
`dence, we remind you to read the legal no(cid:173)
`tice here appended.
`
`Paul Horowitz
`Winfield Hill
`
`March 1989
`
`LEGAL NOTICE
`
`In this book we have attempted to teach the
`techniques of electronic design, using cir(cid:173)
`cuit examples and data that we believe to
`be accurate. However, the examples, data,
`and other information are intended solely
`as teaching aids and should not be-used in
`any particular application without indepen(cid:173)
`dent testing and verification by the person
`making the application. Independent test(cid:173)
`ing and verification are especially important
`in any application in which incorrect func(cid:173)
`tioning could result in personal injury or
`damage to property.
`For these reasons, we make no warran(cid:173)
`ties, express or implied, that the examples,
`
`data, or other information in this volume
`are free of error, that they are consistent
`with industry standards, or that they will
`meet the requirements for any particular ap(cid:173)
`plication. THE AUTHORS AND PUB(cid:173)
`LISHER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM THE
`IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER(cid:173)
`CHANTABILITY AND OF FITNESS
`FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
`even if the authors have been advised of a
`particular purpose, and even if a particu(cid:173)
`lar purpose is indicated in the book. The
`authors and publisher also disclaim all lia(cid:173)
`bility for direct, indirect, incidental, or con(cid:173)
`sequential damages that result from any use
`of the examples, data, or other information
`in this book.
`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1030, p. 6
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`
`

`

`I
`
`PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
`
`This volume is intended as an electronic
`circuit design textbook and reference book;
`it begins at a level suitable for those with
`no previous exposure to electronics and
`carries the reader through to a reasonable
`degree of proficiency in electronic circuit
`design. We have used a straightforward
`approach to the essential ideas of circuit
`design, coupled with an in-depth selection
`of topics. We have attempted to combine
`the pragmatic approach of the practicing
`physicist with the quantitative approach
`of the engineer, who wants a thoroughly
`evaluated circuit design.
`This book evolved from a set of
`notes written to accompany a one-semester
`course in laboratory electronics at Har(cid:173)
`vard. That course has a varied enroll(cid:173)
`ment - undergraduates picking up skills
`for their eventual work in science or in(cid:173)
`dustry, graduate students with a field of re(cid:173)
`search clearly in mind, and advanced grad(cid:173)
`uate students and postdoctoral researchers
`who suddenly find themselves hampered
`by their inability to "do electronics."
`It soon became clear that existing text(cid:173)
`books were inadequate for such a course.
`Although there are excellent treatments of
`each electronics specialty, written for the
`planned sequence of a four-year engineer(cid:173)
`ing curriculum or for the practicing engi(cid:173)
`neer, those books that attempt to address
`the whole field of electronics seem to suffer
`from excessive detail (the handbook syn(cid:173)
`drome), from oversimplification (the cook(cid:173)
`book syndrome), or from poor balance of
`material. Much of the favorite pedagogy of
`beginning textbooks is quite unnecessary
`and, in fact, is not used by practicing engi-
`
`neers, while useful circuitry and methods
`of analysis in daily use by circuit designers
`lie hidden in application notes, engineer(cid:173)
`ing journals, and hard-to-get data books.
`In other words, there is a tendency among
`textbook writers to represent the theory,
`rather that the art, of electronics.
`We collaborated in writing this book
`with the specific intention of combining
`the discipline of a circuit design engineer
`with the perspective of a practicing exper(cid:173)
`imental physicist and teacher of electron(cid:173)
`ics. Thus, the treatment in this book re(cid:173)
`flects our philosophy that electronics, as
`currently practiced, is basically a simple
`art, a combination of some basic laws,
`rules of thumb, and a large bag of tricks.
`For these reasons we have omitted entire(cid:173)
`ly the usual discussions of solid-state
`physics, the h-parameter model of transis(cid:173)
`tors, and complicated network theory, and
`reduced to a bare minimum the mention of
`load lines and the s-plane. The treatment
`is largely nonmathematical, with strong en(cid:173)
`couragement of circuit brainstorming and
`mental (or, at most, back-of-the-envelope)
`calculation of circuit values and perfor(cid:173)
`mance.
`In addition to the subjects usually
`treated in electronics books, we have in(cid:173)
`cluded the following:
`■ an easy-to-use transistor model
`■ extensive discussion of useful subcircuits,
`such as current sources and current mir(cid:173)
`rors
`■ single-supply op-amp design
`■ easy-to-understand discussions of topics
`on which practical design information is
`often difficult to find: op-amp frequency
`
`xxi
`
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`
`

`

`xxii PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
`
`compensation, low-noise circuits, phase(cid:173)
`locked loops, and precision linear design
`■ simplified design of active filters, with
`tables and graphs
`■ a section on noise, shielding, and ground(cid:173)
`ing
`■ a unique graphical method for stream(cid:173)
`lined low-noise amplifier analysis
`■ a chapter on voltage references and regu(cid:173)
`lators, including constant current supplies
`■ a discussion of monostable multivibra(cid:173)
`tors and their idiosyncrasies
`■ a collection of digital logic pathology, and
`what to do about it
`■ an extensive discussion of interfacing to
`logic, with emphasis on the new NMOS
`and PMOS LSI
`■ a detailed discussion of AID and DI A
`conversion techniques
`■ a section on digital noise generation
`■ a discussion of minicomputers and inter(cid:173)
`facing to data buses, with an introduction
`to assembly language
`■ a chapter on microprocessors, with ac(cid:173)
`tual design examples and discussion - how
`to design them into instruments, and how
`to make them do what you want
`■ a chapter on construction techniques:
`prototyping, printed circuit boards, instru(cid:173)
`ment design
`■ a simplified way to evaluate high-speed
`switching circuits
`■ a chapter on scientific measurement and
`data processing: what you can measure
`and how accurately, and what to do with
`the data
`■ bandwidth narrowing methods made
`clear: signal averaging, multichannel scal(cid:173)
`ing, lock-in amplifiers, and pulse-height
`analysis
`■ amusing collections of "bad circuits,"
`and collections of "circuit ideas"
`■ useful appendixes on how to draw sche(cid:173)
`matic diagrams, IC generic types, LC
`filter design, resistor values, oscilloscopes,
`mathematics review, and others
`■ tables of diodes, transistors, FETs, op(cid:173)
`amps, comparators, regulators, voltage ref-
`
`erences, microprocessors, and other de(cid:173)
`vices, generally listing the characteristics
`of both the most popular and the best types
`
`Throughout we have adopted a philos(cid:173)
`ophy of naming names, often comparing
`the characteristics of competing devices
`for use in any circuit, and the advantages
`of alternative circuit configurations. Ex(cid:173)
`ample circuits are drawn with real device
`types, not black boxes. The overall intent
`is to bring the reader to the point of under(cid:173)
`standing clearly the choices one makes in
`designing a circuit - how to choose circuit
`configurations, device types, and parts val(cid:173)
`ues. The use of largely nonmathematical
`circuit design techniques does not result
`in circuits that cut corners or compromise
`performance or reliability. On the con(cid:173)
`trary, such techniques enhance one's un(cid:173)
`derstanding of the real choices and com(cid:173)
`promises faced in engineering a circuit and
`represent the best approach to good circuit
`design.
`This book can be used for a full-year
`electronic circuit design course at the
`college level, with only a minimum mathe(cid:173)
`matical prerequisite,
`namely,
`some
`acquaintance with trigonometric and ex(cid:173)
`ponential functions, and preferably a bit
`of differential calculus.
`(A short review
`of complex numbers and derivatives is in(cid:173)
`cluded as an appendix.) If the less essential
`sections are omitted, it can serve as the
`text for a one-semester course (as it does
`at Harvard).
`A separately available laboratory man(cid:173)
`ual, Laboratory Manual for the Art of Elec(cid:173)
`tronics (Horowitz and Robinson, 1981 ),
`contains twenty-three lab exercises, to(cid:173)
`gether with reading and problem assign(cid:173)
`ments keyed to the text.
`To assist the reader in navigation, we
`have designated with open boxes in the
`margin those sections within each chap(cid:173)
`ter that we feel can be safely passed over
`in an abbreviated reading. For a one(cid:173)
`semester course it would probably be wise
`
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`

`

`PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION xxiii
`
`to omit, in addition, the materials of Chap(cid:173)
`ter 5 (first half), 7, 12, 13, 14, and possibly
`15, as explained in the introductory para(cid:173)
`graphs of those chapters.
`We would like to thank our colleagues
`for their thoughtful comments and assis(cid:173)
`tance in the preparation of the manuscript,
`particularly Mike Aronson, Howard Berg,
`Dennis Crouse, Carol Davis, David
`Griesinger, John Hagen, Tom Hayes,
`Peter Horowitz, Bob Kline, Costas Papa-
`
`liolios, Jay Sage, and Bill Vetterling. We
`are indebted to Eric Hieber and Jim Mob(cid:173)
`ley, and to Rhona Johnson and Ken Werner
`of Cambridge University Press, for their
`imaginative and highly professional work.
`
`Paul Horowitz
`Winfield Hill
`
`April 1980
`
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`
`

`

`···--·-·····"···--------""""""Ill~-----------------------------------
`
`fOUNDATIONS
`
`CHAPTER 1
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Developments in the field of electronics
`have constituted one of the great suc(cid:173)
`cess stories of this century. Beginning
`with crude spark-gap transmitters and
`"cat's-whisker" detectors at the turn of
`the century, we have passed through a
`vacuum-tube era of considerable sophis(cid:173)
`tication to a solid-state era in which the
`flood of stunning advances shows no signs
`of abating. Calculators, computers, and
`even talking machines with vocabularies
`of several hundred words are routinely
`manufactured on single chips of silicon
`as part of the technology of large-scale
`integration (LSI), and current develop(cid:173)
`ments in very large scale integration {VLSI)
`promise even more remarkable devices.
`Perhaps as noteworthy is the pleasant
`trend toward increased performance per
`dollar. The cost of an electronic microcir(cid:173)
`cuit routinely decreases to a fraction of its
`initial cost as the manufacturing process is
`perfected (see Fig. 8.87 for an example).
`In fact, it is often the case that the panel
`controls and cabinet hardware of an instru(cid:173)
`ment cost more than the electronics inside.
`
`On reading of these exciting new devel(cid:173)
`opments in electronics, you may get the
`impression that you should be able to con(cid:173)
`struct powerful, elegant, yet inexpensive,
`little gadgets to do almost any conceivable
`task - all you need to know is how all
`these miracle devices work. If you've had
`that feeling, this book is for you.
`In it
`we have attempted to convey the excite(cid:173)
`ment and know-how of the subject of
`electronics.
`In this chapter we begin the study of the
`laws, rules of thumb, and tricks that consti(cid:173)
`tute the art of electronics as we see it. It is
`necessary to begin at the beginning - with
`talk of voltage, current, power, and the
`components that make up electronic cir(cid:173)
`cuits. Because you can't touch, see, smell,
`or hear electricity, there will be a certain
`amount of abstraction (particularly in the
`first chapter), as well as some dependence
`on such visualizing instruments as oscillo(cid:173)
`scopes and voltmeters. In many ways the
`first chapter is also the most mathematical,
`in spite of our efforts to keep mathematics
`to a minimum in order to foster a good
`intuitive understanding of circuit design
`and behavior.
`
`1
`
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`

`

`---·-······-·········•········-····--··············-··········--···-····· ~--------
`
`FOUNDATIONS
`Chapter I
`
`2
`
`Once we have considered the founda(cid:173)
`tions of electronics, we will quickly get
`into the "active" circuits (amplifiers, oscil(cid:173)
`lators, logic circuits, etc.) that make elec(cid:173)
`tronics the exciting field it is. The reader
`with some background in electronics may
`wish to skip over this chapter, since it
`assumes no prior knowledge of electronics.
`Further generalizations at this time would
`be pointless, so let's just dive right in.
`
`VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE
`
`1.01 Voltage and current
`There are two quantities that we like to
`keep track of in electronic circuits: voltage
`and current. These are usually changing
`with time; otherwise nothing interesting is
`happening.
`Voltage (symbol: V, or sometimes E ). The
`voltage between two points is the cost in
`energy (work done) required to move a
`unit of positive charge from the more
`negative point (lower potential) to the more
`positive point (higher potential). Equiv(cid:173)
`alently, it is the energy released when a
`unit charge moves "downhill" from the
`higher potential to the lower. Voltage is
`also called potential difference or electro(cid:173)
`motive force (EMF). The unit of measure
`is the volt, with voltages usually expressed
`in volts (V), kilovolts ( 1 kV = 103V),
`millivolts (lmV = 10-3v), or microvolts
`(lµV = 10-6v) (see the box on prefixes).
`A joule of work is needed to move a
`coulomb of charge through a potential
`difference of one volt.
`(The coulomb
`is the unit of electric charge, and it
`equals the charge of 6 x 1018 electrons,
`approximately.)
`For reasons that will
`become clear later,
`the opportunities
`to talk about nanovolts (1 n V = 10-9v)
`and megavolts (IMV = 106V) are rare.
`Current (symbol: I). Current is the rate of
`flow of electric charge past a point. The
`unit of measure is the ampere, or amp,
`with currents usually expressed in amperes
`
`(A), milliamperes (1 mA = 10-3 A), micro(cid:173)
`amperes (lµA = 10-5 A), nanoamperes
`( 1 nA = 10-9 A), or occasionally picoam(cid:173)
`peres (lpA = 10-12A). A current of one
`ampere equals a flow of one coulomb of
`charge per second. By convention, cur(cid:173)
`rent in a circuit is considered to flow from
`a more positive point to a more negative
`point, even though the actual electron flow
`is in the opposite direction.
`Important: Always refer to voltage
`between two points or across two points in
`a circuit. Always refer to current through
`a device or connection in a circuit.
`To say something like "the voltage
`through a resistor . . . " is nonsense, or
`worse. However, we do frequently speak
`of the voltage at a point in a circuit. This
`is always understood to mean voltage be(cid:173)
`tween that point and "ground," a common
`point in the circuit that everyone seems to
`know about. Soon you will, too.
`We generate voltages by doing work on
`charges in devices such as batteries (elec(cid:173)
`trochemical), generators (magnetic forces),
`solar cells (photovoltaic conversion of the
`energy of photons), etc. We get currents by
`placing voltages across things.
`At this point you may well wonder how
`to "see" voltages and currents. The single
`most useful electronic instrument is the
`oscilloscope, which allows you to look at
`voltages (or occasionally currents) in a
`circuit as a function of time. We will deal
`with oscilloscopes, and also voltmeters,
`when we discuss signals shortly; for a
`preview,
`see the oscilloscope appendix
`(Appendix A) and the multimeter box later
`in this chapter.
`In real circuits we connect things to(cid:173)
`gether with wires, metallic conductors,
`each of which has the same voltage on it
`everywhere (with respect to ground, say).
`(In the domain of high frequencies or low
`impedances, that isn't strictly true, and
`we will have more to say about this later.
`For now, it's a good approximation.) We
`mention this now so that you will realize
`
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`
`

`

`VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE
`1.01 Voltage and current
`
`3
`
`B via one path through a circuit equals the
`sum by any other route equals the voltage
`between A and B. Sometimes this is stated
`as follows: The sum of the voltage drops
`around any closed circuit is zero. This is
`Kirchhoff's voltage law.
`3. The power (work per unit time)
`consumed by a circuit device is
`
`P=VI
`
`This is simply (work/charge) x (charge/
`time). For V in volts and I in amps, P
`comes out in watts. Watts are joules per
`second (1 W = IJ/s).
`Power goes into heat (usually), or some(cid:173)
`times mechanical work (motors), radiated
`energy (lamps, transmitters), or stored en(cid:173)
`ergy (batteries, capacitors). Managing the
`heat load in a complicated system (e.g., a
`computer, in which many kilowatts of elec(cid:173)
`trical energy are converted to heat, with
`the energetically insignificant by-product
`of a few pages of computational results)
`can be a crucial part of the system design.
`
`that an actual circuit doesn't have to look
`like its schematic diagram, because wires
`can be rearranged.
`Here are some simple rules about
`voltage and current:
`J. The sum of the currents into a point
`in a circuit equals the sum of the currents
`out (conservation of charge). . This is
`sometimes called Kirchhoff's current law.
`Engineers like to ref er to such a point as
`a node. From this, we get the following:
`For a series circuit (a bunch of two(cid:173)
`terminal things all connected end-to-end)
`the current is the same everywhere.
`
`Figure 1.1
`
`2. Things hooked in parallel (Fig. I. I) have
`the same voltage across them. Restated,
`the sum of the "voltage drops" from A to
`
`PREFIXES
`
`These prefixes are universally used to scale units in science and engineering.
`Multiple Prefix Symbol
`1012
`tera T
`109
`giga G
`106
`mega M
`103
`kilo
`k
`10-3
`milli m
`10-6
`micro µ
`10-9
`nano n
`10-12
`pico
`p
`10-15
`femto f
`When abbreviating a unit with a prefix, the symbol for the unit follows the prefix without space. Be
`careful about upper-case and lower-case letters (especially m and M) in both prefix and unit: 1 mW
`is a milliwatt, or one-thousandth of a watt; 1 MHz is 1 million hertz. In general, units are spelled with
`lower-case letters, even when they are derived from proper names. The unit name is not capitalized
`when it is spelled out and used with a prefix, only when abbreviated. Thus: hertz and kilohertz, but
`Hz and kHz; watt, milliwatt, and megawatt, but W, mW, and MW.
`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1030, p. 12
`Samsung/Dell v. MYPAQ, IPR2022-00311
`
`

`

`FOUNDATIONS
`Chapter I
`
`4
`
`Soon, when we deal with periodically
`varying voltages and currents, we will have
`to generalize the simple equation P = VI
`to deal with average power, but it's correct
`as a statement of instantaneous power just
`as it stands.
`Incidentally, don't call current "amper(cid:173)
`age"; that's strictly bush-league. The same
`caution will apply to the term "ohrnage"
`when we get to resistance in the next
`section.
`
`1.02 Relationship between voltage
`and current: resistors
`It is
`This is a long and interesting story.
`the heart of electronics. Crudely speaking,
`the name of the game is to make and use
`gadgets that have interesting and useful
`Z-versus-V characteristics.
`Resistors
`(I simply proportional to V), capacitors
`(I proportional to rate of change of V),
`diodes (I flows in only one direction), ther(cid:173)
`mistors (temperature-dependent resistor),
`photoresistors (light-dependent resistor),
`strain gauges (strain-dependent resistor),
`etc., are examples. We will gradually get
`into some of these exotic devices;
`for
`now, we will start with the most mundane
`(and most widely used) circuit element,
`the resistor (Fig. 1.2).
`
`Figure 1.2
`
`RESISTORS
`
`Resistance and resistors
`
`It is an interesting fact that the current
`through a metallic conductor (or other
`partially conducting material) is propor(cid:173)
`tional to the voltage across it. (In the
`case of wire conductors used in circuits,
`we usually choose a thick enough gauge of
`wire so that these "voltage drops" will
`be negligible.) This is by no means a
`universal law for all objects. For instance,
`the current through a neon bulb is a highly
`nonlinear function of the applied voltage
`(it is zero up to a critical voltage, at which
`point it rises dramatically). The same goes
`for a variety of interesting special devices -
`diodes, transistors, light bulbs, etc.
`(If
`you are interested in understanding why
`metallic conductors behave this way, read
`sections 4.4-4.5 in the Berkeley Physics
`Course, Vol. II, see Bibliography). A resis(cid:173)
`tor is made out of some conducting stuff
`( carbon, or a thin metal or carbon film,
`or wire of poor conductivity), with a wire
`coming out each end. It is characterized
`by its resistance:
`
`R= V/I
`
`R is in ohms for V in volts and I in amps.
`This is known as Ohm's law. Typical
`resistors of the most frequently used type
`(carbon composition) come in values from
`I ohm (ID) to about 22 megohms (22MD).
`Resistors are also characterized by how
`
`Resistors are truly ubiquitous. There are almost as many types as there are applications. Resistors
`are used in amplifiers as loads for active devices, in bias networks, and as feedback elements. In
`combination with capacitors they establish time constants and act as filters. They are used to set
`operating currents and signal levels. Resistors are used in power circuits to reduce voltages by
`dissipating power, to measure currents, and to discharge capacitors after power is removed. They
`are used in precision circuits to establish currents, to provide accurate voltage ratios, and to set
`precise gain values. In logic circuits they act as bus and line terminators and as "pull-up" and "pull(cid:173)
`down" resistors. In high-voltage circuits they are used to measure voltages and to equalize leakage
`currents among diodes or capacitors connected in series. In radiofrequency circuits they are even
`used as coil forms for inductors.
`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1030, p. 13
`Samsung/Dell v. MYPAQ, IPR2022-00311
`
`

`

`VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE
`1.02 Relationship between voltage and current: resistors
`
`5
`
`Resistors are available with resistances from 0.01 ohm through 1012 ohms, standard power
`ratings from 1/8 watt through 250 watts, and accuracies from 0.005% through 20%. Resistors can
`be made from carbon-composition moldings, from metal films, from wire wound on a form, or from
`semiconductor elements similar to field-effect transistors (FETs). But by far the most familiar resistor
`is the 1 /4 or 1 /2 watt carbon-composition resistor. These are available in a standard set of values
`ranging from 1 ohm to 100 megohms with twice as many values available for the 5% tolerance as
`for the 10% types (see Appendix C). We prefer the Allen-Bradley type AB (1 /4 watt, 5%) resistor for
`general use because of its clear marking, secure lead seating, and stable properties.
`Resistors are so easy to use that they're often taken for granted. They're not perfect, though,
`and it is worthwhile to look at some of their defects. The popular 5% composition type, in
`particular, although fine for nearly all noncritical circuit applications, is not stable enough for precision
`applications. You should know about its limitations so that you won't be surprised someday.
`Its
`principal defects are variations in resistance with temperature, voltage, time, and humidity. Other
`defects may relate to inductance (which may be serious at high frequencies), the development of
`thermal hot spots in power applications, or electrical noise generation in low-noise amplifiers. The
`following specifications are worst-case values; typically you'll do better, but don't count on it!
`
`SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALLEN-BRADLEY AB SERIES TYPE CB
`
`Standard tolerance is ±5% under nominal conditions. Maximum power for 70°C ambient
`temperature is 0.25 watt, which will raise the internal temperature to 150°C. The maximum applied
`voltage specification is (0.25R)112 or 250 volts, whichever is less. They mean it! (See Fig. 6.53.) A
`single 5 second overvoltage to 400 volts can cause