.-------~~----~~.,
`
`ELECTRONICS
`ENGINEERING
`DICTIONARY
`
`ii
`'I:
`!!'.
`Ii
`1: ii:
`ii
`
`STEVEN M. KAPLAN
`
`Samsung/Dell, Exh. 1029, p. 1
`Samsung/Dell v. MYPAQ, IPR2022-00311
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`

`

`WILEY ELECTRICAL AND
`ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
`DICTIONARY
`
`Steven M. Kaplan
`Lexicographer
`
`♦IEEE
`
`IEEE PRESS
`
`ffiWILEY(cid:173)
`~INTERSCIENCE
`A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
`
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`

`Copyright© 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
`
`Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
`Published simultaneously in Canada.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
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`completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of I
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`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however,
`may not be available in electronic format.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
`
`Kaplan, Steven M.
`
`Wiley Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dictionary
`
`ISBN 0-471-40224-9
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
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`free field
`
`300
`
`frequency calibration
`
`electron beam and a periodic transverse magnetic field. The
`field makes the electrons, moving at nearly the speed of
`light, oscillate and thus emit radiation. Such a laser may be
`adjusted to deliver varying power levels through a wide in(cid:173)
`terval of wavelengths, including those encompassing the in(cid:173)
`frared, visible light, ultraviolet, and X-ray regions. Its ab(cid:173)
`breviation is FEL.
`free field I. A field that is not affected by any other fields. 2. A
`field upon which the effects of other fields are negligible.
`free-field chamber Same as free-field room.
`free-field room A room whose walls, ceiling, and floor are
`lined with sound-absorbing materials which minimize or
`eliminate all sound reflections. Used, for example, to test
`microphones or sound-level meters. Also called free-field
`chamber, anechoic chamber (I), dead room, or echoless
`room.
`free-form database A database which allows a user to enter
`information without having to follow a given structure or
`form. Such a database usually simplifies document man(cid:173)
`agement.
`free-form text Text which does not have a given structure,
`nor which is entered in any specific format. It may simply
`consist of a string of words that a user enters as if speaking
`naturally. Also called free text.
`free impedance For a transducer, the input impedance when
`the load impedance is zero. Also called normal imped(cid:173)
`ance.
`free magnetic pole A magnetic pole that is sufficiently distant
`or isolated from its opposing pole that the latter has no effect
`on it.
`free net Same as free network.
`free network A radio network within which stations are free
`to communicate amongst themselves without first obtaining
`permission from the network control station.
`Its abbrevia(cid:173)
`tion is free net.
`free oscillation 1. Oscillation of a mechanical system which
`occurs without an external driving force. Also called free
`vibration. This contrasts with forced oscillation (2), which
`only occurs when an external force is present. 2. In a cir(cid:173)
`cuit, oscillation which continues after the excitation is re(cid:173)
`moved. This contrasts with forced oscillation (2), in which
`excitation must be continuously applied.
`free radical An atom or molecule which has one or more
`unpaired electrons. Free radicals are usually highly reactive
`and unstable. Also called radical (1).
`free-running frequency The frequency at which a normally
`synchronized oscillator operates when its synchronizing sig(cid:173)
`nal is removed.
`free-running multivibrator A multivibrator which alternates
`between two states, depending on the parameters established
`for such oscillation. This is done autonomously, that is,
`without an external trigger. Also called astable multivibra(cid:173)
`tor.
`free software 1. Computer software which is free to be cop(cid:173)
`ied, modified, and redistributed, though not necessarily free
`of charge. 2. Free software (I) which is free of charge.
`Free Software Foundation An organization that develops,
`provides, and promotes free software.
`Its abbreviation is
`FSF.
`free space I. A region of space devoid of all matter, and in
`which there are no gravitational or electromagnetic fields.
`In free space, the speed of light is constant, and at its maxi(cid:173)
`mum theoretical value. Also called space (3). 2. A region
`in which the radiation pattern of an antenna is not affected
`by any surrounding objects, such as the earth, trees, build(cid:173)
`ings, and so on. 3. In computers, an area which can hold
`data, but which is not occupied at a given moment.
`free-space attenuation Same as free-space loss.
`
`free-space loss Also called free-space attenuation, or free(cid:173)
`space losses. 1. The signal attenuation resulting when an
`antenna radiates through free space (2). Such losses may be
`due, for instance, to beam divergence. 2. For a radiating an(cid:173)
`tenna, the theoretical signal attenuation resulting when all
`variables factors are disregarded.
`free-space losses Same as free-space loss.
`free-space pattern The radiation pattern of an antenna radiat(cid:173)
`ing through free space (2). Also called free-space radia(cid:173)
`tion pattern.
`free-space propagation The propagation of electromagnetic
`radiation through free space (1 ), or free space (2).
`free-space radiation pattern Same as free-space pattern.
`free text Same as free-form text. Also spelled freetext.
`free vibration Same as free oscillation (1).
`FreeBSD A popular open-source UNIX operating system
`which runs on multiple platforms.
`FreeHand A popular drawing program.
`freetext Same as free-form text. A !so spelled free text.
`freeware Computer software which is free of charge, but
`which may have restrictions pertaining to copying, modify(cid:173)
`ing, and redistribution.
`freezing point Its abbreviation is fp. Also called freezing
`temperature. 1. The temperature at which a liquid and a
`solid of the same substance are at equilibrium with each
`other. Each pure substance has a specific freezing point, for
`a given surrounding pressure. For example, at a pressure of
`I atmosphere, the freezing point of water is O °C. Also
`called melting point (1). 2. The temperature at which a liq(cid:173)
`uid substance being cooled begins to solidify.
`freezing temperature Same as freezing point.
`freq Abbreviation of frequency.
`frequency For a periodic phenomenon, the number of com(cid:173)
`plete cycles per unit of time. When the unit of time is one
`second, the unit of frequency is the hertz. That is, I com(cid:173)
`plete cycle per second is I Hz. Various multiples of hertz
`are frequently encountered in electronics, including kilo(cid:173)
`hertz, megahertz, gigahertz, and so on. Examples of peri(cid:173)
`odic phenomena include electromagnetic waves, sound
`It is the reciprocal of period (2). Its sym(cid:173)
`waves, and AC.
`bol isf, or v, and its abbreviation is freq.
`frequency agility The ability of a radar transmitter to quickly
`shift its operating frequency on a continuous basis. Such
`changes are automatic, and may follow a programmed algo(cid:173)
`rithm. Used, for instance, to make jamming more difficult.
`frequency allocation Also called frequency assignment.
`1. The assigning of a segment of the radio-frequency spec(cid:173)
`trum for authorized uses. 2. The assignment of radio fre(cid:173)
`quencies by a licensing authority.
`frequency analyzer An instrument which measures the inten(cid:173)
`sity of the various component frequencies of a complex
`waveform or oscillation. Used, for instance, to identify the
`sources of vibrations.
`frequency assignment Same as frequency allocation.
`frequency band Also called frequency bandwidth. 1. In
`communications, a specific interval of frequencies utilized
`for a given purpose, such as radio-channel broadcasting.
`Also called band (1). 2. A specific interval of frequencies
`between two limiting frequencies. For example, extremely
`high frequencies span from 30 GHz to 300 GHz. Also
`called band (2). 3. Any given interval of frequencies. Also
`called band (3).
`frequency bandwidth Same as frequency band.
`.frequency bridge A bridge circuit utilized to measure un(cid:173)
`known frequencies. An example is a Wien bridge.
`frequency calibration The use of a frequency calibrator.
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`428
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`Litzendraht wire
`nrizes skin effect, and provides lor low losses at radio fre-
`quencres.
`Litzendraht wire Same as Litz wire
`live l. Anything connected electrically to a source of voltage'
`Also known ai energized (1), alive, or hot (l) 2' A broad-
`cast occurring at th; actual time events take place' Also
`called live broadcast, or real-time broadcast 3' In acous-
`tics, a room that is reverberant.
`live broadcast Same as live (2).
`live chassis A chassis, such as that of a TV or computer,
`which is connected electrically to a source ofvoltage'
`live circuit A circuit that is connected electrically to a source
`of voltage. Also known as energized circuit, or alive cir-
`cuit.
`live conductor I ' A conductor which is connected electrically
`to a source of voltage. 2. A conductor through which an
`electric cunent is flowing.
`live end In an enclosure, such as a sound studio, a wall or area
`where there is the greatest amount ofsound reflection' This
`contrasts with a dead end (2), where sound absorption is
`maximized.
`Iive room A room in which there is significant reverberation'
`as opposed to a dead room, where sound-absorbing materi-
`als iie utilized to minimize or eliminate all sound reflec-
`tions.
`live wire l. A wire which is connected electrically to a source
`of voltage. Also called hot wire (1). 2. A wire through
`which an electric current is flowing.
`LiveMotion Popular sof,tware utilized to create dynamic and
`interactive content, especially for the Web.
`LLC Abbreviation of Logical Link Control.
`LLC layer Abbreviation ofLogical Link Control Layer'
`LLC Sublayer Abbreviation of Logical Link Control
`Sublayer.
`lm Symbol for lumen.
`tm-h Abbreviation of lumen-hour.
`lm-hr Abbreviation of lumen-hour.
`lm/m2 Abbreviation of lumens per square meter.
`lm-s Abbreviation ollumen-second.
`lm-sec Abbreviation of lumen-second.
`lm/W Abbreviation of lumens per watt.
`LMDS Abbreviation of Iocal multipoint distribution ser-
`v ice.
`LMI Abbreviation of Local Management Interface.
`ln Symbol for natural logarithm
`LNA Abbreviation of low-noise amplifier.
`LNB Abbreviation of low-noise block down-converter.
`LNP Abbreviation of local number portability.
`LO Abbreviation of local oscillator.
`lo Abbreviation ollow.
`lo-res Abbrevialion of low-resolution.
`load l. The power consumed by a component, device, piece
`of equipment, machine, or system while performing its func-
`tions. This power may be electrical, mechanical, nuclear,
`wind, and so on. Also, any component, device, piece of
`equipment, machine, or system consuming this power. Also
`called output load (l). 2, Any component, circuit, device,
`piece of equipment, or system which consumes, dissipates,
`radiates, or otherwise utilizes power, especially electricity.
`There are countless examples, including resistors, amplifi-
`ers, TVs, speakers, antennas, lamps, and appliances. Also,
`the power so consumed. Also called output load (2). 3' The
`electrical power drawn from a source ofelectricity, such as a
`generator or power line. Also called output load (3). 4. A
`circuit or device which receives the useful signal output
`
`load-matching network
`
`from a signal source such as an amplifier or oscillator. 41to
`called output load (4). 5' To utilize inductors and/or ca-
`pacitors to increase the electrical length of an antenna, s1
`ttherwise alter its characteristics. 6. In dielectric and induc-
`tion heating, the object or material being heated. 7' To in-
`sert a computer storage medium, such as a disc or tape, into
`a drive or other device utilized to read and/or write to it. 8. T0
`transfer data to or from a computer storage medium, such as
`a disk or tape. For example, to load a program into memory
`for execution. Also, to transfer data to or from a database.
`9. To place data in a computer register. 10. To insert a disk,
`cassette, reel, cartridge, drum, or other object composed of,
`or containing a recordable medium into a device utilized for
`recording and/or reproduction' 11. In a communications
`network, the amount of traffic at a given moment.
`load-and-go The capability of a program or routine to be
`executed immediately after loading. Its abbreviation is load
`& go.
`load balance Also called load division. l. The even dishibu-
`tion of a load. For example, to equally distribute a work
`load among a set of parallel processors. 2' To evenly dis-
`tribute a load among multiple power sources.
`load capacitance The capacitance presented by a given load,
`o, us ie"n from a given point such as the input terminals.
`load capacity The maximum load that can be handled safely,
`without failure, or within a given level or performance For
`instance, the maximum number of messages that can be si-
`multaneously exchanged over a given transmission medium,
`or the greatest weight a robot can manipulate'
`load cell A piezoelectric crystal utilized as a strain gauge'
`The greater the force applied, the grsater the potential dif-
`ference across the crystal.
`load characteristic The relationship between the instantane-
`ous values of two varying quantities, such as electrode cur-
`rent and electrode voltage, under specified load circum-
`stances. Also called dynamic characteristic.
`load circuit The complete circuit via which a load is con-
`nected to its power source.
`load coil l,ln an induction heater, an AC carrying coil which
`induces RF currents in the workpiece being heated Also
`called work coil. 2' Same as loading coil
`load current l. The current drawn by a load. It is the cunent
`flowing through a load circuit. 2. The cunent required by a
`load lor operation.
`load division Same as load balance.
`load factor l. For a given time interval, the ratio of the aver-
`age load to thepealiload. 2. The ratio of a given load to the
`maximum load.
`load impedance The impedance presented by a given load' or
`ur r..n f.o* a given point such as the input terminals'
`load leads The conductors which connect a power source to a
`load.
`load line A line which is drawn through a series of character'
`istic curves to illustrate the effect a given load will have on
`the relationship between two variables. For instance, such a
`line drawn through a series of transistor characteristlc
`curves, to show the relationship between the input current
`and voltage as the load resistance varies.
`load management The reduction in overall demand for avail'
`able energy resources by transferring power needs to off-
`.o"ti..rs adjusting usaBe
`peak periiis. This may "tiuil
`pattems, or load shifting.
`load matching The varying of the impedance of a load ctr'
`cuit, so as to match that of a source. This helps insure drat
`t0
`the maximum possible power is transferred from source
`load.
`load-matching network An electric network
`matching.
`
`utilized for load
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