8/17/22, 9:28 AM
`
`Privileged instruction | Article about privileged instruction by The
`Free Dictionary
`
`Privileged instruction | Article about privileged instruction by The Free Dictionary
`
`https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/privileged+instruction
`
`privileged instruction
`privileged instruction [′priv·ə·lijd in′strək·shən]
`(computer science)
`A class of instructions, usually including storage protection setting, interrupt handling, timer control, input/output, and special
`processor status-setting instructions, that can be executed only when the computer is in a special privileged mode that is
`generally available to an operating or executive system, but not to user programs.
`
`McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
`
`privileged instruction
`A machine code instruction that may only be executed when the processor is running in supervisor mode. Privileged
`instructions include operations such as I/O and memory management.
`
`This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ()
`
`Copyright © 2003-2022 Farlex, Inc
`
`Disclaimer
`All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for
`informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended
`to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
`
`
`
`
`https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/privileged+instruction
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`Privilege (computing) - Wikipedia
`
`Privilege (computing)
`
`In computing, privilege is defined as the delegation of authority to perform security-relevant
`functions on a computer system.[1] A privilege allows a user to perform an action with security
`consequences. Examples of various privileges include the ability to create a new user, install software,
`or change kernel functions.
`
`Users who have been delegated extra levels of control are called privileged. Users who lack most
`privileges are defined as unprivileged, regular, or normal users.
`
`Contents
`Theory
`Unix
`Windows NT
`Nomenclature
`See also
`References
`
`Theory
`
`Privileges can either be automatic, granted, or applied for.
`
`An automatic privilege exists when there is no requirement to have permission to perform an action.
`For example, on systems where people are required to log into a system to use it, logging out will not
`require a privilege. Systems that do not implement file protection - such as MS-DOS - essentially give
`unlimited privilege to perform any action on a file.
`
`A granted privilege exists as a result of presenting some credential to the privilege granting authority.
`This is usually accomplished by logging on to a system with a username and password, and if the
`username and password supplied are correct, the user is granted additional privileges.
`
`A privilege is applied for by either an executed program issuing a request for advanced privileges, or
`by running some program to apply for the additional privileges. An example of a user applying for
`additional privileges is provided by the sudo command to run a command as superuser (root) user, or
`by the Kerberos authentication system.
`
`Modern processor architectures have multiple CPU modes that allows the OS to run at different
`privilege levels. Some processors have two levels (such as user and supervisor); i386+ processors
`have four levels (#0 with the most, #3 with the least privileges). Tasks are tagged with a privilege
`level. Resources (segments, pages, ports, etc.) and the privileged instructions are tagged with a
`demanded privilege level. When a task tries to use a resource, or execute a privileged instruction, the
`processor determines whether it has the permission (if not, a "protection fault" interrupt is
`generated). This prevents user tasks from damaging the OS or each other.
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(computing)
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`In computer programming, exceptions related to privileged instruction violations may be caused
`when an array has been accessed out of bounds or an invalid pointer has been dereferenced when the
`invalid memory location referenced is a privileged location, such as one controlling device
`input/output. This is particularly more likely to occur in programming languages such as C, which use
`pointer arithmetic or do not check array bounds automatically.
`Unix
`
`On Unix-like systems, the superuser (commonly known as 'root') owns all the privileges. Ordinary
`users are granted only enough permissions to accomplish their most common tasks. UNIX systems
`have built-in security features. Most users cannot set up a new user account nor do other
`administrative procedures. The user “root” is a special user, something called super-user, which can
`do anything at all on the system. This high degree power is necessary to fully administer a UNIX
`system, but it also allows its user to make a mistake and cause system problems.
`
`Unprivileged users usually cannot:
`
`Adjust kernel options;
`modify system files, or files of other users.
`change the ownership of any files;
`change the runlevel (on systems with System V-style initialization);
`change the file mode of any files;
`adjust ulimits or disk quotas;
`start, stop and remove daemons;
`signal processes of other users;
`create device nodes;
`create or remove users or groups;
`mount or unmount volumes (although it is becoming common to allow regular users to mount and
`unmount removable media, such as compact discs - this is typically accomplished via FUSE);
`execute the contents of any sbin/ directory (although it is becoming common to simply restrict
`the behavior of such programs when executed by regular users);
`bind ports below 1024.
`
`Windows NT
`
`On Windows NT-based systems, privileges are delegated in varying degrees. These delegations can be
`defined using the local security policy manager (secpol.msc). The following is an abbreviated list of
`the default assignments:
`
`'NT AUTHORITY\System' is the closest equivalent to the Superuser on Unix-like systems. It has
`many of the privileges of a classic Unix superuser (such as being a trustee on every file created);
`'Administrator' is one of the closest equivalents to the superuser (root) on Unix-like systems.
`However, this user cannot override as many of the operating system's protections as the
`superuser can;
`members of the 'Administrators' group have privileges almost equal to 'Administrator';
`members of the 'Power Users' group have the ability to install programs and backup the system.
`members of the 'Users' group are the equivalent to unprivileged users on Unix-like systems.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(computing)
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`Windows defines a number of administrative privileges[2] that can be assigned individually to users
`and/or groups. An account (user) holds only the privileges granted to it, either directly or indirectly
`through group memberships. Upon installation a number of groups and accounts are created and
`privileges are granted to them. However, these grants can be changed at a later time or though a
`group policy. Unlike Linux, no privileges are implicitly or permanently granted to a specific account.
`
`Some administrative privileges (e.g. taking ownership of or restoring arbitrary files) are so powerful
`that if used with malicious intent they could allow the entire system to be compromised. With user
`account control (on by default since Windows Vista) Windows will strip the user token of these
`privileges at login. Thus, if a user logs in with an account with broad system privileges, he/she will
`still not be running with these system privileges. Whenever the user wants to perform administrative
`actions requiring any of the system privileges he/she will have to do this from an elevated process.
`When launching an elevated process, the user is made aware that his/her administrative privileges
`are being asserted through a prompt requiring his/her consent. Not holding privileges until actually
`required is in keeping with the principle of least privilege.
`
`Elevated processes will run with the full privileges of the user, not the full privileges of the system.
`Even so, the privileges of the user may still be more than what is required for that particular process,
`thus not completely least privilege.
`
`The DOS-based Windows ME, Windows 98, Windows 95 and previous versions of non-NT Windows
`only operated on the FAT filesystem, did not support filesystem permissions[3] and therefore
`privileges are effectively defeated on Windows NT-based systems that do not use the NTFS file
`system.
`
`Nomenclature
`
`The names used in the Windows source code end in either "privilege" or "logonright". This has led to
`some confusion about what the full set of all these "rights" and "privileges" should be called.
`
`Microsoft currently uses the term "user rights".[4] In the past some other terms have also been used
`by Microsoft, such as "privilege rights"[5] , "logon user rights"[6] and "nt-rights".[7]
`See also
`
`File-system permissions
`Kernel (operating system)
`Principle of least privilege
`Superuser
`Privilege escalation
`
`References
`
`1. "Glossary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005620/https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/privil
`eged-user). CSRC. NIST. Archived from the original (https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/privileged-
`user) on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
`2. "Privilege constants" (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb530716.aspx). Microsoft.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(computing)
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`Privilege (computing) - Wikipedia
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`3. "How permissions work" (https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc783530(WS.10).aspx).
`Microsoft. "You can set permissions at the file level only if the files are stored on an NTFS
`volume."
`4. "User rights" (https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd349804(v=ws.10).aspx). Microsoft
`TechNet library. "Userrights include logon rights and privileges."
`5. "Privilege rights" (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc232779(prot.20).aspx). Microsoft
`MSDN library.
`6. "How to set logon user rights by using the ntrights utility" (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315276).
`Microsoft support.
`7. "How to set logon user rights by using the ntrights utility" (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315276).
`Microsoft support.
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privilege_(computing)&oldid=1091623803"
`
`This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 11:14 (UTC).
`Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using
`this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
`Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
`
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`What is Privilege? - Definition from Techopedia
`
`8/17/22, 9:52 AM
`Dictionary Cybersecurity Privilege
`
`Privilege
`
`Last updated: June 14, 2018
`
`What Does Privilege Mean?
`
`Privilege, in the context of computer security, is the concept of only allowing users to do
`certain things. For example, an ordinary user is typically prevented from changing
`operating system files, while a system administrator is typically permitted to do so,
`because this is part of maintaining a computer system. Maintaining user privilege is
`typically accomplished through the use of administrative accounts, file permissions and
`Access Control Lists (ACLs).
`
`Advertisement
`
`Techopedia Explains Privilege
`
`Privilege, in computer security, means delegating authority for making changes to a
`computer system. On many systems, there's a separation between "normal" users
`without any authority to make changes to the system and "administrative" users with full
`access to the system.
`
`Modern operating systems include tools for maintaining privilege. File permissions define
`who is allowed to view and modify certain files and privilege escalation allows ordinary
`users to become administrative users when they supply a password.
`
`Access Control Lists (ACLs) allow for even finer-grained control, customizing privileges
`for individual users.
`
`https://www.techopedia.com/definition/16044/privilege-security
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`What is Privilege? - Definition from Techopedia
`8/17/22, 9:52 AM
`On modern Windows systems ever since Vista, the User Account Control prompts users
`for an privilege escalation when they try to make certain changes, such as installing new
`programs. On Linux and other Unix systems, the sudo command typically performs these
`functions, though the su command to temporarily become root or superuser to perform
`administrative tasks is also common.
`
`The principle of least privilege states that people should have the least amount of
`privilege necessary to do their jobs. For example, a database administrator could have
`the ability to modify a database under his or her control, with access to other databases
`restricted. Least privilege also applies to privilege escalation. Even administrative users
`typically run as ordinary users until they need to perform maintenance tasks, then UAC
`or sudo bumps up their privilege temporarily.
`
`These measures are intended to limit the damage that hackers, malware or user errors
`can do to the integrity of the system.
`
`https://www.techopedia.com/definition/16044/privilege-security
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`
`preference
`
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`
`
`
`  
`   
`
`Meaning of preference in English
`
`preference
`
`noun [ C or U ]
`US  /ˈpref. r. ns / UK  /ˈpref. r. ns /
`ə ə
`ə ə
`
`  
`
` 
`
`B2
`the fact that you like something or someone more than another thing or person:
`
`•
`•
`•
`•
`
`Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes.
`I have a preference for sweet food over spicy.
`Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference.
`It would be wrong to discriminate against a candidate because of his or her sexual
`preference (= the sex of the people they are sexually attracted to).
`
`an advantage that is given to a person or a group of people:
`
` 
`
` 
`
`We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time.
`Special preferences were offered initially to encourage investment.
`
`•
`
`• 
`
` in preference to something
`
`If you choose one thing in preference to another thing, you choose it because
`you like or want it more than the other thing:
`
`•
`
`He studied chemistry in preference to physics at theuniversity.
`
` More examples
` Contents
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
`To top 
`
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`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`I have a preference for blond men over dark.
`•
`
`preference
`My preference is for savory food over sweet.
`•
`
`
`
`  
`   
`
`•
`•
`
`•
`
`White wine or red - what's your preference?
`I wouldn't like to guess her sexual preference.
`
`We have white and brown bread - do you have a preference?
`
` SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
`
`Want to learn more?
`Improve your vocabulary with English Vocabulary in Use from Cambridge.
`Learn the words you need to communicate with confidence.
`
`
`
`(Definition of preference from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
`
`preference | INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH
`
`preference
`
`noun [ C/U ]
`US  /ˈpref·ər·əns /
`
`A preference is also an advantage given to someone:
`
`•
`
`[ U ] The city gives preference to job applicants who live there.
`
`(Definition of preference from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
`
`preference | BUSINESS ENGLISH
`
`preference
`
`noun
`UK  /ˈpref r ns / US 
`ə ə
`
`[ C or U ]
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
` 
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` 
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`8/17/22, 9:53 AM
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`the fact of liking or wanting one thing more than another:
`
`preference
`  
`   
`
`preference for sth These investors had a preference for securities rather than bank
`•
`deposits.
`
`•
`
`•
`
`More flexibility will enable managers to redesign their floors quickly according to
`customer preferences.
`Buying a car is a matter of personal preference.
`
`[ U ]
`an advantage or better treatment that is given to a person or a group of people:
`
`•
`
`give preference to sb/sth This small-business program gives preference to minority-
`and women-owned companies.
`
` 
`
`See also
`
`Community preference
`consumer preference
`liquidity preference
`
`preference
`
`adjective • FINANCE, STOCK MARKET
`UK  /ˈpref r ns / US 
`ə ə
`
`  
`
` 
`
`used to describe a company's shares that have the right to fixed dividends (=
`payments from profits) before the dividends on its ordinary shares are calculated
`and paid in a particular period, or in periods when dividends on these shares are
`not paid at all:
`
`•
`
`Nokia is to increase its capital with about $100 million of new preference stock.
`
`Search for debt relief programs
`Learn how to be debt free. Get help with Yahoo Search.
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
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`
`preference
`
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`
`Ad - Yahoo Search
`  
`   
`
`
`(Definition of preference from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
`
`EXAMPLES of preference
`
`preference
`
`Others still that were based on nothing other than a shared religious preference.
`
`From Huffington Post
`
`Both the wash water and the seat itself can be warmed or cooled depending on your preference.
`
`From Huffington Post
`
`It also would have been interesting to see these preferences broken down by income level.
`
`From Ars Technica
`
`They're one-size fits all and sent out to everyone regardless of their tastes or preferences.
`
`From TIME
`
`What's your preference: overprotected kids or free-range kids?
`
`From NPR
`
`Preferences of this sort are brute matters of feeling.
`
`From NPR
`
`My preference was to try in the off-season, when you can enjoy peace and solitude.
`
`From Huffington Post
`
`Under a new law, officers will get first preference to adopt their police dogs so retiring dogs can
`remain part of the officer's family.
`
`From Chicago Tribune
`
`Welcome to the world of public living -- where most everything about a person's habits, location
`and preferences is just a few clicks away.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`From CNN
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
`
`
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`8/17/22, 9:53 AM
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`However, one could express a preference for a cold dish.
`
`preference
`From New York Post
`
`
`
`  
`   
`
`
`All of them live and die by customer needs and preferences and all can have very long -- and
`expensive -- times to market for new products.
`
`From Huffington Post
`
`It also can learn the person's preferences to serve a more personalized experience as he or she
`walks toward another collection.
`
`From Fast Company
`
`It's essential that we do everything we can, so we can not base our decision on philosophy or
`preference.
`
`From Huffington Post
`
`The preference for generating electricity is low-cost natural gas, solar and wind energy, not some
`cleaner version of coal.
`
`From USA TODAY
`
`We all have our different priorities and preferences.
`
`From Los Angeles Times
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the
`Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
`
`COLLOCATIONS with preference
`
`preference
`
`These are words often used in combination with preference.
`Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`5/9
`
`aesthetic preference
`Quantifying aesthetic preference for chaotic patterns.
`
`• F
`
`rom the Cambridge English Corpus
`
`clear preference
`There was a clear preference ordering.
`
`rom the Cambridge English Corpus
`
`• F
`
`customer preference
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
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`8/17/22, 9:53 AM
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`I know that trading conditions are difficult and that there is a decline in demand as changes in
`
`preference
`  
`customer preference work through.
`   
`
`
`rom the Hansard archive
`
`
`
`• F
`
`These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the
`Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
`
`See all collocations with preference
`
`Translations of preference
`
`in Chinese (Traditional)
`偏愛, 愛好, 喜愛…
`
`in Chinese (Simplified)
`偏爱, 爱好, 喜爱…
`
`in Spanish
`preferencia, preferencia [feminine, singular]…
`
`in Portuguese
`preferência, preferência [feminine]…
`
`in more languages
`
`Need a translator?
`Get a quick, free translation!
`
`
`
`Translator tool
`
`What is the pronunciation of preference?
`
`
`
`Browse
`
`prefecture
`prefer
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
`See more
`
`See more
`
`See more
`
`See more
`
`
`
`
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`
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`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`
`
`
`  
`   
`
`8/17/22, 9:53 AM
`preferable
`
`preference
`preferably
`preference
`preference capital
`preference dividend
`preference share
`preference share capital
`
`Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes
`
`Image credits
`
`Try a quiz now
`
`More meanings of preference
`
` All
`sexual orientation
`preference share
`preference stock
`consumer preference
`preference capital
`preference dividend
`Community preference
`See all meanings
`
`
` 
`
`WORD OF THE DAY
`
`soothing
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
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`
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`
`
`preference
`making you feel calm
`
`About this
`
`
`
`  
`   
`
`BLOG
`Spongy, rock-hard or pliable? Talking about textures (2)
`
`August 17, 2022
`
`Read More
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
`
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`preference
`
`PREFERENCE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
`
`
`
`  
`   
`
`NEW WORDS
`
`cash stuffing
`
`August 15, 2022
`
`More new words
`
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`
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`© Cambridge University Press 2022
`
`https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/preference
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`8/17/22, 10:03 AM
`
`preference definition - Google Search
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`Dictionary
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`pref·er·ence
`/ˈpref(ə)rəns/
`
`noun
`1. a greater liking for one alternative over another or others.
`"he chose a clock in preference to a watch"
`liking
`partiality
`predilection
`
`proclivity
`
`Similar:
`
`fondness
`
`taste
`
`inclination
`
`2.
`
`LAW
`a prior right or precedence, especially in connection with the payment of debts.
`"debts owed to the community should be accorded a preference"
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`8/17/22, 10:02 AM
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`Preferences Definitions | What does preferences mean? | Best 3 Definitions of Preferences
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`Preferences denition
`Advertisement
`Meanings
`Synonyms
`Sentences
`verb
`7
`1
`Th
`ird-person singular simple present indicative form of
`preference.
`noun
`3
`0
`Plural form of
`preference.
`noun
`2
`0
`(c
`omputing) The
`user-specified settings of parameters in interactive computer
`software.
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`8/17/22, 10:02 AM
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`Preferences Definitions | What does preferences mean? | Best 3 Definitions of Preferences
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`Preferences Sentence Examples
`Related articles
`Preferir Verb Conjugation in Spanish
`Key Types of Learning Styles Explained
`Among vs. Amongst: Is There a Dierence Between Them?
`Supper vs. Dinner: Main Dierences Made Easy
`Toward vs. Towards: Ending the Confusion
`States senator regardless of their own preferences.'
`The administration of the aairs of the world by the God of Israel is represented, in a word, as
`determined not by ethical considerations but by personal preferences.
`Lothair wanted, with the Empire, the sole right of patronage over the adherents of his house, but each
`of these latter chose his own lord according to individual interests, obeying his.fears or his preferences
`.
`She also eschews interpretation of the statute in terms of her own policy preferences.
`In the former the Railway and Canal Trac Act of 1854 specially prohibited preferences, either in
`facilities or in rates.
`

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`8/17/22, 10:02 AM
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`Preferences Definitions | What does preferences mean? | Best 3 Definitions of Preferences
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`Also Mentioned In
`kink·y
`handkerchief-code
`like<sup>1</sup>
`yuck someone's yum
`pref·er·en·tial
`prferences
`so·ci·om·e·try
`taste
`Zoan
`foot voting
`Words near preferences in the Dictionary
`preferably
`preferans
`preferations
`prefered
`preference
`preferenced
`preferences
`preferencing
`preferential
`preferential shop
`

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`8/17/22, 10:02 AM
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`Preferences Definitions | What does preferences mean? | Best 3 Definitions of Preferences
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`8/17/22, 10:04 AM
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`Preference
`Updated: 10/17/2017 by Computer Hope
`
`What is a Preference?
`
`Preference may refer to any of the following:
`
`1. In general, a preference is an option or setting that is preferred. For example, someone may have a
`preference for using a PC over an Apple computer.
`
`2. With a service or computer software, Preferences are options or a setting that allow the user to
`configure the product works. For example, a program may allow the user to set the preference to how
`they want the layout of a program to display. The preferences section may also have more advanced
`options, labeled as Advanced Preferences or Product Preferences.
`
`Tip: Preferences is synonymous with Settings and Options and may even be a category of one of these
`sections.
`
`© 2022 Computer Hope
`
`https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/preference.htm
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